筑坝拦截对黑河河道沉积物粒度空间分布的影响
|
摘要
河流沉积物对流域环境变化具有敏感响应,其粒度参数能反映沉积环境中物质来源和水动力环境.本文以黑河流域上中游为研究区域,探究河流沉积物粒度对流域环境变化的响应.从黑河上中游干流22个主要控制断面采集河床沉积物样品,采用筛分法和吸管法对沉积物样品粒度参数进行测定,并分析其空间分布规律对筑坝拦截为主的环境改变响应.研究结果表明:受梯级水库建设影响,黑河上中游泥沙粒径大小差异显著.干流库区泥沙粒径较自然河段明显减小,分选很好,呈正偏或极正偏尖锐分布,而且在库区不同沉积高度上表现出分层沉积特征;坝下游河段因遭受强烈冲刷,较自然河段泥沙粒径粗化显著,分选变差,偏态趋向极正偏,峰态尖锐化;水库回水区受水库壅水及下泄清水的双重制约,泥沙粒度参数介于自然河段和坝下游河段之间,整体分选中等,呈极正偏尖锐分布;沉积环境分析表明,上游支流河段沉积物粒度特征受泥沙供给和物源特征的影响较水动力条件显著,干流河段沉积物粒度特征主要受水动力条件控制.研究结果既符合河流上中游沉积物粒度分布规律,也反映了河流环境变化对沉积物粒度组成的影响.
River sediments respond sensitively to the basin environmental changes and particle size parameters can reflect the material sources and hydrodynamic environment. This article takes the Heihe River as a case to explore the response of river sediment grain size to the basin environmental changes. River sediment samples were collected from 22 sections along the mainstream of the Heihe River. Then,sieving and pipette methods were applied to measure the particle size. Spatial variations of grain size parameters and their responses to the anthropogenic environmental changes of the basin through river damming were analyzed. The results showed that the grain size of the upper and middle reaches of Heihe River was significantly different under the influence of the construction of cascade reservoirs. The grain size of reservoir sediment decreased more obviously in the river section within cascade reservoirs than in the original natural reach,and the sediments are characterized by well-sorted,with acute kurtosis and positive skew or very positive skew. In addition,the sediment grain size shows the characteristics of layered sedimentary at different depositional heights in the reservoirs. The downstream river of the Dam was suffering from strong erosion,and the grain size of bed sediments is coarse and poorly sorted,and the grain size distributions are more positively skewed with sharp kurtosis. The backwater area of the reservoir is restricted by backwater and drainage water,and the sediment particle size is between the original natural river and the downstream river of the dam,with middle sorted sediments,positively skewed grain size distribution and acute kurtosis. Sedimentary environment analysis reveals that the sediments grain size characteristics of upstream tributary are more influenced by material sources than hydrodynamic conditions,while the grain size characteristics of main stream sediments are mainly controlled by hydrodynamic conditions. The results are consistent with the normal pattern of sediment grain sizes distribution in rivers,and also reflect the impact of environmental changes on river sediment grain size composition.
River sediments respond sensitively to the basin environmental changes and particle size parameters can reflect the material sources and hydrodynamic environment. This article takes the Heihe River as a case to explore the response of river sediment grain size to the basin environmental changes. River sediment samples were collected from 22 sections along the mainstream of the Heihe River. Then,sieving and pipette methods were applied to measure the particle size. Spatial variations of grain size parameters and their responses to the anthropogenic environmental changes of the basin through river damming were analyzed. The results showed that the grain size of the upper and middle reaches of Heihe River was significantly different under the influence of the construction of cascade reservoirs. The grain size of reservoir sediment decreased more obviously in the river section within cascade reservoirs than in the original natural reach,and the sediments are characterized by well-sorted,with acute kurtosis and positive skew or very positive skew. In addition,the sediment grain size shows the characteristics of layered sedimentary at different depositional heights in the reservoirs. The downstream river of the Dam was suffering from strong erosion,and the grain size of bed sediments is coarse and poorly sorted,and the grain size distributions are more positively skewed with sharp kurtosis. The backwater area of the reservoir is restricted by backwater and drainage water,and the sediment particle size is between the original natural river and the downstream river of the dam,with middle sorted sediments,positively skewed grain size distribution and acute kurtosis. Sedimentary environment analysis reveals that the sediments grain size characteristics of upstream tributary are more influenced by material sources than hydrodynamic conditions,while the grain size characteristics of main stream sediments are mainly controlled by hydrodynamic conditions. The results are consistent with the normal pattern of sediment grain sizes distribution in rivers,and also reflect the impact of environmental changes on river sediment grain size composition.
引文
[1] Liu JL,Bao K,Li Y et al. Spatial distribution characteristics in grain size of river surface sediments under the Influence of reservoirs in the Luanhe River Basin. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(5):955-963．[刘静玲，包坤，李毅等．滦河流域水库对河流表层沉积物粒度空间分布影响的研究．农业环境科学学报，2015,34(5):955-963.]
[2] Yang YP,Zhang MJ,Li SZ et al. Transport patterns of the coarse and fine sediments and its causes in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam. J Lake Sci,2017,29(4):942-954. DOI:10.18307/2017.0418．[杨云平，张明进，李松喆等．三峡大坝下游粗细颗粒泥沙输移规律及成因．湖泊科学，2017,29(4):942-954.]
[3] Guo XY,Wang W,Wang GL et al. Within-lake distributions of grain-size components and environmental implications based on the survey of lake surface sediment of Chinese monsoon marginal area. Geographical Research,2016,35(4):677-691．[郭晓阳，王维，王国良等．季风边缘区湖泊表层沉积物粒度组分分布特征与影响因素．地理研究，2016,35(4):677-691.]
[4] Fu KD,Yang WH,Su B et al. Response of river sediments to basin environmental changes:a case study of the Lancang River. Progress in Geography,2015,34(9):1148-1155．[傅开道，杨文辉，苏斌等．流域环境变化的河流沉积物粒度响应:澜沧江案例．地理科学进展，2015,34(9):1148-1155.]
[5] Katie HC,Melinda DD,Joshuah SP et al. Longitudinal variability in hydraulic geometry and substrate characteristics of a Great Plains sand-bed river. Geomorphology,2014,210:48-58.
[6] Sun L,Zang S. Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and particle size in dated core sediments in Lake Lianhuan,Northeast China. Science of the Total Environment,2013,461/462:180-187.
[7] Zhao C,Dong SK,Liu SL et al. Distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals and nutrients in sediments of upstream and downstream of Manwan Dam. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2417-2425．[赵晨，董世魁，刘世梁等．漫湾大坝上下游沉积物重金属与营养元素分布特征及环境风险评价．环境科学学报，2014,34(9):2417-2425.]
[8] Curtis KE,Renshaw CE. Temporal and spatial scales of geomorphic adjustments to reduced competency following flow regulation in bed-load-dominated systems. Geomorphology,2010,118(1/2):105-117.
[9] Melis TS,Korman J,Kennedy TA. Abiotic&biotic responses of the Colorado River to controlled floods at Glen Canyon Dam,Arizona,USA. River Research and Applications,2012,28(6):764-776.
[10] Curtis KE,Renshaw CE. Temporal and spatial scales of geomorphic adjustments to reduced competency following flow regulation in bedload-dominated systems. Geomorphology,2010,118(1/2):105-117.
[11] Ding YJ,Ye BS,Liu SY et al. Impact of climate change on the alpine streamflow during the past 40 a in the middle part of the Qi Iian Mountains,Northwestern China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(3):193-199．[丁永建，叶佰生，刘时银．祁连山中部地区40a来气候变化及其对径流的影响．冰川冻土，2000,22(3):193-199.]
[12] Wang Y,Lian YT,Fan YW et al. Variations of runoff and sediment load and its causes in upper reaches of Heihe River basin. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conserevation,2018,39(2):1-9．[王昱，连运涛，范严伟等．黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析．水土保持通报．2018,39(2):1-9.]
[13] Xu JX. The influence of watershed factors and human activities on the sediment transport function in the lower Yellow River. Science in China:Series D,2004,34(8):775-781．[许炯心．流域因素与人类活动对黄河下游河道输沙功能的影响．中国科学:地球科学，2004,34(8):775-781.]
[14] Li CX,Yang SY,Fan DD et al. The change in Changjiang suspended load and its impact on the delta after completion of Three-Gorges Dam. Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(5):495-500．[李从先，杨守业，范代读等．三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响．第四纪研究，2004,24(5):495-500.]
[15] Brandt SA. Classification of geomorphological effects downstream of dams. Catena,2000,40(4):375-401.
[16] Bogen J,Bnsnes TE. The impact of a hydroelectric power plant on the sediment load in downstream water bodies,Svartisen,northern Norway. Science of the Total Environment,2001,266(1):273-280.
[17] Zhao LJ,Yin L,Xiao HL et al. Isotopic evidence for the moisture origin and composition of surface runoff in the headwaters of the Heihe River basin. Chinese Sci Bull,2011,56(1):58-67．[赵良菊，尹力，肖洪浪等．黑河源区水汽来源及地表径流组成的稳定同位素证据．科学通报，2011,56(1):58-67.]
[18] Tang RJ,Chen L,Yang Y et al. Riverbed deformation and navigation-obstructing characteristics of Sanjiaoqi shoal at fluctuating backwater area of Three Gorges Reservoir. Port&Waterway Engineering,2015,449(1):110-114．[唐荣婕，陈立，杨阳等．三峡水库变动回水区三角碛浅滩冲淤与碍航特性分析．水运工程，2015,449(1):110-114.]
[19] Folk RL,Ward WC. Brazos river bar:a study in the signification of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1957,27:3-27.
[20] Qiao SQ,Shi XF,Wang GQ et al. Discussion on grain-size characteristics of seafloor sediment and transport pattern in the Bohai Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32(4):139-147．[乔淑卿，石学法，王国庆等．渤海底质沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势探讨．海洋学报，2010,32(4):139-147.]
[21] Church M,Kellerhals R. On the statistics of grain size variation along a gravel river. Canadian Journal of Earth Science,1978,7(15):1151-1160.
[22] Rice S,Church M. Which tributaries disrupt downstream fining along gravel-bed rivers. Geomorphology,1998,22(1):39-56.
[2] Yang YP,Zhang MJ,Li SZ et al. Transport patterns of the coarse and fine sediments and its causes in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam. J Lake Sci,2017,29(4):942-954. DOI:10.18307/2017.0418．[杨云平，张明进，李松喆等．三峡大坝下游粗细颗粒泥沙输移规律及成因．湖泊科学，2017,29(4):942-954.]
[3] Guo XY,Wang W,Wang GL et al. Within-lake distributions of grain-size components and environmental implications based on the survey of lake surface sediment of Chinese monsoon marginal area. Geographical Research,2016,35(4):677-691．[郭晓阳，王维，王国良等．季风边缘区湖泊表层沉积物粒度组分分布特征与影响因素．地理研究，2016,35(4):677-691.]
[4] Fu KD,Yang WH,Su B et al. Response of river sediments to basin environmental changes:a case study of the Lancang River. Progress in Geography,2015,34(9):1148-1155．[傅开道，杨文辉，苏斌等．流域环境变化的河流沉积物粒度响应:澜沧江案例．地理科学进展，2015,34(9):1148-1155.]
[5] Katie HC,Melinda DD,Joshuah SP et al. Longitudinal variability in hydraulic geometry and substrate characteristics of a Great Plains sand-bed river. Geomorphology,2014,210:48-58.
[6] Sun L,Zang S. Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and particle size in dated core sediments in Lake Lianhuan,Northeast China. Science of the Total Environment,2013,461/462:180-187.
[7] Zhao C,Dong SK,Liu SL et al. Distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals and nutrients in sediments of upstream and downstream of Manwan Dam. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2417-2425．[赵晨，董世魁，刘世梁等．漫湾大坝上下游沉积物重金属与营养元素分布特征及环境风险评价．环境科学学报，2014,34(9):2417-2425.]
[8] Curtis KE,Renshaw CE. Temporal and spatial scales of geomorphic adjustments to reduced competency following flow regulation in bed-load-dominated systems. Geomorphology,2010,118(1/2):105-117.
[9] Melis TS,Korman J,Kennedy TA. Abiotic&biotic responses of the Colorado River to controlled floods at Glen Canyon Dam,Arizona,USA. River Research and Applications,2012,28(6):764-776.
[10] Curtis KE,Renshaw CE. Temporal and spatial scales of geomorphic adjustments to reduced competency following flow regulation in bedload-dominated systems. Geomorphology,2010,118(1/2):105-117.
[11] Ding YJ,Ye BS,Liu SY et al. Impact of climate change on the alpine streamflow during the past 40 a in the middle part of the Qi Iian Mountains,Northwestern China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(3):193-199．[丁永建，叶佰生，刘时银．祁连山中部地区40a来气候变化及其对径流的影响．冰川冻土，2000,22(3):193-199.]
[12] Wang Y,Lian YT,Fan YW et al. Variations of runoff and sediment load and its causes in upper reaches of Heihe River basin. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conserevation,2018,39(2):1-9．[王昱，连运涛，范严伟等．黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析．水土保持通报．2018,39(2):1-9.]
[13] Xu JX. The influence of watershed factors and human activities on the sediment transport function in the lower Yellow River. Science in China:Series D,2004,34(8):775-781．[许炯心．流域因素与人类活动对黄河下游河道输沙功能的影响．中国科学:地球科学，2004,34(8):775-781.]
[14] Li CX,Yang SY,Fan DD et al. The change in Changjiang suspended load and its impact on the delta after completion of Three-Gorges Dam. Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(5):495-500．[李从先，杨守业，范代读等．三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响．第四纪研究，2004,24(5):495-500.]
[15] Brandt SA. Classification of geomorphological effects downstream of dams. Catena,2000,40(4):375-401.
[16] Bogen J,Bnsnes TE. The impact of a hydroelectric power plant on the sediment load in downstream water bodies,Svartisen,northern Norway. Science of the Total Environment,2001,266(1):273-280.
[17] Zhao LJ,Yin L,Xiao HL et al. Isotopic evidence for the moisture origin and composition of surface runoff in the headwaters of the Heihe River basin. Chinese Sci Bull,2011,56(1):58-67．[赵良菊，尹力，肖洪浪等．黑河源区水汽来源及地表径流组成的稳定同位素证据．科学通报，2011,56(1):58-67.]
[18] Tang RJ,Chen L,Yang Y et al. Riverbed deformation and navigation-obstructing characteristics of Sanjiaoqi shoal at fluctuating backwater area of Three Gorges Reservoir. Port&Waterway Engineering,2015,449(1):110-114．[唐荣婕，陈立，杨阳等．三峡水库变动回水区三角碛浅滩冲淤与碍航特性分析．水运工程，2015,449(1):110-114.]
[19] Folk RL,Ward WC. Brazos river bar:a study in the signification of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1957,27:3-27.
[20] Qiao SQ,Shi XF,Wang GQ et al. Discussion on grain-size characteristics of seafloor sediment and transport pattern in the Bohai Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32(4):139-147．[乔淑卿，石学法，王国庆等．渤海底质沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势探讨．海洋学报，2010,32(4):139-147.]
[21] Church M,Kellerhals R. On the statistics of grain size variation along a gravel river. Canadian Journal of Earth Science,1978,7(15):1151-1160.
[22] Rice S,Church M. Which tributaries disrupt downstream fining along gravel-bed rivers. Geomorphology,1998,22(1):39-56.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |