紫色土丘陵区生物埂不同植被类型土壤分离水动力学特征
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摘要
野外采集紫色土区六棱型预制网格式护坡生物埂内不同植被类型原状土样,通过室内模拟细沟水槽(长4 m,宽0.12 m,深0.1 m)冲刷试验,探究不同植被类型影响下土壤分离能力与水动力学参数之间的关系。选择麦冬、韭菜2种生物埂类型,以单一网格式裸坡为对照,在3个坡度(15°,20°,25°)、5个流量(39.86,59.98,79.67,100.45,121.16 L/min)组合条件下进行冲刷试验。结果表明:生物埂内不同植被类型下土壤分离能力差异显著(P<0.05),表现为麦冬(均值2.24 kg/(s·m~2))>对照(均值1.34 kg/(s·m~2))>韭菜(均值1.09 kg/(s·m~2))。幂函数方程可用于描述土壤分离能力与水流剪切力(R~2=0.75)、水流功率(R~2=0.73)、单位水流功率(R~2=0.46)及过水断面单位能量(R~2=0.63)间的数学关系。生物埂各植被类型下土壤发生分离的临界剪切力τ_c表现为τ_c麦冬(8.75 Pa)>τ_c韭菜(6.47 Pa)>τ_c对照(1.93 Pa),表明植被可增强网格式护坡生物埂土壤抵抗分离的能力。
To determine the relationships between soil detachment capacities and hydrodynamic parameters under Terrace Banks in hexagonal prefabricated net format with different vegetation types, we collected the undisturbed soil samples in Terrace Banks planted with Ophiopogon japonicus, Allium tuberosum and bare land(control) in situ respectively, and conducted the simulated rill flume(4 m long, 0.12 m wide, 0.1 m height) scouring experiments in laboratory. Flume scouring experiments were carried out under the combinations of 3 slopes(15°, 20 °, 25 °) and 5 flow rates(39.86, 59.98, 79.67, 100.45, 121.16 L/min) with 3 replicates(i.e., a total of 135 scouring experiments). The results showed that soil detachment capacities were significant differences under various vegetations(P<0.05), and ranked as Ophiopogon japonica(2.24 kg/(s·m~2)) > bare land(1.34 kg/(s·m~2)) > Allium tuberosum(1.09 kg/(s·m~2)). The power functions could be used to describe the relationships of soil detachment capacities with shear stress(R~2=0.75), stream power(R~2=0.73), unit stream power(R~2=0.46) and unit energy(R~2=0.63). The shear stress threshold presented as τ_c Ophiopogon japonicus(8.75 Pa) > τ_c Allium tuberosum(6.47 Pa) > τ_c bare land(1.93 Pa), indicating that vegetation planted in the Terrace Banks in hexagonal prefabricated net format could enhance the soil resistance to detachment.
To determine the relationships between soil detachment capacities and hydrodynamic parameters under Terrace Banks in hexagonal prefabricated net format with different vegetation types, we collected the undisturbed soil samples in Terrace Banks planted with Ophiopogon japonicus, Allium tuberosum and bare land(control) in situ respectively, and conducted the simulated rill flume(4 m long, 0.12 m wide, 0.1 m height) scouring experiments in laboratory. Flume scouring experiments were carried out under the combinations of 3 slopes(15°, 20 °, 25 °) and 5 flow rates(39.86, 59.98, 79.67, 100.45, 121.16 L/min) with 3 replicates(i.e., a total of 135 scouring experiments). The results showed that soil detachment capacities were significant differences under various vegetations(P<0.05), and ranked as Ophiopogon japonica(2.24 kg/(s·m~2)) > bare land(1.34 kg/(s·m~2)) > Allium tuberosum(1.09 kg/(s·m~2)). The power functions could be used to describe the relationships of soil detachment capacities with shear stress(R~2=0.75), stream power(R~2=0.73), unit stream power(R~2=0.46) and unit energy(R~2=0.63). The shear stress threshold presented as τ_c Ophiopogon japonicus(8.75 Pa) > τ_c Allium tuberosum(6.47 Pa) > τ_c bare land(1.93 Pa), indicating that vegetation planted in the Terrace Banks in hexagonal prefabricated net format could enhance the soil resistance to detachment.
引文
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[16] Vannoppen W,De Baets S,Keeble J,et al.How do root and soil characteristics affect the erosion-reducing potential of plant species[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,109:186-195.
[17] Wang B,Zhang G H,Yang Y F,et al.Response of soil detachment capacity to plant root and soil properties in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2018,266:68-75.
[18] 王长燕,郁耀闯.黄土区冰草和柳枝稷草地土壤分离生长季变化[J].土壤通报,2016,47(4):790-796.
[19] 王凯,王玉杰,王彬,等.黄壤坡面土壤分离速率研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2018,27(9):2114-2121.
[20] Su Z L,Zhang G H,Yi T,et al.Soil detachment capacity by overland flow for soils of theBeijing region[J].Soil Science,2014,179(9):446-453.
[21] Wang D D,Wang Z L,Shen N,et al.Modeling soil detachment capacity by rill flow using hydraulic parameters[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:473-479.
[2] Nearing M A,Bradford J M,Parker S C.Soil detachment by shallow flow at low slopes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55(2):339-344.
[3] 张光辉,刘宝元,张科利.坡面径流分离土壤的水动力学实验研究[J].土壤学报,2002,39(6):882-886.
[4] 何小武,张光辉,刘宝元.坡面薄层水流的土壤分离实验研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):52-55.
[5] 张光辉,刘宝元,何小武.黄土区原状土分离过程的水动力学机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(4):48-52.
[6] 黄欢,何丙辉,李建兴,等.网格式生物埂对坡面土壤养分分布特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(12):1491-1499.
[7] 王涛,何丙辉,秦川,等.不同种植年限黄花生物埂护坡土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):153-158.
[8] Luk S H,Merz W.Use of the salt tracing technique to determine the velocity of overland-flow[J].Soil Technology,1992,5(4):289-301.
[9] Li T Y,Li S Y,Liang C,et al.Erosion vulnerability of sandy clay loam soil in Southwest China:Modeling soil detachment capacity by flume simulation[J].Catena,2019,178:90-99.
[10] 吴秋菊,吴发启,王林华.土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):73-80.
[11] 丁文峰.紫色土和红壤坡面径流分离速度与水动力学参数关系研究[J].泥沙研究,2010(6):16-22.
[12] 王仁新,何丙辉,李天阳,等.汶川震区滑坡堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀率及水动力学参数研究[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):375-387.
[13] Al-Hamdan O Z,Pierson F B,Nearing M A,et al.Concentrated flow erodibility for physically based erosion models:Temporal variability in disturbed and undisturbed rangelands[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48(7):e07504.
[14] Moffet C A,Pierson F B,Robichaud P R,et al.Modeling soil erosion on steep sagebrush rangeland before and after prescribed fire[J].Catena,2007,71:218-228.
[15] Wang B,Zhang G H,Yang Y F,et al.The effects of varied soil properties induced by natural grassland succession on the process of soil detachment[J].Catena,2018,166:192-199.
[16] Vannoppen W,De Baets S,Keeble J,et al.How do root and soil characteristics affect the erosion-reducing potential of plant species[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,109:186-195.
[17] Wang B,Zhang G H,Yang Y F,et al.Response of soil detachment capacity to plant root and soil properties in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2018,266:68-75.
[18] 王长燕,郁耀闯.黄土区冰草和柳枝稷草地土壤分离生长季变化[J].土壤通报,2016,47(4):790-796.
[19] 王凯,王玉杰,王彬,等.黄壤坡面土壤分离速率研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2018,27(9):2114-2121.
[20] Su Z L,Zhang G H,Yi T,et al.Soil detachment capacity by overland flow for soils of theBeijing region[J].Soil Science,2014,179(9):446-453.
[21] Wang D D,Wang Z L,Shen N,et al.Modeling soil detachment capacity by rill flow using hydraulic parameters[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:473-479.
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