西双版纳热带雨林优势植物假海桐的花气味及传粉昆虫多样性
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摘要
指出了假海桐(Pittosporopsis kerrii)是西双版纳热带雨林林下的优势植物,为探讨其花气味及传粉昆虫多样性,针对其开花特性、花气味及访花昆虫进行了相关研究。结果表明:假海桐开花早,种群内花期持续时间长,主要集中在2～3月份,单花期3～4d,单株盛花期8～10d。访花昆虫54种,大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)是最为优势的传粉昆虫。鉴定出花气味的13种化合物,主要由萜类、脂肪酸衍生物和芳香族化合物三大类构成,含量最高的是α-甲基-α-[4-甲基-3-戊烯基]环氧乙烷基甲醇。传粉后花气味中没有化合物消失,但有2种化合物含量显著减少、3种化合物含量显著增加,并新增1种化合物。深入研究传粉前后含量变化大,对优势传粉昆虫具引诱活性的化合物,有助于揭示林下假海桐的传粉繁殖特点,为热带雨林物种保护提供依据。
Pittosporopsiskerriiis the dominant species in the understory of Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest.In order to understand the floral scent and insect pollinator diversity of Pittosporopsiskerrii,the flowering characteristics and insect visitors of P.kerriiwerewas observed.Meanwhile the floral volatiles emitted by P.kerrii were collected to analyzechemical compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The results showedthat the flowering duration of P.kerrii sustained for a long time,mainly in February to March.The individual flowering period lasted for 3-4 days,and the peak flowering duration per tree lasted for 8-10 days.54 species of insects visiting flowers of P.kerrii were observed in Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest.The giant honey bee(Apisdorsata)is the dominant pollinator according to the highest visiting frequency.Furthermore,the dynamic headspace technique was used to collect the volatiles emitted by P.kerrii before and after pollination.The components and the relative contents of each component were identified.13 compounds were emitted by P.kerrii which mainly consisted of terpenes,fatty acid derivatives and aromatic compounds.The component with the highest relative content wasα-Methyl-α-[4-methyl-3-pentenyl]oxiranemethanol.After pollination,there was no any component to disappear among floral scents,but 2 compounds dramatically decreased,3 compounds significantly increased andnewly appeared 1 compound.Further study focus on the compounds with great change before and after pollination,and tests the behavioral response of dominant pollinators,whichwill contributed to reveal the biological characteristics of P.kerrii pollination and provide a scientific basis for species conservation in tropical rainforest.
Pittosporopsiskerriiis the dominant species in the understory of Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest.In order to understand the floral scent and insect pollinator diversity of Pittosporopsiskerrii,the flowering characteristics and insect visitors of P.kerriiwerewas observed.Meanwhile the floral volatiles emitted by P.kerrii were collected to analyzechemical compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The results showedthat the flowering duration of P.kerrii sustained for a long time,mainly in February to March.The individual flowering period lasted for 3-4 days,and the peak flowering duration per tree lasted for 8-10 days.54 species of insects visiting flowers of P.kerrii were observed in Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest.The giant honey bee(Apisdorsata)is the dominant pollinator according to the highest visiting frequency.Furthermore,the dynamic headspace technique was used to collect the volatiles emitted by P.kerrii before and after pollination.The components and the relative contents of each component were identified.13 compounds were emitted by P.kerrii which mainly consisted of terpenes,fatty acid derivatives and aromatic compounds.The component with the highest relative content wasα-Methyl-α-[4-methyl-3-pentenyl]oxiranemethanol.After pollination,there was no any component to disappear among floral scents,but 2 compounds dramatically decreased,3 compounds significantly increased andnewly appeared 1 compound.Further study focus on the compounds with great change before and after pollination,and tests the behavioral response of dominant pollinators,whichwill contributed to reveal the biological characteristics of P.kerrii pollination and provide a scientific basis for species conservation in tropical rainforest.
引文
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[29]张正松.云南排蜂的初步研究[J].应用昆虫学报,1974,11(3):44～46
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[32]王心宇,刘明春,邓伟,等.GC-MS法分析白兰花挥发油成分 [J].重庆大学学报,2008,31(1):97～100
[33]JUN L I,TIAN Y Z,SUN B Y,et al.Analysis on volatile constituents in leaves and fruits of FicusCarica by GC-MS[J].Chin Herb Med,2012,4(1):63～69.
[34]董艳芳,叶睿超,郭彩霞,等.垂枝香柏挥发油的化学成分与抑菌活性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(3):88～92.
[35]VISSER J H.Host odor perception in phytophagousinsects[J].Annu RevEntomol,1986,31(1):121～144.
[36]ERIKSSON R,GERSHENZON J,KNUDSEN J T,et al.Diversity and distribution of floral scent[J].Bot Rev,2006,72(1):1.
[37]LIU J J,SLIK J W.Forest fragment spatial distribution matters for tropical tree conservation[J].BiolConserv,2014,171(X):99～106.
[38]XU J,GRUMBINE R E,BECKSCH?FER P.Landscape transformation through the use of ecological and socioeconomic indicators in Xishuangbanna,southwest China,mekongregion[J].EcolIndic,2014,36(1):749～756.
[2]OLLERTON J,WINFREE R,TARRANT S.How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals[J].Oikos,2011,120(3):321～326.
[3]SMITH M R,SINGH G M,MOZAFFARIAN D,et al.Effects of decreases of animal pollinators on human nutrition and global health:A modellinganalysis[J].Lancet,2015,386(10007):1964～1972.
[4]AGUILAR R,ASHWORTH L,GALETTO L,et al.Plant reproductive susceptibility to habitat fragmentation:Review and synthesis through a Meta-Analysis[J].EcolLett,2006,9(8):968～980.
[5]POTTS S G,IMPERATRIZ-FONSECA V L,NGO H T,et al.Summary for policymakers of the assessment report of the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services on pollinators,pollination and food production[R].Intergovernmental science policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services deliverables of the 2014–2018 work programme.IPBES,Bonn,Germany,2.16:1～28.
[6]BARRETT S C,HARDER L D.Ecology andevolution of plant mating[J].Trends EcolEvol,1996,11(2):73～79.
[7]WEISS M R.Floral color change:A widespread functional convergence[J].Am J Bot,1995,82(2):167～185.
[8]MAJETIC C J,RAGUSO R A,TONSOR S J,et al.Flower color–flower scent associations in polymorphic Hesperismatronalis (Brassicaceae)[J].Phytochemistry,2007,68(6):865～874.
[9]PELLMYR O,THIEN L B.Insect reproduction and floral fragrances:Keys to the evolution of the angiosperms[J].Taxon,1986,35(1):76～85.
[10]KOLOSOVA N,GORENSTEIN N,KISH C M,et al.Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants[J].Plant Cell,2001,13(10):2333～2347.
[11]JAEMIN L,SUGAWARA E,YOKOI S,et al.Genotypic variation of volatile compounds from flowers of gentians[J].Breeding Sci,2010,60(1):9～17.
[12]SCHIESTL F P.The evolution of floral scent and insect chemical communication[J].EcolLett,2010,13(5):643～656.
[13]杜家纬.植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制 [J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,2001,27(3):193～200.
[14]FARRé-ARMENGOL G,FILELLA I,LLUSIA J,et al.Relationships among floral vocemissions,floral rewards and visits of pollinators in five plant species of a mediterraneanshrubland[J].PlantEcolEvol,2015,148(1):90～99.
[15]MILET-PINHEIRO P,SILVA J B F,NAVARRO D M,et al.Notes on pollination ecology and floral scent chemistry of the rare neotropicalorchid CatasetumGaleritumR Chb.F[J].Plant SpecBiol,2018,33(2):158～163.
[16]张亭,王波,苗白鸽,等.榕树隐头花序挥发物组成及其传粉榕小蜂寄主识别行为[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(5):549～558.
[17]LI Q J,XU Z F,KRESS W J,et al.Flexible style that encourages outcrossing.[J],Nature,2001,410(6827):432.
[18]万海霞,邓洪平,何平,等.濒危植物丰都车前的繁育系统与传粉生物学研究 [J].生态学报,2018,38(11):4018～4026.
[19]邓小侠,吴兰芬,于慧.榕树高度专性共生体系内影响传粉蜂子代繁殖的因素 [J].热带亚热带植物学报,2017,25(2):163～170.
[20]兰国玉,陈伟,陶忠良,等.海南与西双版纳龙脑香热带雨林比较研究[J].西北植物学报,2010,30(4):806～812.
[21]HIRAO T,MURAKAMI M,KASHIZAKI A.Importance of the understory stratum to entomofaunaldiversity in a temperate deciduous forest[J].Ecol Res,2009,24(2):263～272.
[22]张克映.滇南气候的特徵及其形成因子的初步分析[J].气象学报,1963,33(2):90～102.
[23]DAFNI A.Pollination Ecology:A Practical Approach[M].Oxford University Press,1992:39～40
[24]PELLMYR O,RAGUSO R A.Dynamic headspace analysis of floral volatiles:A comparison of methods[J].Oikos,1998,81(2):238.
[25]WANG B,GENG X Z,MA L B,et al.A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a fig–fig wasp mutualism[J].J AnimEcol,2014,83(5):1149～1157.
[26]RADER R,BARTOMEUS I,GARIBALDI L A,et al.Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination[J].P NatlAcadSci USA,2016,113(1):146.
[27]李绍文.生态生物化学 [M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:4～7.
[28]NOREEN A M E,NIISSALO M A,LUM S K Y,et al.Persistence of long-distance,insect-mediated pollen movement for a tropical canopy tree species in remnant forest patches in an urban landscape[J].Heredity,2016,117(6):472～480.
[29]张正松.云南排蜂的初步研究[J].应用昆虫学报,1974,11(3):44～46
[30]MOMOSE K,YUMOTO T,NAGAMITSU T,et al.Pollination biology in a lowland dipterocarpforest insarawak,Malaysia.I.Characteristics of the plant-pollinator communityin a Lowland dipterocarp Forest[J].Am JBot,1998,85(10):1477～1501.
[31]RAGHUNANDAN K,BASAVARAJAPPA S.Floral hosts and pollen calendar of asiangiant honeybee,ApisdorsataFabricius at Southern Karnataka,India[J].JEcol Nat Environ,2014,6(9):321～330.
[32]王心宇,刘明春,邓伟,等.GC-MS法分析白兰花挥发油成分 [J].重庆大学学报,2008,31(1):97～100
[33]JUN L I,TIAN Y Z,SUN B Y,et al.Analysis on volatile constituents in leaves and fruits of FicusCarica by GC-MS[J].Chin Herb Med,2012,4(1):63～69.
[34]董艳芳,叶睿超,郭彩霞,等.垂枝香柏挥发油的化学成分与抑菌活性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(3):88～92.
[35]VISSER J H.Host odor perception in phytophagousinsects[J].Annu RevEntomol,1986,31(1):121～144.
[36]ERIKSSON R,GERSHENZON J,KNUDSEN J T,et al.Diversity and distribution of floral scent[J].Bot Rev,2006,72(1):1.
[37]LIU J J,SLIK J W.Forest fragment spatial distribution matters for tropical tree conservation[J].BiolConserv,2014,171(X):99～106.
[38]XU J,GRUMBINE R E,BECKSCH?FER P.Landscape transformation through the use of ecological and socioeconomic indicators in Xishuangbanna,southwest China,mekongregion[J].EcolIndic,2014,36(1):749～756.
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