论环境侵权之诉中的自找妨害抗辩
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摘要
自找妨害曾是阻却受害者请求权的独立抗辩事由。然而,此种"全有或全无"的裁判遮蔽自找妨害案件的形态,造成救济方式的僵化和经济效率低下。比较法上,除美国因公共政策考虑而制定农业权法外,自找妨害的事实不构成独立免责事由,而成为容忍义务的评判因素之一。时间先后是界定当地通行做法的主要依据;在考虑防范措施的成本时应以受害者进入时的防范成本而非妨害发生时的防范成本为评判标准,激励受害者理性选择,减少自找妨害的发生。自找妨害裁判可保持一定的灵活性,更好地衡平公共利益、私人利益。当妨害超出容忍限度时,自找妨害可能构成受害者过失,从而适用《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》之过失相抵规范,减轻损害赔偿责任。
Coming to the Nuisance was once an independent defense to dismiss the plaintiff's claim. Nevertheless, this interpretation led to all-or-nothing decision and resulted in the inflexible remedy and inefficiency. Given the public policy to protect the agriculture and farmer, many states of the U.S. passed the Right to Farm Legislation. Except that legislation, Coming to the Nuisance is not accepted as an independent defense and is taken into account when evaluating the tolerance obligation. The time passage is the major element in determining the common pattern of local land use. Regarding the preventive measure, it is necessary to consider the cost to prevent the nuisance when the plaintiff came in the neighbourhood, rather than the cost to prevent the nuisance after the plaintiff's entrance. In order to balance the private interest and the public interest, the judgment on Coming to the Nuisance may be flexible. If the nuisance is above an acceptable level, Coming to the Nuisance constitutes contributory negligence under the principle of Contributory Negligence in Tort Law of the People's Republic of China, and the liability for damages can be mitigated.
Coming to the Nuisance was once an independent defense to dismiss the plaintiff's claim. Nevertheless, this interpretation led to all-or-nothing decision and resulted in the inflexible remedy and inefficiency. Given the public policy to protect the agriculture and farmer, many states of the U.S. passed the Right to Farm Legislation. Except that legislation, Coming to the Nuisance is not accepted as an independent defense and is taken into account when evaluating the tolerance obligation. The time passage is the major element in determining the common pattern of local land use. Regarding the preventive measure, it is necessary to consider the cost to prevent the nuisance when the plaintiff came in the neighbourhood, rather than the cost to prevent the nuisance after the plaintiff's entrance. In order to balance the private interest and the public interest, the judgment on Coming to the Nuisance may be flexible. If the nuisance is above an acceptable level, Coming to the Nuisance constitutes contributory negligence under the principle of Contributory Negligence in Tort Law of the People's Republic of China, and the liability for damages can be mitigated.
引文
[1]刘作翔.从自然权利走向法定权利——人体捐献器官移植中的分配正义问题[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2013(5).
[2] 王利明.一物一权原则探讨[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2009(1).
[3] Cassius Kirk,Torts.Nuisance:Defenses:"Coming to the Nuisance" as a Defense[J].California Law Review,Vol.41,No.1 (Spring,1953).
[4]王明远.法国环境侵权救济法研究[J].清华大学学报(社会科学版),2000(1).
[5]王洪平.“自找妨害”之诉的救济——以利益平衡基础上的英美判例法为视角[J].烟台大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(3).
[6]Neil D.Hamilton,Right-to-Farm Laws Reconsidered:Ten Reasons Why Legislative Efforts to Resolve Agricultural Nuisances May Be Ineffective[J].3 Drake J.Agric.L.103,104 (1998).
[7]谢在全.民法物权论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[8][日]野村好弘,著,康树华,译.日本公害法概论[M].北京中国环境管理、经济与法学学会,1982.
[9]阙占文.转基因作物基因污染受害者的请求权[J].法学研究,2015(6).
[10][德]鲍尔·施迪尔纳,著,张双根,译.德国物权法(上册)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[11]N.J.McBride and R.Bagshaw,Tort Law,(5th edition)[M].London,2015.
[12]Willian L.Prosser,Handbook of The Law of Torts (3th ed.)[M].West Publishing Co.,1964.
[13]Rohan Pitchford and Christopher M.Snyder,Coming to the Nuisance:An Economic Analysis from an Incomplete Contracts Perspective[J].Journal of Law,Economics,& Organization,Vol.19,No.2 (Oct.,2003).
[14]程啸.受害人特殊体质与损害赔偿责任的减轻——最高人民法院第24号指导案例评析[J].法学研究,2018(1).
[15] [德]克里斯蒂安·冯·巴尔,著,张新宝,译.欧洲比较侵权行为法(下册)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[16]程啸.侵权责任法[M].北京:法律出版社,2016.
[17]史尚宽.债法总论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000.
(1)coming to nuisance的中文翻译不一,如“自找妨害”“进入妨扰”“自进入侵扰”“主动接近妨害”“迎向污染”和“自招致非法妨害”等。
(2)See Restat 2d of Torts,§840D,Lexis Advance(advance.lexis.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(3)See Lawrence v.Fen Tigers Ltd..[2014]UKSC 13,Westlaw Next(www.westlaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(4)施崇荣与泸县公安局、泸县明涛酒坊水污染责任纠纷,(2016)川0521民初282号民事判决书。中国裁判文书网(http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/),最后访问日期:2018年11月10日。
(5)Rohan Pitchford和Christopher M.Snyder认为先到者无从知道后来者,属于不完全合同。See Rohan Pitchford and Christopher M.Snyder,Coming to the Nuisance:An Economic Analysis from an Incomplete Contracts Perspective,Journal of Law,Economics,& Organization,Vol.19,No.2 (Oct.,2003),pp.491-516.
(6)Donald Wittman注意到法院时常比较被告搬迁至其他地方的成本,而非原告迁入时的预防成本。See Donald Wittman,First Come,First Served:An Economic Analysis of Coming to the Nuisance,9 J.Legal Stud.557 (1980).
(7)See Spur Indus v.Del E.Webb Dev.Co.,109 Ariz 178(1972),Lexis Advance(advance.lexis.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(8)陈龙生与陈杰权相邻污染侵害纠纷,(2010)郴民一终字第699号。北大法宝(www.pkulaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(9)See Gau v.Ley,38 Ohio CC 235(1916).Westlaw Next(www.westlaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(10)参见重庆綦江西南水泥有限公司与重庆渝冠食用菌种植有限公司财产损害赔偿纠纷案,(2016)渝05民终8450号民事判决书。中国裁判文书网(http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/),最后访问日期:2018年11月9日。
[2] 王利明.一物一权原则探讨[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2009(1).
[3] Cassius Kirk,Torts.Nuisance:Defenses:"Coming to the Nuisance" as a Defense[J].California Law Review,Vol.41,No.1 (Spring,1953).
[4]王明远.法国环境侵权救济法研究[J].清华大学学报(社会科学版),2000(1).
[5]王洪平.“自找妨害”之诉的救济——以利益平衡基础上的英美判例法为视角[J].烟台大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(3).
[6]Neil D.Hamilton,Right-to-Farm Laws Reconsidered:Ten Reasons Why Legislative Efforts to Resolve Agricultural Nuisances May Be Ineffective[J].3 Drake J.Agric.L.103,104 (1998).
[7]谢在全.民法物权论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[8][日]野村好弘,著,康树华,译.日本公害法概论[M].北京中国环境管理、经济与法学学会,1982.
[9]阙占文.转基因作物基因污染受害者的请求权[J].法学研究,2015(6).
[10][德]鲍尔·施迪尔纳,著,张双根,译.德国物权法(上册)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[11]N.J.McBride and R.Bagshaw,Tort Law,(5th edition)[M].London,2015.
[12]Willian L.Prosser,Handbook of The Law of Torts (3th ed.)[M].West Publishing Co.,1964.
[13]Rohan Pitchford and Christopher M.Snyder,Coming to the Nuisance:An Economic Analysis from an Incomplete Contracts Perspective[J].Journal of Law,Economics,& Organization,Vol.19,No.2 (Oct.,2003).
[14]程啸.受害人特殊体质与损害赔偿责任的减轻——最高人民法院第24号指导案例评析[J].法学研究,2018(1).
[15] [德]克里斯蒂安·冯·巴尔,著,张新宝,译.欧洲比较侵权行为法(下册)[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[16]程啸.侵权责任法[M].北京:法律出版社,2016.
[17]史尚宽.债法总论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000.
(1)coming to nuisance的中文翻译不一,如“自找妨害”“进入妨扰”“自进入侵扰”“主动接近妨害”“迎向污染”和“自招致非法妨害”等。
(2)See Restat 2d of Torts,§840D,Lexis Advance(advance.lexis.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(3)See Lawrence v.Fen Tigers Ltd..[2014]UKSC 13,Westlaw Next(www.westlaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(4)施崇荣与泸县公安局、泸县明涛酒坊水污染责任纠纷,(2016)川0521民初282号民事判决书。中国裁判文书网(http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/),最后访问日期:2018年11月10日。
(5)Rohan Pitchford和Christopher M.Snyder认为先到者无从知道后来者,属于不完全合同。See Rohan Pitchford and Christopher M.Snyder,Coming to the Nuisance:An Economic Analysis from an Incomplete Contracts Perspective,Journal of Law,Economics,& Organization,Vol.19,No.2 (Oct.,2003),pp.491-516.
(6)Donald Wittman注意到法院时常比较被告搬迁至其他地方的成本,而非原告迁入时的预防成本。See Donald Wittman,First Come,First Served:An Economic Analysis of Coming to the Nuisance,9 J.Legal Stud.557 (1980).
(7)See Spur Indus v.Del E.Webb Dev.Co.,109 Ariz 178(1972),Lexis Advance(advance.lexis.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(8)陈龙生与陈杰权相邻污染侵害纠纷,(2010)郴民一终字第699号。北大法宝(www.pkulaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(9)See Gau v.Ley,38 Ohio CC 235(1916).Westlaw Next(www.westlaw.com),最后访问日期:2018年11月12日。
(10)参见重庆綦江西南水泥有限公司与重庆渝冠食用菌种植有限公司财产损害赔偿纠纷案,(2016)渝05民终8450号民事判决书。中国裁判文书网(http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/),最后访问日期:2018年11月9日。