不同供氮量对水稻土壤无机氮残留、氮平衡及产量的影响
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摘要
本文以不施肥试验地设置供氮梯度试验(CK),研究了不同供氮量(N1 40 kg·hm~(-2)、N2 80 kg·hm~(-2)、N3 1200kg·hm~(-2)、N4 160 kg·hm~(-2)、N5 200 kg·hm~(-2)、N6 240 kg·hm~(-2))对水稻地上部生物量累积、氮素吸收、土壤无机氮残留和土壤氮素平衡的影响,可为集约化农田最大化发挥化肥生态效应和优化氮素管理提供理论依据和技术参考。结果表明:施氮对水稻生物量积累和氮素吸收利用有明显的影响,与不施氮对照相比,施氮处理显著增加了水稻生物量、氮浓度、吸氮量增幅分别为31.69%~109.83%、15.08%～103.17%和54.18%~395.24%,其中N4水平增加量最大,之后有所降低;氮素吸收率、氮素利用率和氮素偏生产力氮浓度随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。整体上,土壤剖面无机氮含量自上而下呈现由高到低的变化,不同施氮处理间的差异主要体现在10 cm;0~50 cm剖面无机氮含量随施氮量增加显著增加,其中施氮量在240 kg·hm~(-2)间增加缓慢,施氮量高于160 kg·hm~(-2)后快速增加。从氮素主要的输入输出项来看,不同处理均有不同程度的盈余,大部分盈余氮素均在土壤0~50 cm剖面出现不同程度的累积。水稻土壤无机氮吸收量随着氮浓度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在氮浓度达到160 kg·hm~(-2)时达到最大,水稻土壤无机氮残留量呈相反的变化趋势。水稻有效穗、单株穗、结实率、产量和收获指数均随着氮浓度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在氮浓度达到160 kg·hm~(-2)时达到最大,之后有所降低。以上结果说明氮素对水稻生物量累积和氮素吸收利用起到一定的促进作用,但在施氮量高于160 kg·hm~(-2)后促进作用有所降低。综合考虑绿肥的农学和环境效应,水稻种植体系中土壤供氮量应控制在160 kg·hm~(-2)左右。
With no fertilizer testbed Settings for nitrogen gradient test(CK), was studied for different nitrogen(N1 40 kg·hm~(-2), N2 80 kg·hm~(-2), N3 1200 kg·hm~(-2), N4 160 kg·hm~(-2), N5 200 kg·hm~(-2), N6 240 kg·hm~(-2)) accumulation of above ground biomass, n uptake of rice and soil inorganic nitrogen residue and soil nitrogen balance, for maximum intensive farmland exert the ecological effect of fertilizer and optimized nitrogen management to provide theoretical basis and technical reference. The results showed that nitrogen application had a significant impact on the biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice. Compared with the control group without nitrogen application, nitrogen application significantly increased the biomass, nitrogen concentration and nitrogen uptake of rice by31.69%, 15.08%, 103.17% and 54.18%, respectively.The nitrogen absorption rate, nitrogen utilization rate and nitrogen partial productivity concentration increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application.On the whole, inorganic nitrogen content in soil profile changed from high to low from top to bottom.The inorganic nitrogen content in the 0-50 cm profile increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application, in which the nitrogen application increased slowly between 240 kg·hm~(-2) and rapidly after the nitrogen application was higher than 160 kg·hm~(-2). From the perspective of the main input and output terms of nitrogen,different treatments had different degrees of surplus, and most of the surplus nitrogen showed different degrees of accumulation in the0-50 cm section of soil.The inorganic nitrogen absorption in rice soil first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration, and reached the maximum when the nitrogen concentration reached 160 kg·hm~(-2), and the inorganic nitrogen residue in rice soil showed an opposite change trend. Rice effective panicle, panicle per plant, seed setting rate, yield and harvest index all increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration, and reached the maximum when the nitrogen concentration reached160 kg·hm~(-2), and then decreased.The above results indicated that nitrogen promoted the biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice to a certain extent, but the promotion decreased after the nitrogen application amount was higher than 160 kg·hm~(-2).Considering the agronomic and environmental effects of green manure, soil nitrogen supply should be controlled around 160 kg·hm~(-2) in the rice planting system.
With no fertilizer testbed Settings for nitrogen gradient test(CK), was studied for different nitrogen(N1 40 kg·hm~(-2), N2 80 kg·hm~(-2), N3 1200 kg·hm~(-2), N4 160 kg·hm~(-2), N5 200 kg·hm~(-2), N6 240 kg·hm~(-2)) accumulation of above ground biomass, n uptake of rice and soil inorganic nitrogen residue and soil nitrogen balance, for maximum intensive farmland exert the ecological effect of fertilizer and optimized nitrogen management to provide theoretical basis and technical reference. The results showed that nitrogen application had a significant impact on the biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice. Compared with the control group without nitrogen application, nitrogen application significantly increased the biomass, nitrogen concentration and nitrogen uptake of rice by31.69%, 15.08%, 103.17% and 54.18%, respectively.The nitrogen absorption rate, nitrogen utilization rate and nitrogen partial productivity concentration increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application.On the whole, inorganic nitrogen content in soil profile changed from high to low from top to bottom.The inorganic nitrogen content in the 0-50 cm profile increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application, in which the nitrogen application increased slowly between 240 kg·hm~(-2) and rapidly after the nitrogen application was higher than 160 kg·hm~(-2). From the perspective of the main input and output terms of nitrogen,different treatments had different degrees of surplus, and most of the surplus nitrogen showed different degrees of accumulation in the0-50 cm section of soil.The inorganic nitrogen absorption in rice soil first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration, and reached the maximum when the nitrogen concentration reached 160 kg·hm~(-2), and the inorganic nitrogen residue in rice soil showed an opposite change trend. Rice effective panicle, panicle per plant, seed setting rate, yield and harvest index all increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration, and reached the maximum when the nitrogen concentration reached160 kg·hm~(-2), and then decreased.The above results indicated that nitrogen promoted the biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice to a certain extent, but the promotion decreased after the nitrogen application amount was higher than 160 kg·hm~(-2).Considering the agronomic and environmental effects of green manure, soil nitrogen supply should be controlled around 160 kg·hm~(-2) in the rice planting system.
引文
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[12]陈金,唐玉海,尹燕枰,等.秸秆还田条件下适量施氮对冬小麦氮素利用及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(1):160-167
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[14]岳文俊,张富仓,李志军,等.水氮耦合对甜瓜氮素吸收与土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):88-96
[15]丁世杰,熊淑萍,马新明,等.耕作方式与施氮量对小麦-玉米复种系统玉米季土壤氮素转化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):142-150
[16]李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.施氮量对棉花功能叶片生理特性,氮素利用效率及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):81-91
[17]胡雅杰,朱大伟,邢志鹏,等.改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):12-22
[18]王文岩,董文旭,陈素英,等.连续施用控释肥对小麦/玉米农田氮素平衡与利用率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016(S2):135-141
[19]马兴华,梁晓芳,刘光亮,等.氮肥用量及其基追施比例对烤烟氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1655-1664
[20]王子胜,徐敏,刘瑞显,等.施氮量对不同熟期棉花品种的生物量和氮素累积的影响[J].棉花学报,2015,23(6):537-544
[21]孙永健,孙园园,蒋明金,等.施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(24):4745-4756
[22]郭保卫,张洪程,朱大伟,等.有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收,利用与分配特征[J].作物学报,2017,43(1):97-111
[23]王迪,李红芳,刘锋,等.亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1717-1723
[24]张振,于振文,张永丽,等.氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦植株氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(5):240-245
[25]李灿东,郭泰,王志新,等.叶面不同施氮量对大豆氮素吸收与分配的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(3):557-562
[26]胡群,夏敏,张洪程,等.氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(11):1666-1676
[2]王婷,王连峰.5种前期水分处理下黑土氮素矿化及硝化反硝化率的变化[J].大连交通大学学报,2017,38(3):68-71
[3]徐国伟,王贺正,翟志华,等.不同水氮耦合对水稻根系形态生理,产量与氮素利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(10):132-141
[4]侯云鹏,韩立国,孔丽丽,等.不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收,转运及土壤氮素平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):836-845
[5]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响[J].土壤学报,2016(2):292-304
[6]孙彩丽,肖列,李鹏,等.氮素添加和干旱胁迫下白羊草碳氮磷化学计量特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):1120-1127
[7]王肖娟,危常州,张君,等.灌溉方式和施氮量对棉花生长及氮素利用效率的影响[J].棉花学报,2015,24(6):554-561
[8]严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):23-35
[9]俞映倞,薛利红,杨林章,等.生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):759-767
[10]孙泽东,梁晓芳,石屹,等.滴灌施氮对烤烟氮素吸收利用及土壤无机氮分布的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(5):46-51
[11]陈佳悦,姚霞,黄芬,等.基于图像处理的冬小麦氮素监测模型[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):163-170
[12]陈金,唐玉海,尹燕枰,等.秸秆还田条件下适量施氮对冬小麦氮素利用及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(1):160-167
[13]刘鹏,董树亭,李少昆,等.高产玉米氮素高效利用[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2232-2237
[14]岳文俊,张富仓,李志军,等.水氮耦合对甜瓜氮素吸收与土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):88-96
[15]丁世杰,熊淑萍,马新明,等.耕作方式与施氮量对小麦-玉米复种系统玉米季土壤氮素转化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):142-150
[16]李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.施氮量对棉花功能叶片生理特性,氮素利用效率及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):81-91
[17]胡雅杰,朱大伟,邢志鹏,等.改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):12-22
[18]王文岩,董文旭,陈素英,等.连续施用控释肥对小麦/玉米农田氮素平衡与利用率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016(S2):135-141
[19]马兴华,梁晓芳,刘光亮,等.氮肥用量及其基追施比例对烤烟氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1655-1664
[20]王子胜,徐敏,刘瑞显,等.施氮量对不同熟期棉花品种的生物量和氮素累积的影响[J].棉花学报,2015,23(6):537-544
[21]孙永健,孙园园,蒋明金,等.施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(24):4745-4756
[22]郭保卫,张洪程,朱大伟,等.有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收,利用与分配特征[J].作物学报,2017,43(1):97-111
[23]王迪,李红芳,刘锋,等.亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1717-1723
[24]张振,于振文,张永丽,等.氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦植株氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(5):240-245
[25]李灿东,郭泰,王志新,等.叶面不同施氮量对大豆氮素吸收与分配的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(3):557-562
[26]胡群,夏敏,张洪程,等.氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(11):1666-1676
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