湄公河与洞里萨湖河湖关系研究
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摘要
湄公河是亚洲最重要的跨国水系,洞里萨湖是湄公河最大的通河湖泊,河湖关系非常复杂且一直是国际社会关注的热点问题。利用7个河湖控制站的长系列水文资料,对河湖水位和流量关系,湄公河向洞里萨湖倒灌与洞里萨湖向湄公河补水的特性、条件及成因,湄公河干流来流与洞里萨湖出流的相互顶托作用等进行了分析。分析结果表明:洞里萨湖具有洪枯水期均为近似湖相的特征;湄公河与洞里萨湖的水量交换强度大,每年汛期均会发生倒灌,年均倒灌历时122 d,倒灌水量377亿m~3,年均补水历时244 d,补水水量711亿m~3;倒灌与补水的主要水文条件为河湖水位差和洞里萨河的水位,成因机理为河湖间势能和动能的平衡规律;湄公河下泄水量与洞里萨湖出流相互顶托作用强烈,汛期倒灌期间湄公河流量每增加1 000 m~3/s,洞里萨湖水位就会抬高0.14～0.21 m,汛末9月中下旬至10月底补水期间洞里萨湖出流每增加1 000 m~3/s,湄公河磅湛站水位就会壅高0.01～0.43 m。研究成果可为柬埔寨湄公河三角洲和洞里萨湖治理提供科学依据。
The Mekong River is Asia's most important transnational water, and the Tonle Sap Lake is the largest lake connected to the Mekong River. The river-lake relationship between them is complicated, receiving worldwide attention. Using long-series hydrological data from seven river-lake control stations, we analyzed the following topics: ① relationship between the water level and flow rate; ② characteristics, conditions and causes of river flowing backwards into the lake, and being replenished by the water from the lake; ③ backwater effects of water flowing to the river mainstream and water flowing out from the lake. The results show that: ① the lake has characteristics that are similar to lacustrine facies in flood season and dry season. ② water exchange between the river and the lake is extremely frequent; water flowing backwards to the lake occurs in flood season every year with duration of 122 days, and the total volume of 37.7 billion square meters; the average duration to the river is 244 days with total volume of 71.1 billion square meters. Differences in water level between the river and the lake, and the water level of the Tonle Sap River are the two major hydrological conditions for the water exchange, and it is the result of the law of equilibrium in potential energy and kinetic energy between rivers and lakes. ③ there is a strong interaction between the water discharged from the river and the lake. For every 1000 m3/s increases for the river during flood season, the water level would rise by 0.14 to 0.21 meters; at the end of flood season from mid-to-late September to the end of October, for every 1000 m3/s increase in the lake, water level of the river would rise by 0.01 to 0.43 meters. This study can provide scientific basis for the comprehensive management of Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia.
The Mekong River is Asia's most important transnational water, and the Tonle Sap Lake is the largest lake connected to the Mekong River. The river-lake relationship between them is complicated, receiving worldwide attention. Using long-series hydrological data from seven river-lake control stations, we analyzed the following topics: ① relationship between the water level and flow rate; ② characteristics, conditions and causes of river flowing backwards into the lake, and being replenished by the water from the lake; ③ backwater effects of water flowing to the river mainstream and water flowing out from the lake. The results show that: ① the lake has characteristics that are similar to lacustrine facies in flood season and dry season. ② water exchange between the river and the lake is extremely frequent; water flowing backwards to the lake occurs in flood season every year with duration of 122 days, and the total volume of 37.7 billion square meters; the average duration to the river is 244 days with total volume of 71.1 billion square meters. Differences in water level between the river and the lake, and the water level of the Tonle Sap River are the two major hydrological conditions for the water exchange, and it is the result of the law of equilibrium in potential energy and kinetic energy between rivers and lakes. ③ there is a strong interaction between the water discharged from the river and the lake. For every 1000 m3/s increases for the river during flood season, the water level would rise by 0.14 to 0.21 meters; at the end of flood season from mid-to-late September to the end of October, for every 1000 m3/s increase in the lake, water level of the river would rise by 0.01 to 0.43 meters. This study can provide scientific basis for the comprehensive management of Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia.
引文
[1] 长江水利委员会.澜沧江流域综合规划(2016-2030年)[R].武汉:长江水利委员会,2018.
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[12] 李昌文,游中琼,要威,等.湄公河与洞里萨湖河湖水量交换的水文条件研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会一带一路·走出去论文集.2018:166-174.
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[14] 李昌文,游中琼,要威.洞里萨湖调蓄洪水作用研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会论文集第三分册.2018:351-355.
[15] 仲志余,胡维忠.试论江湖关系[J].人民长江,2008,39(1):20-22.
[16] Matti Kummu,Juha Sarkkula.Impact of the Mekong River Flow Alteration on the Tonle Sap Flood Pulse[J].Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2008,37(3):185-192.
[17] Cochrane T A,Arias M E,Piman T.Historical impact of water infrastructure on water levels of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap system[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2014(18):4529-4541.
[18] 杨沛钧,廖智凌.鄱阳湖流域江湖关系研究综述[J].中国农村水利水电,2017(3):65-67.
[19] Hu Qi,Feng Song,Guo Hua,et al.Interactions of the Yangtze river flow and hydrologic processes of the Poyang Lake,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,347(1/2):90-100.
[20] 郭华,张奇.近50年来长江与鄱阳湖水文相互作用的变化[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):609-618.
[21] 长江水利委员会.长江流域综合规划(2012～2030年)[R].武汉:长江水利委员会,2012.
[22] 李昌文,黄瓅瑶,王翠平,等.柬埔寨湄公河三角洲防洪规划方案研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会论文集(第五分册).2018:177-184.
[23] 李雨,许全喜.三峡水库运用后长江倒灌鄱阳湖特性研究[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(6):10-18.
[2] Mekong River Commission.Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong Basin[R].Vientiane:Mekong River Commission,2005.
[3] 韩其为.江湖关系变化的内在机理[J].长江科学院院报,2014,31(6):104-112.
[4] 赵军.长江中下游江湖水交换规律研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.
[5] 毛北平,吴忠明,梅军亚,等.三峡工程蓄水以来长江与洞庭湖汇流关系变化[J].水力发电学报,2013,32(5):48-57.
[6] 方春明,曹文洪,毛继新,等.鄱阳湖与长江关系及三峡蓄水的影响[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):175-181.
[7] 刘志刚,倪兆奎.鄱阳湖发展演变及江湖关系变化影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1265-1273.
[8] 霍雨.鄱阳湖形态特征及其对流域水沙变化响应研究[D].南京:南京大学,2011.
[9] 万荣荣,杨桂山,王晓龙,等.长江中游通江湖泊江湖关系研究进展[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):1-8.
[10] 罗小平,郑林,齐述华,等.鄱阳湖与长江水沙通量变化特征分析[J].人民长江,2008,39(6):12-14.
[11] 胡春宏,阮本清.鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程关键技术研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2011,9(4):243-248.
[12] 李昌文,游中琼,要威,等.湄公河与洞里萨湖河湖水量交换的水文条件研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会一带一路·走出去论文集.2018:166-174.
[13] 长江勘测规划设计研究院.长江与鄱阳湖关系的变化与影响研究[R].武汉:长江勘测规划设计研究院,2015.
[14] 李昌文,游中琼,要威.洞里萨湖调蓄洪水作用研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会论文集第三分册.2018:351-355.
[15] 仲志余,胡维忠.试论江湖关系[J].人民长江,2008,39(1):20-22.
[16] Matti Kummu,Juha Sarkkula.Impact of the Mekong River Flow Alteration on the Tonle Sap Flood Pulse[J].Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2008,37(3):185-192.
[17] Cochrane T A,Arias M E,Piman T.Historical impact of water infrastructure on water levels of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap system[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2014(18):4529-4541.
[18] 杨沛钧,廖智凌.鄱阳湖流域江湖关系研究综述[J].中国农村水利水电,2017(3):65-67.
[19] Hu Qi,Feng Song,Guo Hua,et al.Interactions of the Yangtze river flow and hydrologic processes of the Poyang Lake,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,347(1/2):90-100.
[20] 郭华,张奇.近50年来长江与鄱阳湖水文相互作用的变化[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):609-618.
[21] 长江水利委员会.长江流域综合规划(2012～2030年)[R].武汉:长江水利委员会,2012.
[22] 李昌文,黄瓅瑶,王翠平,等.柬埔寨湄公河三角洲防洪规划方案研究[C]//中国水利学会2018学术年会论文集(第五分册).2018:177-184.
[23] 李雨,许全喜.三峡水库运用后长江倒灌鄱阳湖特性研究[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(6):10-18.