迁安市污水收集与处理效能定量评估
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摘要
污水收集与处理效能直接影响合流制排水体制下的水安全和水环境,是海绵城市建设中需要解析评估的重要内容.以迁安市为例,建立覆盖"污染源—管网关键节点—污水处理厂"的监测网络,基于同步水量、水质监测结果,定量解析生活污水污染物排放系数和污水处理系统收集与处理效能,并定位问题管段具体位置和主要问题.结果表明:①合流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数分别为43. 4、13. 3 g(人·d),分流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数略高,分别为53. 1、14. 5 g(人·d).②受地下水、河水入渗的双重影响,生活污水从进入市政管网后污染物质量浓度大幅下降,保守估计下入渗率约为32. 5%,合流制管网截污干管至污水处理厂地下水、河水入渗量达到了14 471 m3d,分流制干管至污水处理厂地下水入渗量约为19 777 m3d.③污水处理厂进水水质指标均远小于设计进水水质,还存在C源不足、一部分比例的污水可生化性较差的特征,进水BOD5TN〔ρ(BOD5)ρ(TN)〕变化范围为0. 47～4. 32,平均值仅为1. 68.研究显示,地下水河水入渗严重降低污水收集处理效能,建议海绵城市建设中重视对于污水收集处理效能的摸底评估,并从污水处理系统设计和管网缺陷修复上大力整改.
The efficiency of sewage collection and treatment directly affects the water safety and water environment under the combined drainage system. It is an important factor to be evaluated in the construction of a sponge city. Taking Qianan City as an example,a monitoring network consisting‘Pollution Source-Pipeline Network-Sewage Treatment Plant'was set up. Based on the simultaneous monitoring results of water quantity and quality,the domestic pollutant discharge coefficient and the collection and treatment efficiency of the sewage treatment systems were quantitatively analyzed. The main problems were identified and the specific locations were located. The results showed that:(1) The urban domestic pollutant discharge coefficient of CODCrfor the combined sewer system was 43. 4 g(person·d),and of NH3-N was13. 3 g(person·d). The domestic pollutant discharge coefficient of CODCrfor the separate sewer system was 53. 1 g(person·d),and the coefficient of NH3-N was 14. 5 g(person·d),slightly higher than those of the combined sewer system.(2) Influenced by groundwaterriver water infiltration,the concentration of domestic sewage decreased dramatically from entering the municipal pipeline network. The groundwaterriver infiltration rate in the entire study area was approximately 32. 5% under conservative estimates. The groundwater and river infiltration for the combined sewer system could reach up to 14,471 m3d. The groundwater infiltration for the separate sewer system could reach up to 19,777 m3d.(3) The rivergroundwater infiltration and sewage leakage led to low influent concentration and the serious shortage of carbon source in sewage treatment plants. The BOD5TN ranged from 0. 47 to 4. 32,with an average of 1. 68. According to these results,the groundwaterriver infiltration seriously reduces the efficiency of sewage collection and treatment. We suggest that the evaluation of sewage collection and treatment efficiency should be emphasized in the sponge city construction,and great efforts should be made to the system design and pipeline network defects.
The efficiency of sewage collection and treatment directly affects the water safety and water environment under the combined drainage system. It is an important factor to be evaluated in the construction of a sponge city. Taking Qianan City as an example,a monitoring network consisting‘Pollution Source-Pipeline Network-Sewage Treatment Plant'was set up. Based on the simultaneous monitoring results of water quantity and quality,the domestic pollutant discharge coefficient and the collection and treatment efficiency of the sewage treatment systems were quantitatively analyzed. The main problems were identified and the specific locations were located. The results showed that:(1) The urban domestic pollutant discharge coefficient of CODCrfor the combined sewer system was 43. 4 g(person·d),and of NH3-N was13. 3 g(person·d). The domestic pollutant discharge coefficient of CODCrfor the separate sewer system was 53. 1 g(person·d),and the coefficient of NH3-N was 14. 5 g(person·d),slightly higher than those of the combined sewer system.(2) Influenced by groundwaterriver water infiltration,the concentration of domestic sewage decreased dramatically from entering the municipal pipeline network. The groundwaterriver infiltration rate in the entire study area was approximately 32. 5% under conservative estimates. The groundwater and river infiltration for the combined sewer system could reach up to 14,471 m3d. The groundwater infiltration for the separate sewer system could reach up to 19,777 m3d.(3) The rivergroundwater infiltration and sewage leakage led to low influent concentration and the serious shortage of carbon source in sewage treatment plants. The BOD5TN ranged from 0. 47 to 4. 32,with an average of 1. 68. According to these results,the groundwaterriver infiltration seriously reduces the efficiency of sewage collection and treatment. We suggest that the evaluation of sewage collection and treatment efficiency should be emphasized in the sponge city construction,and great efforts should be made to the system design and pipeline network defects.
引文
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[17] ALEXANDER G C,STEVENS R J.Per capita phosphorus loading from domestic sewage[J].Water Research,1976,10(9):757-764.
[18]国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册[R/OL].北京:国污普办[2008]9号,http://cpsc.sepa.gov.cn.
[19] DE B J,BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI J L. Infiltration in sewer systems:comparison of measurement methods[J]. Water Science&Technology,2005,52(3):219-227.
[20] RABBAIG M,SEDKI M E.Can dry weather infiltration and inflow be cost effectively removed from a combined sewer system?[J].Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2005(13):2872-2891.
[21] KRACHT O,GRESCH M,GUJER W.Innovative tracer methods for sewer infiltration monitoring[J].Urban Water Journal,2008,5(3):173-185.
[22] WEISS G,BROMBACH H,HALLER B. Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems:long-term analysis[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(7):11-19.
[23] PENCKWITT J, GELDERN R V, HAGSPIEL B, et al.Quantification of groundwater infiltration into urban sewer systems using stable isotopes[J].Grundwater,2016,21(3):217-225.
[24] ZHANG M K,LIU Y C,DONG Q,et al.Estimating rainfall-induced inflow and infiltration in a sanitary sewer system based on water quality modelling:which parameter to use?[J]. Environmental Science Water Research&Technology,2018,4:385-393.
[25]李田,时珍宝,张善发.上海市排水小区地下水渗入量研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(1):29-33.LI Tian,SHI Zhenbao,ZHANG Shanfa. Study on groundwater infiltration of Shanghai drainage systems[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2004,30(1):29-33.
[26]蒋松竹,汪俊妍,刘秀红,等.城镇生活源污水污染物产生系数的研究[J].给水排水,2017(S1):87-90.
[27] ZHAO H X,CUI J X,WANG S F,et al.Customizing the coefficients of urban domestic pollutant discharge and their driving mechanisms:evidence from the Taihu Basin,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2018,213:247-254.
[28]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wenlin,HU Mengchun,TANG Xiaoyan. Estimation of sewage production and discharge coefficients of rural areas in Taihu Lake Basin[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[29]樊玲凤,胡家忠,欧亮.城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低原因分析及对策研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(3):132-135.FAN Lingfeng,HU Jiazhong,OU Liang. Research on low inlet concentration of urban sewage treatment plant and countermeasures[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(3):132-135.
[30]姜应和,张发根,叶舟,等.武汉市城市污水水质特征及其处理对策[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,24(5):29-31.JIANG Yinghe,ZHANG Fagen,YE Zhou,et al.The characterist ics of contaminants of municipal wastewater in Wuhan and its treating processes[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2002,24(5):29-31.
[31] GAUTAM S K,TRIPATHI J K,AHIRWAR S,et al.A study of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in Delhi Region[J].Applied Water Science,2013,3(1):57-65.
[32] MAHAPATRA D M,CHANAKYA H N,RAMACHANDRA T V.Treatment efficacy of algae-based sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2013,185(9):7145-7164.
[33] ELLIS J B,REVITT D M. Sewer losses and interactions with groundwater quality[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(3):195-202.
[34] KARPF C,KREBS P.Quantification of groundwater infiltration and surface water inflows in urban sewer networks based on a multiple model approach[J].Water Research,2011,45(10):3129-3136.
[35] STAUFER P,SCHEIDEGGER A,RIECKERMANN J.Assessing the performance of sewer rehabilitation on the reduction of infiltration and inflow[J].Water Research,2012,46(16):5185-5196.
[36] WEISS G,BROMBACH H,HALLER B. Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems:long-term analysis[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(7):11-19.
[37] BROMBACH H,WEISS G,LUCAS S. Temporal variation of infiltration inflow in combined sewer systems[C]//International Conference on Urban Drainage. Portland:American Society of Civil Engineers,2002:1-10.
[38]张忠祥,钱易.废水生物处理新技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[2] LI H,DING L Q,REN M L,et al. Sponge city construction in China:a survey of the challenges and opportunities[J]. Water,2017,9(9):594.
[3] XIA J,ZHANG Y Y,XIONG L H,et al. Opportunities and challenges of the sponge city construction related to urban water issues in China[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2017,60(4):652-658.
[4] LIU H,JIA Y W,NIU C W.‘sponge city’concept helps solve China's urban water problems[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2017,76(14):473.
[5]王强,文宇立,叶维丽,等.我国污水处理设施的发展现状与存在问题研究[J].环境保护科学,2015,41(6):9-14.WANG Qiang,WEN Yuli,YE Weili,et al. Research of the status and problems of sewage treatment facility development in China[J].Environmental Protection Science,2015,41(6):9-14.
[6] QIU H R,LUO J Z,ZHENG G H,et al. Study of problems and corrective actions of urban drainage network[C]//International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering. New Jersey:IEEE,2011:1561-1564.
[7] GRNEBAUM T,BODE H. The effect of public or private structures in wastewater treatment on the conditions for the design,construction and operation of wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science&Technology,2004,50(7):273-280.
[8]张辰.提高收集系统效率重视排水管网建设[J].给水排水,2011,37(10):1-3.
[9]沈盼.南昌市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低原因分析及对策[J].中国市政工程,2012(1):24-25.SHEN Pan. A cause analysis on lower inflow concentration of Nanchang sewage treatment plant&countermeasures[J]. China Municipal Engineering,2012(1):24-25.
[10]李敏,高兰,梁胜文,等.武汉汉口地区污水系统流量调查分析及对策研究[J].中国给水排水,2018,34(3):110-115.LI Min,GAO Lan,LIANG Shengwen,et al. Investigation of sewage system quantity in hankou district of Wuhan City and its countermeasures[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2018,34(3):110-115.
[11] ZHAO H X,JIANG X W,DONG Y W,et al.Geographic information system-based optimization of sewage treatment facilities by evaluating pollution effects and governance demands[J].Journal of Water Reuse&Desalination,2015,13(3):104-118.
[12] TIAN J,GAO M,XIANG Y. Intelligent optimized control of flocculation process of sewage treatment based on support vector machine[C]//IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition.New Jersey:IEEE,2007:1487-1491.
[13] LEE R J,GLOVER R J O. Evaluation of the impact of different sewage treatment processes on shellfishery pollution using a geographic information system(GIS)[J]. Water Science&Technology,1998,38(12):15-22.
[14]谢中伟,袁国林,赵磊,等.城市居民小区排污系数估算:以昆明、大理和禄劝为例[J].云南地理环境研究,2008,20(2):119-123.XIE Zhongwei,YUAN Guolin,ZHAO Lei,et al. A tentative approach to pollutant discharge coefficient of urban residential quarters:in the cities of Kunming,Dali and Luquan[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2008,20(2):119-123.
[15]孙静,宋兵魁,王子林,等.北方缺水城市城镇居民生活排污系数调查研究:以天津市为例[J].环境污染与防治,2018(1):112-117.SUN Jing,SONG Bingkui,WANG Zilin,et al.Research on pollution discharge coefficient of urban residents in northern water shortage city:a case of Tianjin[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2018(1):112-117.
[16] MESDAGHINIA A,NASSERI S,MAHVI A H,et al.The estimation of per capita loadings of domestic wastewater in Tehran[J].Journal of Environmental Health Science&Engineering,2015,13(1):1-9.
[17] ALEXANDER G C,STEVENS R J.Per capita phosphorus loading from domestic sewage[J].Water Research,1976,10(9):757-764.
[18]国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册[R/OL].北京:国污普办[2008]9号,http://cpsc.sepa.gov.cn.
[19] DE B J,BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI J L. Infiltration in sewer systems:comparison of measurement methods[J]. Water Science&Technology,2005,52(3):219-227.
[20] RABBAIG M,SEDKI M E.Can dry weather infiltration and inflow be cost effectively removed from a combined sewer system?[J].Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2005(13):2872-2891.
[21] KRACHT O,GRESCH M,GUJER W.Innovative tracer methods for sewer infiltration monitoring[J].Urban Water Journal,2008,5(3):173-185.
[22] WEISS G,BROMBACH H,HALLER B. Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems:long-term analysis[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(7):11-19.
[23] PENCKWITT J, GELDERN R V, HAGSPIEL B, et al.Quantification of groundwater infiltration into urban sewer systems using stable isotopes[J].Grundwater,2016,21(3):217-225.
[24] ZHANG M K,LIU Y C,DONG Q,et al.Estimating rainfall-induced inflow and infiltration in a sanitary sewer system based on water quality modelling:which parameter to use?[J]. Environmental Science Water Research&Technology,2018,4:385-393.
[25]李田,时珍宝,张善发.上海市排水小区地下水渗入量研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(1):29-33.LI Tian,SHI Zhenbao,ZHANG Shanfa. Study on groundwater infiltration of Shanghai drainage systems[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2004,30(1):29-33.
[26]蒋松竹,汪俊妍,刘秀红,等.城镇生活源污水污染物产生系数的研究[J].给水排水,2017(S1):87-90.
[27] ZHAO H X,CUI J X,WANG S F,et al.Customizing the coefficients of urban domestic pollutant discharge and their driving mechanisms:evidence from the Taihu Basin,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2018,213:247-254.
[28]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wenlin,HU Mengchun,TANG Xiaoyan. Estimation of sewage production and discharge coefficients of rural areas in Taihu Lake Basin[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[29]樊玲凤,胡家忠,欧亮.城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低原因分析及对策研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(3):132-135.FAN Lingfeng,HU Jiazhong,OU Liang. Research on low inlet concentration of urban sewage treatment plant and countermeasures[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(3):132-135.
[30]姜应和,张发根,叶舟,等.武汉市城市污水水质特征及其处理对策[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,24(5):29-31.JIANG Yinghe,ZHANG Fagen,YE Zhou,et al.The characterist ics of contaminants of municipal wastewater in Wuhan and its treating processes[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2002,24(5):29-31.
[31] GAUTAM S K,TRIPATHI J K,AHIRWAR S,et al.A study of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in Delhi Region[J].Applied Water Science,2013,3(1):57-65.
[32] MAHAPATRA D M,CHANAKYA H N,RAMACHANDRA T V.Treatment efficacy of algae-based sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2013,185(9):7145-7164.
[33] ELLIS J B,REVITT D M. Sewer losses and interactions with groundwater quality[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(3):195-202.
[34] KARPF C,KREBS P.Quantification of groundwater infiltration and surface water inflows in urban sewer networks based on a multiple model approach[J].Water Research,2011,45(10):3129-3136.
[35] STAUFER P,SCHEIDEGGER A,RIECKERMANN J.Assessing the performance of sewer rehabilitation on the reduction of infiltration and inflow[J].Water Research,2012,46(16):5185-5196.
[36] WEISS G,BROMBACH H,HALLER B. Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems:long-term analysis[J]. Water Science&Technology,2002,45(7):11-19.
[37] BROMBACH H,WEISS G,LUCAS S. Temporal variation of infiltration inflow in combined sewer systems[C]//International Conference on Urban Drainage. Portland:American Society of Civil Engineers,2002:1-10.
[38]张忠祥,钱易.废水生物处理新技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
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