固定污染源排放可凝结颗粒物采样方法综述
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摘要
综述了国内外固定污染源可凝结颗粒物(CPM)冲击冷凝法和稀释冷凝法2种采样方法,指出CPM是固定污染源排放颗粒物的重要组成部分,国内对于固定污染源CPM排放的监测和研究尚处于起步阶段,缺乏必要的CPM采样标准方法。通过分析2种采样方法的优缺点,提出冲击冷凝采样法需进一步降低SO_2等水溶性气体的影响,提高气相CPM冷凝效果及超细颗粒态CPM的捕集效率;稀释冷凝法需提高采样装置的便携性实现可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分离采样,提高采样管路壁面颗粒物回收率。同时,针对我国固定污染源如燃煤电厂大量使用湿法脱硫设备的情况,CPM采样方法需提高对低温高湿且夹带液滴烟气采样的适用性。
Two sampling methods of condensable particle matter( CPM),impinger condensation and dilution condensation,are reviewed. It is pointed out that CPM is an important component of particulate matter emitted from stationary sources. At present,the monitoring and study of CPM emission from stationary source are still at start-up stage and there's no standard sampling method in China. The advantages and disadvantages of the two sampling methods are analyzed. The impinger condensation sampling method is proposed to further reduce the influence of SO_2 and other water-soluble gases,improve the condensation effect of gas-phase CPM and the capture efficiency of ultra-fine particle CPM. The dilution condensation sampling method needs to improve the portability of the sampling device,realize the separation of filterable particulate matter( FPM) and CPM sampling,and improve the recovery rate of particles on the wall surface of the sampling tube. At the same time,in view of the widespread use of wet desulfurization equipment in stationary pollution sources such as coal-fired power plants in China,the CPM sampling method needs to improve its applicability for low-temperature,high-humidity flue gas sampling with liquid droplets.
Two sampling methods of condensable particle matter( CPM),impinger condensation and dilution condensation,are reviewed. It is pointed out that CPM is an important component of particulate matter emitted from stationary sources. At present,the monitoring and study of CPM emission from stationary source are still at start-up stage and there's no standard sampling method in China. The advantages and disadvantages of the two sampling methods are analyzed. The impinger condensation sampling method is proposed to further reduce the influence of SO_2 and other water-soluble gases,improve the condensation effect of gas-phase CPM and the capture efficiency of ultra-fine particle CPM. The dilution condensation sampling method needs to improve the portability of the sampling device,realize the separation of filterable particulate matter( FPM) and CPM sampling,and improve the recovery rate of particles on the wall surface of the sampling tube. At the same time,in view of the widespread use of wet desulfurization equipment in stationary pollution sources such as coal-fired power plants in China,the CPM sampling method needs to improve its applicability for low-temperature,high-humidity flue gas sampling with liquid droplets.
引文
[1]孔少飞.大气污染源排放颗粒物组成、有害组分风险评价及清单构建研究[D].天津:南开大学,2012.
[2]姬亚芹.城市空气颗粒物源解析土壤风沙尘成分谱研究[D].天津:南开大学,2006.
[3] LI J W,QI Z F,LI M,et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of condensable particulate matter from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1778-1785.
[4] QI Z F,LI J W,WU D L,et al. Particulate matter emission characteristics and removal efficiencies of a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1741-1746.
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[6] RUSSELL A G,BRUNEKREEF B. A focus on particulate matter and health[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(13):4620–4625.
[7] SCHWARZE P E,OVREVIK J,LAG M,et al. Particulate matter properties and health effects:consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies[J]. Human&Experimental Toxicology,2006,25(10):559–579.
[8]王佳.郑州市PM2. 5污染特征及其源解析研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2015.
[9]贾琳琳.北方寒冷地区大气颗粒物污染特征及源解析研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.
[10]王苏蓉,喻义勇,王勤耕,等.基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3535-3542.
[11]裴冰.燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1544-1549.
[12] FENG Y P,LI Y Z,CUI L. Critical review of condensable particulate matter[J]. Fuel,2018(224):801-813.
[13] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Dry impinger method for determining condensable particulate emissions from stationary sources:Method 202[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2010.
[14] WANG G,DENG J G,MA Z Z,et al. Characteristics of filterable and condensable particulate matter emitted from two waste incineration power plants in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018(639):695-704.
[15] YANG H H,LEE K T,HSIEH Y S,et al. Emission characteristics and chemical compositions of both filterable and condensable fine particulate from steel plants[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15:1672-1680.
[16]胡月琪,冯亚君,王琛,等.燃煤锅炉烟气中CPM与水溶性离子监测方法及应用研究[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(1):41-45.
[17] RICHARDS J,HOLDER T,GOSHAW D. Optimized method 202sampling train to minimize the biases associated with method 202measurement of condensable particulate matter emissions:hazardous waste combustion specialty conference[C]. United States:Air&Waste Management Association,2005.
[18] BOWER R M,MERRILL R G. Condensable particulate and method 202 modifications update[C]. United States:Air and Waste Management Association,2007:251-256.
[19] WILLENBERG J,RICHARDS J. Condensable particulate mattermeasuring and permitting it:pacific northwest international section annual conference[C]. Anchorage,AK:Air&Waste Management Association,2008.
[20] TSUKADA M,HORIKAWA A,SUGIMOTO K,et al. Emission behavior of condensable suspended particulate matter from a laboratory scale RDF fluidized bed combustor[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,2007,40(10):869–873.
[21]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1966-1973.
[22]杨柳,张斌,王康慧,等.超低排放路线下燃煤烟气可凝结颗粒物在WFGD、WESP中的转化特性[J].环境科学,2019,40(1):121-125.
[23]李军状,朱法华,李小龙,等.燃煤电厂烟气中可凝结颗粒物测试研究进展与方法构建[J].电力科技与环保,2018,34(1):37-44.
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).EPA method 202 best practices handbook[Z]. Washington,D.C.:U. S. EPA.,2016.
[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources:Method 5[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2017.
[26]赵金宝,赵珊,李峰. Nafion干燥器除湿技术在VOC监测上的应用[J].分析仪器,2018(2):6-13.
[27]林源.便携式烟气预处理器技术在比对监测中的应用[J].环境监控与预警,2016,8(6):37-39.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Measurement of PM2. 5and PM10by dilution sampling(constant sampling rate procedures):CTM 039[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2004.
[29] ISO. Stationary source emissions-test method for determining PM2. 5and PM10mass in stack gases using cyclone samplers:ISO25597—2013[S]. Switzerland:ISO,2013.
[30]周楠,曾立民,于雪娜,等.固定污染源稀释通道的设计和外场测试研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(5):764-772.
[31]李兴华,段雷,郝吉明,等.固定燃烧源颗粒物稀释采样系统的研制与应用[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(3):458-463.
[32]韩斌.燃煤尘稀释采样器的设计及成分谱建立方法研究[D].天津:南开大学,2009.
[33]李兴华,曹阳,蒋靖坤,等.固定污染源PM2. 5稀释采样器的研制[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3309-3315.
[34] CANO M,VEGA F,NAVARRETE B,et al. Characterization of emissions of condensable particulate matter in clinker kilns using a dilution sampling system[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(8):7831-7838.
[2]姬亚芹.城市空气颗粒物源解析土壤风沙尘成分谱研究[D].天津:南开大学,2006.
[3] LI J W,QI Z F,LI M,et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of condensable particulate matter from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1778-1785.
[4] QI Z F,LI J W,WU D L,et al. Particulate matter emission characteristics and removal efficiencies of a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1741-1746.
[5]贺克斌,杨复沫,段凤魁,等.大气颗粒物与区域复合污染[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:139-306.
[6] RUSSELL A G,BRUNEKREEF B. A focus on particulate matter and health[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(13):4620–4625.
[7] SCHWARZE P E,OVREVIK J,LAG M,et al. Particulate matter properties and health effects:consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies[J]. Human&Experimental Toxicology,2006,25(10):559–579.
[8]王佳.郑州市PM2. 5污染特征及其源解析研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2015.
[9]贾琳琳.北方寒冷地区大气颗粒物污染特征及源解析研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.
[10]王苏蓉,喻义勇,王勤耕,等.基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3535-3542.
[11]裴冰.燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1544-1549.
[12] FENG Y P,LI Y Z,CUI L. Critical review of condensable particulate matter[J]. Fuel,2018(224):801-813.
[13] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Dry impinger method for determining condensable particulate emissions from stationary sources:Method 202[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2010.
[14] WANG G,DENG J G,MA Z Z,et al. Characteristics of filterable and condensable particulate matter emitted from two waste incineration power plants in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018(639):695-704.
[15] YANG H H,LEE K T,HSIEH Y S,et al. Emission characteristics and chemical compositions of both filterable and condensable fine particulate from steel plants[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15:1672-1680.
[16]胡月琪,冯亚君,王琛,等.燃煤锅炉烟气中CPM与水溶性离子监测方法及应用研究[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(1):41-45.
[17] RICHARDS J,HOLDER T,GOSHAW D. Optimized method 202sampling train to minimize the biases associated with method 202measurement of condensable particulate matter emissions:hazardous waste combustion specialty conference[C]. United States:Air&Waste Management Association,2005.
[18] BOWER R M,MERRILL R G. Condensable particulate and method 202 modifications update[C]. United States:Air and Waste Management Association,2007:251-256.
[19] WILLENBERG J,RICHARDS J. Condensable particulate mattermeasuring and permitting it:pacific northwest international section annual conference[C]. Anchorage,AK:Air&Waste Management Association,2008.
[20] TSUKADA M,HORIKAWA A,SUGIMOTO K,et al. Emission behavior of condensable suspended particulate matter from a laboratory scale RDF fluidized bed combustor[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,2007,40(10):869–873.
[21]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1966-1973.
[22]杨柳,张斌,王康慧,等.超低排放路线下燃煤烟气可凝结颗粒物在WFGD、WESP中的转化特性[J].环境科学,2019,40(1):121-125.
[23]李军状,朱法华,李小龙,等.燃煤电厂烟气中可凝结颗粒物测试研究进展与方法构建[J].电力科技与环保,2018,34(1):37-44.
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).EPA method 202 best practices handbook[Z]. Washington,D.C.:U. S. EPA.,2016.
[25] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources:Method 5[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2017.
[26]赵金宝,赵珊,李峰. Nafion干燥器除湿技术在VOC监测上的应用[J].分析仪器,2018(2):6-13.
[27]林源.便携式烟气预处理器技术在比对监测中的应用[J].环境监控与预警,2016,8(6):37-39.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency(U. S. EPA).Measurement of PM2. 5and PM10by dilution sampling(constant sampling rate procedures):CTM 039[S]. Washington,D. C.:U. S. EPA,2004.
[29] ISO. Stationary source emissions-test method for determining PM2. 5and PM10mass in stack gases using cyclone samplers:ISO25597—2013[S]. Switzerland:ISO,2013.
[30]周楠,曾立民,于雪娜,等.固定污染源稀释通道的设计和外场测试研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(5):764-772.
[31]李兴华,段雷,郝吉明,等.固定燃烧源颗粒物稀释采样系统的研制与应用[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(3):458-463.
[32]韩斌.燃煤尘稀释采样器的设计及成分谱建立方法研究[D].天津:南开大学,2009.
[33]李兴华,曹阳,蒋靖坤,等.固定污染源PM2. 5稀释采样器的研制[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3309-3315.
[34] CANO M,VEGA F,NAVARRETE B,et al. Characterization of emissions of condensable particulate matter in clinker kilns using a dilution sampling system[J]. Energy&Fuels,2017,31(8):7831-7838.