民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林净碳交换及其影响因子
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摘要
基于涡动相关系统观测的民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林生态系统通量资料,定量分析了2018年生长季(5—10月)碳通量变化特征及其影响因子,为民勤梭梭人工林生态系统碳源/汇的评估提供基础数据.结果表明:生长季净碳交换量在日尺度上呈对称的"U"型曲线变化;在季节尺度上,呈双峰曲线变化规律,各月均为碳汇,总固碳量为34.38 g C·m~(-2),且9月固碳量较高,为12.31 g C·m~(-2),7月最低,为0.89 g C·m~(-2).白天生态系统净碳交换随光合有效辐射的增加而增加,符合直角双曲线关系,但当饱和水汽压差大于2.5 kPa时,增加程度减弱.生态系统呼吸与气温呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数为1.7.整个生长季期间,白天和夜间的净碳交换量均与土壤温度呈显著相关.
Carbon fluxes in a Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the oasis-desert ecotone of Minqin was measured using an eddy covariance system. To provide scientific data for carbon source/sink assessment, we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of CO_2 flux and its driving factors in the growing season from May to October, 2018. The results showed that the trend of daily net carbon exchange in the growing season followed a symmetrical "U" shape curve. As to seasonality, bimodal curve was obvious. The plantation ecosystem was a carbon sink every month. The total carbon sequestrated was 34.38 g C·m~(-2), with the peak of 12.31 g C·m~(-2) in September and the lowest value of 0.89 g C·m~(-2) in July. The net carbon exchange in this ecosystem increased during the daytime with the increasing photosynthetically active radiation, consistent with the Michaelis-Menten rectangular hyperbola change. When the vapor pressure deficit was greater than 2.5 kPa, the increasing trend tended to flat. Ecosystem respiration increased exponentially with temperature, with temperature sensitivity being 1.7. Net carbon exchange in either day or night was significantly correlated with soil temperature through the whole growing season.
Carbon fluxes in a Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the oasis-desert ecotone of Minqin was measured using an eddy covariance system. To provide scientific data for carbon source/sink assessment, we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of CO_2 flux and its driving factors in the growing season from May to October, 2018. The results showed that the trend of daily net carbon exchange in the growing season followed a symmetrical "U" shape curve. As to seasonality, bimodal curve was obvious. The plantation ecosystem was a carbon sink every month. The total carbon sequestrated was 34.38 g C·m~(-2), with the peak of 12.31 g C·m~(-2) in September and the lowest value of 0.89 g C·m~(-2) in July. The net carbon exchange in this ecosystem increased during the daytime with the increasing photosynthetically active radiation, consistent with the Michaelis-Menten rectangular hyperbola change. When the vapor pressure deficit was greater than 2.5 kPa, the increasing trend tended to flat. Ecosystem respiration increased exponentially with temperature, with temperature sensitivity being 1.7. Net carbon exchange in either day or night was significantly correlated with soil temperature through the whole growing season.
引文
[1] Fang J-Y (方精云),Tang Y-H (唐艳鸿),Lin J-D (林俊达).Global Ecology:Climate Change and Ecological Response.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000 (in Chinese)
[2] IPCC.Land,Use,Land Use Change and Forestry.IPCC Special Report.Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press,2001
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[4] Solomon S.Summary for Policy Makers// IPCC.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press,2007:95-123
[5] Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu L,et al.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide,water vapor,and energy flux densities.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2001,82:2415-2434
[6] Grimmond C,King T,Cropley F,et al.Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments:Methodological challenges and results from Chicago.Environmental Pollution,2002,116:S243-S254
[7] Goulden ML,Munger JW,Fan SM,et al.Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance:Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy.Global Change Biology,1996,2:169-182
[8] Yu G-R (于贵瑞),Fu Y-L (伏玉玲),Sun X-M (孙晓敏),et al.Research progress and development ideas of Chineses terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX).Science in China (Series D) (中国科学:D辑),2006,36(1):1-21 (in Chinese)
[9] Twisk JWR.Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology:The modeling of time.Biometrics,2013,60:1207-1208
[10] Gao X,Gu F,Hao W,et al.Carbon budget of a rainfed spring maize cropland with straw returning on the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:1193-1203
[11] Zhou L,Zhou G,Jia Q.Annual cycle of CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in Northeast China.Aquatic Botany,2009,91:91-98
[12] Zhong Q,Wang K,Lai Q,et al.Carbon dioxide fluxes and their environmental control in a reclaimed coastal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,2016,39:344-362
[13] Hao Y,Wang Y,Mei X,et al.The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe.Plant Ecology,2010,209:335-347
[14] Kochendorfer J,Castillo EG,Haas E,et al.Net ecosystem exchange,evapotranspiration and canopy conduc-tance in a riparian forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteo-rology,2011,151:544-553
[15] Wohlfahrt G,Fenstermaker LF,Arnone III JA.Large annual net ecosystem CO2 uptake of a Mojave Desert ecosystem.Global Change Biology,2008,14:1475-1487
[16] Mielnick P,Dugas WA,Mitchell K,et al.Long-term measurements of CO2 flux and evapotranspiration in a Chihuahuan desert grassland.Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60:423-436
[17] Jia X,Zha TS,Wu B,et al.Biophysical controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a semiarid shrubland in northwest China.Biogeosciences,2014,11:4679-4693
[18] Jia X,Zha TS,Gong JN,et al.Carbon and water exchange over a temperate semi-arid shrubland during three years of contrasting precipitation and soil moisture patterns.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,228:120-129
[19] Gao Y,Li X,Liu L,et al.Seasonal variation of carbon exchange from a revegetation area in a Chinese desert.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,156:134-142
[20] Liu R (刘冉),Li Y (李彦),Wang Q-X (王勤学),et al.Seasonal and annual variations of carbon dioxide fluxes in desert ecosystem.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),2011,31(1):108-114 (in Chinese)
[21] Liu R (刘冉),Wang Q-X (王勤学),Tang L-S (唐立松),et al.Seasonal variation in water,heat and CO2 fluxes and its driving forces over a saline desert.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(1):67-75 (in Chinese)
[22] Yang Z-H (杨自辉).Research on desert vegetation changes for 40 years at Shajingzi area in Minqin.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),1999,19(4):395-398 (in Chinese)
[23] Yao Z-W (姚增旺),Chu J-M (褚建民),Wu L-L (吴利禄),et al.Time lag characteristics of the stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2339-2346 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang X-Y (张晓艳),Chu J-M (褚建民),Meng P (孟平),et al.Effects of environmental factors on evapotranspiration characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(8):2390-2400 (in Chinese)
[25] Wilson KB,Baldocchi DD.Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over five years at a deciduous forest in the southern United States.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106:34167-34178
[26] Ruimy A,Jarvis PG,Baldocchi DD,et al.CO2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation:A review.Advances in Ecological Research,1995,26:1-68
[27] Lloyd J,Taylor JA.On the temperature dependence of soil respiration.Functional Ecology,1994,8:315-323
[28] Pilegaard K,Hummelsh?j P,Jensen NO,et al.Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2001,107:29-41
[29] Wang H,Saigusa N,Yamamoto S,et al.Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido,Japan.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:7021-7032
[30] Tang X (唐祥),Chen W-J (陈文婧),Li C-Y (李春义),et al.Net carbon exchange and its environmental affecting factors in a forest plantation in Badaling,Beijing of China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(11):3057-3064 (in Chinese)
[31] Niu X-D (牛晓栋),Jiang H (江洪),Zhang J-M (张金梦),et al.Characteristics of CO2 flux in an old growth mixed forest in Tianmu Mountain,Zhejiang,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(1):1-8 (in Chinese)
[32] Zhou Y-Y (周媛媛),Li X-R (李新荣),Gao Y-H (高艳红),et al.Effects of environment factors on the carbon flux of artificial vegetation in Shapotou.Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences) (兰州大学学报:自然科学版),2017,53(4):512-520 (in Chinese)
[33] Meierhan H (美尔汗·黑扎特),Hao X-M (郝兴明).CO2 flux characteristics and water use efficiency of the Populus euphratica community in the lower reaches of Tarim River.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2018,38(6):2048-2055 (in Chinese)
[34] Liu R,Li Y,Wang QX.Variations in water and CO2 fluxes over a saline desert in western China.Hydrological Processes,2012,26:513-522
[35] Tong-X-J (同小娟),Zhang J-S (张劲松),Meng P (孟平),et al.Characteristics of net carbon exchange over a mixed plantation in a hilly area of the north China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2010,46(3):37-43 (in Chinese)
[36] Liu Y-F (刘允芬),Song X (宋霞),Sun X-M (孙晓敏),et al.Seasonal variation of CO2 flux and its environmental factors in coniferous Planation of Qianyanzhou.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences (中国科学D辑:地理科学),2004,34(2):109-117 (in Chinese)
[37] Noormets A,Mcnulty SG,Deforest JL,et al.Drought during canopy development has lasting effect on annual carbon balance in a deciduous temperate forest.New Phytologist,2010,179:818-828
[38] Hinko-Najera N,Livesley SJ,Beringer J,et al.Net ecosystem carbon exchange of a dry temperate eucalypt forest.Biogeosciences Discussions,2017,16:1-33
[39] Wang W,Liao YC,Guo Q.Seasonal and annual variations of CO2 fluxes in rain-fed winter wheat agro-ecosystem of Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12:147-158
[40] Wang W,Liao Y,Wen X,et al.Dynamics of CO2 fluxes and environmental responses in the rain-fed winter wheat ecosystem of the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2013,461:10-18
[41] Han G,Yang L,Yu J,et al.Environmental controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in the Yellow River Delta,China.Estuaries & Coasts,2013,36:401-413
[42] Zhong Q,Wang K,Lai Q,et al.Carbon dioxide fluxes and their environmental control in a reclaimed coastal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,2016,39:344-362
[43] Wang H-B (王海波),Ma M-G (马明国),Wang X-F (王旭峰),et al.Carbon flux variation characteristics and its influencing factors in an alpine meadow ecosystem on eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2014,28(6):50-56 (in Chinese)
[44] Wei Y (魏远),Zhang X-D (张旭东),Jiang Z-P (江泽平),et al.Study on the seasonal dynamic of net ecosystem exchange over a Poplar plantation of Yueyang City in Hunan Province.Forest Research (林业科学研究),2010,23(5):656-665 (in Chinese)
[45] Tan L-P (谭丽萍),Liu S-X (刘苏峡),Mo X-G (莫兴国),et al.Environmental controls over energy,water and carbon fluxes in a plantation in Northern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2015,39(8):773-784 (in Chinese)
[46] Xu L-L (徐玲玲),Zhang X-Z (张宪洲),Shi P-L (石培礼),et al.Response of photon quantum efficiency to temperature in alpine meadow communities under low atmospheric pressure over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences (中国科学D辑:地球科学),2006,36(suppl.1):204-209 (in Chinese)
[47] Tong X-J (同小娟),Zhang J-S (张劲松),Meng P (孟平),et al.Relationship between net ecosystem carbon exchange and meteorological factors in a plantation in the hilly area of the North China.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(12):6638-6645 (in Chinese)
[48] Anthoni PM,Law BE,Unsworth MH.Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,95:151-168
[49] Jarvis P,Morison J.The control of transpiration and photosynthesis by the stomata.Stomatal Physiology,1981,8:247-279
[50] Gong T-T (龚婷婷),Lei H-M (雷慧闽),Yang D-W (杨大文),et al.Assessing impacts of extreme water and temperature conditions on carbon fluxes in two desert shrublands.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering (水力发电学报),2018,37(2):32-46 (in Chinese)
[51] Wang Q (王琼),Tang Y (唐娅),Xie T (谢涛),et al.Distinctive responses of photosynthetic charac-teristics to warming of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides and native Sambucus chinensis.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(3):770-777 (in Chinese)
[52] Wang W-Y (汪文雅),Guo J-X (郭建侠),Wang Y-S (王英舜),et al.Observing characteristics of CO2 flux and its influencing factors over Xilinhot Grassland.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (气象科学),2015,35(1):100-107 (in Chinese)
[2] IPCC.Land,Use,Land Use Change and Forestry.IPCC Special Report.Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press,2001
[3] Wever LA,Flanagan LB,Carlson PJ.Seasonal and interannual variation in evapotranspiration,energy balance and surface conductance in a northern temperate grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,112:31-49
[4] Solomon S.Summary for Policy Makers// IPCC.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press,2007:95-123
[5] Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu L,et al.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide,water vapor,and energy flux densities.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2001,82:2415-2434
[6] Grimmond C,King T,Cropley F,et al.Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments:Methodological challenges and results from Chicago.Environmental Pollution,2002,116:S243-S254
[7] Goulden ML,Munger JW,Fan SM,et al.Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance:Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy.Global Change Biology,1996,2:169-182
[8] Yu G-R (于贵瑞),Fu Y-L (伏玉玲),Sun X-M (孙晓敏),et al.Research progress and development ideas of Chineses terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX).Science in China (Series D) (中国科学:D辑),2006,36(1):1-21 (in Chinese)
[9] Twisk JWR.Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology:The modeling of time.Biometrics,2013,60:1207-1208
[10] Gao X,Gu F,Hao W,et al.Carbon budget of a rainfed spring maize cropland with straw returning on the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:1193-1203
[11] Zhou L,Zhou G,Jia Q.Annual cycle of CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in Northeast China.Aquatic Botany,2009,91:91-98
[12] Zhong Q,Wang K,Lai Q,et al.Carbon dioxide fluxes and their environmental control in a reclaimed coastal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,2016,39:344-362
[13] Hao Y,Wang Y,Mei X,et al.The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe.Plant Ecology,2010,209:335-347
[14] Kochendorfer J,Castillo EG,Haas E,et al.Net ecosystem exchange,evapotranspiration and canopy conduc-tance in a riparian forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteo-rology,2011,151:544-553
[15] Wohlfahrt G,Fenstermaker LF,Arnone III JA.Large annual net ecosystem CO2 uptake of a Mojave Desert ecosystem.Global Change Biology,2008,14:1475-1487
[16] Mielnick P,Dugas WA,Mitchell K,et al.Long-term measurements of CO2 flux and evapotranspiration in a Chihuahuan desert grassland.Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60:423-436
[17] Jia X,Zha TS,Wu B,et al.Biophysical controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a semiarid shrubland in northwest China.Biogeosciences,2014,11:4679-4693
[18] Jia X,Zha TS,Gong JN,et al.Carbon and water exchange over a temperate semi-arid shrubland during three years of contrasting precipitation and soil moisture patterns.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,228:120-129
[19] Gao Y,Li X,Liu L,et al.Seasonal variation of carbon exchange from a revegetation area in a Chinese desert.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,156:134-142
[20] Liu R (刘冉),Li Y (李彦),Wang Q-X (王勤学),et al.Seasonal and annual variations of carbon dioxide fluxes in desert ecosystem.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),2011,31(1):108-114 (in Chinese)
[21] Liu R (刘冉),Wang Q-X (王勤学),Tang L-S (唐立松),et al.Seasonal variation in water,heat and CO2 fluxes and its driving forces over a saline desert.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(1):67-75 (in Chinese)
[22] Yang Z-H (杨自辉).Research on desert vegetation changes for 40 years at Shajingzi area in Minqin.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),1999,19(4):395-398 (in Chinese)
[23] Yao Z-W (姚增旺),Chu J-M (褚建民),Wu L-L (吴利禄),et al.Time lag characteristics of the stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2339-2346 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang X-Y (张晓艳),Chu J-M (褚建民),Meng P (孟平),et al.Effects of environmental factors on evapotranspiration characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(8):2390-2400 (in Chinese)
[25] Wilson KB,Baldocchi DD.Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over five years at a deciduous forest in the southern United States.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106:34167-34178
[26] Ruimy A,Jarvis PG,Baldocchi DD,et al.CO2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation:A review.Advances in Ecological Research,1995,26:1-68
[27] Lloyd J,Taylor JA.On the temperature dependence of soil respiration.Functional Ecology,1994,8:315-323
[28] Pilegaard K,Hummelsh?j P,Jensen NO,et al.Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2001,107:29-41
[29] Wang H,Saigusa N,Yamamoto S,et al.Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido,Japan.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:7021-7032
[30] Tang X (唐祥),Chen W-J (陈文婧),Li C-Y (李春义),et al.Net carbon exchange and its environmental affecting factors in a forest plantation in Badaling,Beijing of China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(11):3057-3064 (in Chinese)
[31] Niu X-D (牛晓栋),Jiang H (江洪),Zhang J-M (张金梦),et al.Characteristics of CO2 flux in an old growth mixed forest in Tianmu Mountain,Zhejiang,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(1):1-8 (in Chinese)
[32] Zhou Y-Y (周媛媛),Li X-R (李新荣),Gao Y-H (高艳红),et al.Effects of environment factors on the carbon flux of artificial vegetation in Shapotou.Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences) (兰州大学学报:自然科学版),2017,53(4):512-520 (in Chinese)
[33] Meierhan H (美尔汗·黑扎特),Hao X-M (郝兴明).CO2 flux characteristics and water use efficiency of the Populus euphratica community in the lower reaches of Tarim River.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2018,38(6):2048-2055 (in Chinese)
[34] Liu R,Li Y,Wang QX.Variations in water and CO2 fluxes over a saline desert in western China.Hydrological Processes,2012,26:513-522
[35] Tong-X-J (同小娟),Zhang J-S (张劲松),Meng P (孟平),et al.Characteristics of net carbon exchange over a mixed plantation in a hilly area of the north China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2010,46(3):37-43 (in Chinese)
[36] Liu Y-F (刘允芬),Song X (宋霞),Sun X-M (孙晓敏),et al.Seasonal variation of CO2 flux and its environmental factors in coniferous Planation of Qianyanzhou.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences (中国科学D辑:地理科学),2004,34(2):109-117 (in Chinese)
[37] Noormets A,Mcnulty SG,Deforest JL,et al.Drought during canopy development has lasting effect on annual carbon balance in a deciduous temperate forest.New Phytologist,2010,179:818-828
[38] Hinko-Najera N,Livesley SJ,Beringer J,et al.Net ecosystem carbon exchange of a dry temperate eucalypt forest.Biogeosciences Discussions,2017,16:1-33
[39] Wang W,Liao YC,Guo Q.Seasonal and annual variations of CO2 fluxes in rain-fed winter wheat agro-ecosystem of Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12:147-158
[40] Wang W,Liao Y,Wen X,et al.Dynamics of CO2 fluxes and environmental responses in the rain-fed winter wheat ecosystem of the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2013,461:10-18
[41] Han G,Yang L,Yu J,et al.Environmental controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in the Yellow River Delta,China.Estuaries & Coasts,2013,36:401-413
[42] Zhong Q,Wang K,Lai Q,et al.Carbon dioxide fluxes and their environmental control in a reclaimed coastal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,2016,39:344-362
[43] Wang H-B (王海波),Ma M-G (马明国),Wang X-F (王旭峰),et al.Carbon flux variation characteristics and its influencing factors in an alpine meadow ecosystem on eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2014,28(6):50-56 (in Chinese)
[44] Wei Y (魏远),Zhang X-D (张旭东),Jiang Z-P (江泽平),et al.Study on the seasonal dynamic of net ecosystem exchange over a Poplar plantation of Yueyang City in Hunan Province.Forest Research (林业科学研究),2010,23(5):656-665 (in Chinese)
[45] Tan L-P (谭丽萍),Liu S-X (刘苏峡),Mo X-G (莫兴国),et al.Environmental controls over energy,water and carbon fluxes in a plantation in Northern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2015,39(8):773-784 (in Chinese)
[46] Xu L-L (徐玲玲),Zhang X-Z (张宪洲),Shi P-L (石培礼),et al.Response of photon quantum efficiency to temperature in alpine meadow communities under low atmospheric pressure over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences (中国科学D辑:地球科学),2006,36(suppl.1):204-209 (in Chinese)
[47] Tong X-J (同小娟),Zhang J-S (张劲松),Meng P (孟平),et al.Relationship between net ecosystem carbon exchange and meteorological factors in a plantation in the hilly area of the North China.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(12):6638-6645 (in Chinese)
[48] Anthoni PM,Law BE,Unsworth MH.Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,95:151-168
[49] Jarvis P,Morison J.The control of transpiration and photosynthesis by the stomata.Stomatal Physiology,1981,8:247-279
[50] Gong T-T (龚婷婷),Lei H-M (雷慧闽),Yang D-W (杨大文),et al.Assessing impacts of extreme water and temperature conditions on carbon fluxes in two desert shrublands.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering (水力发电学报),2018,37(2):32-46 (in Chinese)
[51] Wang Q (王琼),Tang Y (唐娅),Xie T (谢涛),et al.Distinctive responses of photosynthetic charac-teristics to warming of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides and native Sambucus chinensis.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(3):770-777 (in Chinese)
[52] Wang W-Y (汪文雅),Guo J-X (郭建侠),Wang Y-S (王英舜),et al.Observing characteristics of CO2 flux and its influencing factors over Xilinhot Grassland.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (气象科学),2015,35(1):100-107 (in Chinese)