覆膜与施氮互作对高粱产量及水氮利用效率的影响
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摘要
为探索旱地覆膜栽培条件下适宜机械化高粱水氮利用效率,本试验于2015、2016年以机械化生产高粱品种晋杂34、晋杂35为试验材料,研究了2种栽培措施(B1:裸地,B2:覆膜)、3个施氮量(C1:0kg/hm~2、C2:225kg/hm~2、C3:450kg/hm~2)条件对高粱不同生育期不同深度土壤贮水量、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜有效提高了高粱不同生育期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量,但施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不明显。两年试验覆膜处理平均产量比裸地显著提高11.63%,降雨偏少年度(2015)增产12.03%,降雨偏多年度(2016)增产11.17%;不同施氮处理产量差异不显著,其与品种或覆膜方式的交互作用差异也不显著,但覆膜有效提高了氮肥利用率,尤以施氮225kg/hm~2处理氮肥偏生产力显著高于其他处理。降雨偏少年度的水分利用率、降水生产效率显著高于降雨偏多年度。与裸地处理相比,2015年覆膜处理水分利用效率提高15.93%;2016年提高12.21%。两年试验晋杂34、晋杂35都以覆膜施氮225kg/hm~2处理水分利用效果最佳,2015年表现尤为突出,水分利用效率和增产率分别为37.01、31.72kg/(mm·hm~2)和19.076%、38.286%。综合考虑,在本试验条件下,覆膜、施氮225kg/hm~2为晋杂34、晋杂35高产、水氮高效利用的最佳组合。
The purpose of our study was to explore the water and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanized sorghum under film mulching on dry land. A field experiment using Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35 as testing materials was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to study the effects of two cultivation measures(B1: un-mulched and B2: film mulching) and three nitrogen levels(C1: 0 kg/hm~2, C2: 225 kg/hm~2, C3: 450 kg/hm~2) on soil water storage of different soil depths during the different growth periods, yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum. The results showed that film mulching effectively improved 0-60 cm soil layer water storage at different growth periods of sorghum, but there was no difference among three nitrogen levels in 0-60 cm soil layer water storage. Compared to the un-mulched treatments, the grain yield was increased by 11.63% in film mulching treatments. It was increased 12.03% in 2015 and 11.17% in 2016. There was no significant difference in yield between different nitrogen levels and the interplay of nitrogen levels×varieties, nitrogen levels×film mulch method. But film mulching could effectively improve the utilization ratio of the nitrogen, the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of the treatments of N application of 225 kg/hm~2 with film mulching were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. The water use efficiency(WUE) and precipitation production efficiency in the dry year were significantly higher than that in the wet year. Compared to the un-mulched treatments, the film mulching treatment increased WUE by 15.93% in 2015 and 12.21% in 2016, respectively. The WUE of the treatments of N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/hm~2 with film mulching was the highest for Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35 in two years, and it had a better effect in the dry year with the WUE of 37.01 kg/(mm·hm~2) and the yield increased by 19.076% for Jinza No.34, the WUE of 31.72 kg/(mm·hm~2) and the yield increased by 38.286% for Jinza No.35. In conclusion, under the same experimental conditions, N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/ha with film mulching is the best combination of high yield and high water and nitrogen use efficiency for Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35.
The purpose of our study was to explore the water and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanized sorghum under film mulching on dry land. A field experiment using Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35 as testing materials was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to study the effects of two cultivation measures(B1: un-mulched and B2: film mulching) and three nitrogen levels(C1: 0 kg/hm~2, C2: 225 kg/hm~2, C3: 450 kg/hm~2) on soil water storage of different soil depths during the different growth periods, yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum. The results showed that film mulching effectively improved 0-60 cm soil layer water storage at different growth periods of sorghum, but there was no difference among three nitrogen levels in 0-60 cm soil layer water storage. Compared to the un-mulched treatments, the grain yield was increased by 11.63% in film mulching treatments. It was increased 12.03% in 2015 and 11.17% in 2016. There was no significant difference in yield between different nitrogen levels and the interplay of nitrogen levels×varieties, nitrogen levels×film mulch method. But film mulching could effectively improve the utilization ratio of the nitrogen, the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of the treatments of N application of 225 kg/hm~2 with film mulching were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. The water use efficiency(WUE) and precipitation production efficiency in the dry year were significantly higher than that in the wet year. Compared to the un-mulched treatments, the film mulching treatment increased WUE by 15.93% in 2015 and 12.21% in 2016, respectively. The WUE of the treatments of N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/hm~2 with film mulching was the highest for Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35 in two years, and it had a better effect in the dry year with the WUE of 37.01 kg/(mm·hm~2) and the yield increased by 19.076% for Jinza No.34, the WUE of 31.72 kg/(mm·hm~2) and the yield increased by 38.286% for Jinza No.35. In conclusion, under the same experimental conditions, N fertilizer application rate of 225 kg/ha with film mulching is the best combination of high yield and high water and nitrogen use efficiency for Jinza No.34 and Jinza No.35.
引文
[1]山仑,徐炳成.论高粱的抗旱性及在旱区农业中的地位.中国农业科学,2009,42(7):2342-2348.
[2]Nawaz K,Iqra A T,Hussain K,et al. Induction of salt tolerance in two cultivars of sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)by exogenous application of proline at seedling stage. World Applied Sciences Journal,2010,10(1):93-99.
[3]赵春明.山西省干旱缺水趋势及旱地农业技术发展.中国农业资源与区划,2005,26(3):45-48.
[4]张岁岐,山仑.植物水分利用效率及其研究进展.干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):1-5.
[5]朱兴平,李永红.雨水利用的理论与实践-对干旱半干旱区农业可持续发展之路的探索.水土保持通报,1997,17(4):32-36.
[6]崔福柱,郭秀卿,郝建平,等.渗水地膜覆盖对高粱生育期及产量的影响.山西农业科学,2007,35(8):59-61.
[7]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响.应用生态学报,2003,14(2):205-210.
[8]高慧洲,谢英荷,李廷亮,等.覆膜对旱地冬小麦产量与土壤水分动态的影响.山西农业科学,2016,44(2):1793-1795,1869.
[9]曹寒,吴淑芳,冯浩,等.不同覆膜种植对土壤水热和冬小麦产量的影响.水土保持研究,2015,22(6):110-115.
[10]杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊.半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响.生态学报,2015,35(8):2676-2685.
[11]杨海迪,海江波,贾志宽,等.不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):27-34.
[12]高艳梅,孙敏,高志强,等.不同降水年型旱地小麦覆盖对产量及水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3589-3599.
[13]崔琳琳.覆膜对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响.水利科技与经济,2014,20(6):104-106.
[14]赵财,陈桂平,柴强,等.不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):152-157.
[15]张超,吴杨,贾志宽,等.半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):39-45.
[16]李士敏,胡朝风,李静.不同覆膜方式对高粱生长及产量的影响.耕作与栽培,2015(3):33-34.
[17]陈竹君,刘春光,周建斌,等.不同水肥条件对小麦生长及养分吸收的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(3):32-34.
[18]呼瑞梅,崔凤娟,王振国,等.不同施氮量、种植密度及灌水时期对高粱产量的影响.现代农业科技,2012(4):62-63.
[19]曹雄,梁晓红,黄敏佳,等.不同栽培措施对高粱产量的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(3):126-132.
[20]辛宗绪,赵术伟,孔凡信,等.氮肥施入量对高粱生长发育和产量的影响.现代农业科技,2014(8):11-12.
[21]罗付香,林超文,涂士华,等.氮肥形态和地膜覆盖对坡耕地玉米产量和土壤氮素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(6):11-16.
[22]葛均筑,李淑娅,钟新月,等.施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响.作物学报,2014,40(6):1081-1092.
[23]李强,王朝辉,李福翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响.作物学报,2014,40(1):93-100.
[24]赵晓东,李廷亮,谢英荷,等.覆膜对旱地麦田土壤水分及氮素平衡的影响.生态学报,2018,38(5):1550-1559.
[25]周景春,苏玉杰,张存玲,等. 0~50cm土壤含水量与降水和蒸发的关系分析.中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):23-27.
[26]Gan Y T,Siddique K H M,Turner N C,et al. Chapter sevenridge-furrow mulching systems-an innovative for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Advances in Agronomy,2013,118:429-476.
[2]Nawaz K,Iqra A T,Hussain K,et al. Induction of salt tolerance in two cultivars of sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)by exogenous application of proline at seedling stage. World Applied Sciences Journal,2010,10(1):93-99.
[3]赵春明.山西省干旱缺水趋势及旱地农业技术发展.中国农业资源与区划,2005,26(3):45-48.
[4]张岁岐,山仑.植物水分利用效率及其研究进展.干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):1-5.
[5]朱兴平,李永红.雨水利用的理论与实践-对干旱半干旱区农业可持续发展之路的探索.水土保持通报,1997,17(4):32-36.
[6]崔福柱,郭秀卿,郝建平,等.渗水地膜覆盖对高粱生育期及产量的影响.山西农业科学,2007,35(8):59-61.
[7]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响.应用生态学报,2003,14(2):205-210.
[8]高慧洲,谢英荷,李廷亮,等.覆膜对旱地冬小麦产量与土壤水分动态的影响.山西农业科学,2016,44(2):1793-1795,1869.
[9]曹寒,吴淑芳,冯浩,等.不同覆膜种植对土壤水热和冬小麦产量的影响.水土保持研究,2015,22(6):110-115.
[10]杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊.半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响.生态学报,2015,35(8):2676-2685.
[11]杨海迪,海江波,贾志宽,等.不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):27-34.
[12]高艳梅,孙敏,高志强,等.不同降水年型旱地小麦覆盖对产量及水分利用效率的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3589-3599.
[13]崔琳琳.覆膜对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响.水利科技与经济,2014,20(6):104-106.
[14]赵财,陈桂平,柴强,等.不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):152-157.
[15]张超,吴杨,贾志宽,等.半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):39-45.
[16]李士敏,胡朝风,李静.不同覆膜方式对高粱生长及产量的影响.耕作与栽培,2015(3):33-34.
[17]陈竹君,刘春光,周建斌,等.不同水肥条件对小麦生长及养分吸收的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(3):32-34.
[18]呼瑞梅,崔凤娟,王振国,等.不同施氮量、种植密度及灌水时期对高粱产量的影响.现代农业科技,2012(4):62-63.
[19]曹雄,梁晓红,黄敏佳,等.不同栽培措施对高粱产量的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(3):126-132.
[20]辛宗绪,赵术伟,孔凡信,等.氮肥施入量对高粱生长发育和产量的影响.现代农业科技,2014(8):11-12.
[21]罗付香,林超文,涂士华,等.氮肥形态和地膜覆盖对坡耕地玉米产量和土壤氮素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(6):11-16.
[22]葛均筑,李淑娅,钟新月,等.施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响.作物学报,2014,40(6):1081-1092.
[23]李强,王朝辉,李福翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响.作物学报,2014,40(1):93-100.
[24]赵晓东,李廷亮,谢英荷,等.覆膜对旱地麦田土壤水分及氮素平衡的影响.生态学报,2018,38(5):1550-1559.
[25]周景春,苏玉杰,张存玲,等. 0~50cm土壤含水量与降水和蒸发的关系分析.中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):23-27.
[26]Gan Y T,Siddique K H M,Turner N C,et al. Chapter sevenridge-furrow mulching systems-an innovative for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Advances in Agronomy,2013,118:429-476.