山东省冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤氮素盈余指标体系的构建与评价——以德州市为例
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摘要
山东省德州市是我国重要的粮食生产基地,大量施用氮肥以及氮素流失是该地氮素污染的重要原因,设定合理的氮素盈余指标体系迫在眉睫。本研究以田间试验研究和文献荟萃为基础,探究德州市冬小麦-夏玉米轮作氮素盈余情况,建立该地氮盈余指标体系,并运用欧氏距离法对德州市当前氮素管理指标进行评价。结果表明:德州市整个冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系轮作周期氮素盈余量为196.84 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),小麦季氮素盈余量为111.07 kg N·hm~(-2),玉米季氮素盈余量为85.77 kg N·hm~(-2)。氮素盈余量在30～70 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)时为德州市整个轮作周期氮素盈余量推荐值;德州市小麦季氮素盈余量推荐值为10～50 kg N·hm~(-2);德州市玉米季氮素盈余量推荐值为20～60 kg N·hm~(-2)。在氮素的损失方面,氨挥发以及淋洗是氮素损失的主要去向。小麦季的氮素污染程度高,玉米季氮素污染程度相对较低。运用欧氏距离法计算德州市氮素管理水平(A值)为0.63,属于中级管理水平。综上,德州市冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素含量较高,从而导致氮素大量损失。加强氮素管理水平,提高氮素利用率是德州市氮素资源管理的长期任务。
The city of Dezhou in Shandong Province is considered an important center for grain production in China. However, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen loss are important sources of nitrogen pollution in this area. Therefore, it is important to determine a reasonable nitrogen surplus index system. Based on field experiments and literature reviews, this study explored the nitrogen surplus of the wheat maize rotation system in Dezhou City, and established a nitrogen surplus index system. According to the results, the surplus amount of nitrogen in the entire rotation cycle, wheat season, and maize season was 196.84 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 111.07 kg N·hm~(-2), and 85.77 kg N·hm~(-2), respectively. In addition, the recommended value of nitrogen surplus in the entire rotation period, wheat season, and maize season in Dezhou City was 30～70 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 10～50 kg N·hm~(-2), and 20～60 kg N·hm~(-2), respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer was the main source of nitrogen input, while ammonia emissions, leaching, and runoff were the main pathways of nitrogen loss. Nitrogen pollution was serious in the wheat season and relatively light in the maize season, and furthermore, nitrogen loss during the entire rotation cycle was serious. The evaluation theory of Euclidean distance accurately calculated the level of N management in Dezhou City with a score of 0.63, which corresponds to a middle level of N management. In summary, this study analyzed the nitrogen surplus situation and established an initial index system of nitrogen surplus in Dezhou City, which also provided the basis for recommending a scientific and reasonable nitrogen management system.
The city of Dezhou in Shandong Province is considered an important center for grain production in China. However, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen loss are important sources of nitrogen pollution in this area. Therefore, it is important to determine a reasonable nitrogen surplus index system. Based on field experiments and literature reviews, this study explored the nitrogen surplus of the wheat maize rotation system in Dezhou City, and established a nitrogen surplus index system. According to the results, the surplus amount of nitrogen in the entire rotation cycle, wheat season, and maize season was 196.84 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 111.07 kg N·hm~(-2), and 85.77 kg N·hm~(-2), respectively. In addition, the recommended value of nitrogen surplus in the entire rotation period, wheat season, and maize season in Dezhou City was 30～70 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 10～50 kg N·hm~(-2), and 20～60 kg N·hm~(-2), respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer was the main source of nitrogen input, while ammonia emissions, leaching, and runoff were the main pathways of nitrogen loss. Nitrogen pollution was serious in the wheat season and relatively light in the maize season, and furthermore, nitrogen loss during the entire rotation cycle was serious. The evaluation theory of Euclidean distance accurately calculated the level of N management in Dezhou City with a score of 0.63, which corresponds to a middle level of N management. In summary, this study analyzed the nitrogen surplus situation and established an initial index system of nitrogen surplus in Dezhou City, which also provided the basis for recommending a scientific and reasonable nitrogen management system.
引文
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[12]杨世琦.基于欧氏距离的农业可持续发展评价理论构建与实例验证[J].生态学报,2017,37(11):3840-3848.YANG Shi-qi.A case study of a novel sustainable agricultural development evaluation method based on Euclidean distance theory[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(11):3840-3848.
[13]李怀军,刘忠海,曲善功,等.德州市土壤肥力变化及分析[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(13):134-137.LI Huai-jun,LIU Zhong-hai,QU Shan-gong,et al.Dezhou soil fertility change and analysis[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(13):134-137.
[14]赵荣芳,陈新平,张福锁.华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡[J].土壤学报,2009,46(4):684-697.ZHAO Rong-fang,CHEN Xin-ping,ZHANG Fu-suo.Nitrogen cycling and balance in winter wheat summer maize rotation system in North China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(4):684-697.
[15]万合锋.猪粪堆肥及其在蔬菜地利用全过程中温室气体(N2O、CH4)和NH3排放特征研究[D].南昌:南昌大学,2012.WAN He-feng.Research on the emission characteristics of greenhouse gas(N2O,CH4)and NH3 through the whole process of pig manure compost and its vegetable land use[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University,2012.
[16]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定-通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.WANG Zhao-hui,LIU Xue-jun,JU Xiao-tang,et al.Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:Venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[17]陈哲,韩瑞芸,杨世琦,等.东北季节性冻融农田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(2):387-395.CHEN Zhe,HAN Rui-yun,YANG Shi-qi,et al.Fluxes of CO2,CH4and N2O from seasonal freeze-thaw arable soils in Northeast China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(2):387-395.
[18]Cui Z,Chen X,Miao Y,et al.On-farm evaluation of the improved soil N-based nitrogen management for summer maize in North China Plain[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(100):517-525.
[19]郭婧妤.华北平原农田氮素污染评价方法及指标研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.GUO Jing-yu.Study on evaluation method and index of nitrogen pollution in North China Plain[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.
[20]孙克君,毛小云,卢其明,等.几种控释氮肥减少氨挥发的效果及影响因素研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2347-2350.SUN Ke-jun,MAO Xiao-yun,LU Qi-ming,et al.Mitigation effect of several controlled-release N fertilizers on ammonia volatilization and related affecting factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(12):2347-2350.
[21]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证--兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-261.JU Xiao-tang.Improvement and validation of theoretical N rate(TNR)discussing the methods for N fertilizer recommendation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):249-261.
[22]吴良泉,武良,崔振岭,等.中国玉米区域氮磷钾肥推荐用量及肥料配方研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):802-817.WU Liang-quan,WU Liang,CUI Zhen-ling,et al.Study on recommended amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and fertilizer formula for maize in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(4):802-817.
[23]董文旭,吴电明,胡春胜,等.华北山前平原农田氨挥发速率与调控研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1115-1121.DONG Wen-xu,WU Dian-ming,HU Chun-sheng,et al.Ammonia volatilization and control mechanisms in the piedmont of North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1115-1121.
[24]李贵桐,李保国,陈德立.大面积冬小麦夏玉米农田土壤的氨挥发[J].华北农学报,2002,17(1):76-81.LI Gui-tong,LI Bao-guo,CHEN De-li.Ammonia volatilization from large field planted with winter wheat and summer maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2002,17(1):76-81.
[25]Wang X,Xu S,Wu S,et al.Effect of trichoderma viride,biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,66:199.
[26]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua,HE Fa-yun,YIN Bin,et al.Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and Pcombination in fertilization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):893-900.
[27]Xu J G,Heeraman D A,Wang Y.Fertilizer and temperature effects on urea hydrolysis in undisturbed soil[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1993,16(1):63-65.
[28]Yang S Q,Mei X R.A sustainable agricultual development assessment method and a case study in China based on Euclidean distance theory[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,168:551-557.
[29]杨世琦,邢磊,刘宏元,等.基于欧氏距离理论的农业可持续发展评价方法与实证研究[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(12):157-164.YANG Shi-qi,XING Lei,LIU Hong-yuan,et al.Sustainable development of agriculture based on Euclidean distance theory evaluation method and case study[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(12):157-164.
[2]Erisman J W,Sutton M A,Galloway J,et al.How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(10):636-639.
[3]Hoben J P,Gehl R J,Millar N,et al.Nonlinear nitrous oxide(N2O)response to nitrogen fertilizer in on-farm corn crops of the US Midwest[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(2):1140-1152.
[4]Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,et al.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,2013,494(7438):459-462.
[5]Williams A G,Audsley E,Sandars D L.Environmental burdens of producing bread wheat,oilseed rape and potatoes in England and Wales using simulation and system modelling[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2010,15(8):855-868.
[6]Shang Q,Yang X,Gao C,et al.Net annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in Chinese double rice-cropping systems:A 3-year field measurement in long-term fertilizer experiments[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(6):2196-2210.
[7]白由路.国内外耕地培育的差异与思考[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1381-1388.BAI You-lu.Overview of rural land nurtures in China and abroad[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(6):1381-1388.
[8]Zhang A,Gao J,Liu R,et al.Nursery-box total fertilization technology(NBTF)application for increasing nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese irrigated riceland:N-soil interactions[J].Land Degradation&Development,2016,27(4):1255-1265.
[9]巨晓棠,谷保静.氮素管理的指标[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):281-296.JU Xiao-tang,GU Bao-jing.Indexes of nitrogen management[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(2):281-296.
[10]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014(4):783-795.JU Xiao-tang,GU Bao-jing.Status,problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014(4):783-795.
[11]Ju X,Xing G,Chen X,et al.From the cover:Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041-3046.
[12]杨世琦.基于欧氏距离的农业可持续发展评价理论构建与实例验证[J].生态学报,2017,37(11):3840-3848.YANG Shi-qi.A case study of a novel sustainable agricultural development evaluation method based on Euclidean distance theory[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(11):3840-3848.
[13]李怀军,刘忠海,曲善功,等.德州市土壤肥力变化及分析[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(13):134-137.LI Huai-jun,LIU Zhong-hai,QU Shan-gong,et al.Dezhou soil fertility change and analysis[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(13):134-137.
[14]赵荣芳,陈新平,张福锁.华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡[J].土壤学报,2009,46(4):684-697.ZHAO Rong-fang,CHEN Xin-ping,ZHANG Fu-suo.Nitrogen cycling and balance in winter wheat summer maize rotation system in North China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(4):684-697.
[15]万合锋.猪粪堆肥及其在蔬菜地利用全过程中温室气体(N2O、CH4)和NH3排放特征研究[D].南昌:南昌大学,2012.WAN He-feng.Research on the emission characteristics of greenhouse gas(N2O,CH4)and NH3 through the whole process of pig manure compost and its vegetable land use[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University,2012.
[16]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定-通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.WANG Zhao-hui,LIU Xue-jun,JU Xiao-tang,et al.Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:Venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[17]陈哲,韩瑞芸,杨世琦,等.东北季节性冻融农田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(2):387-395.CHEN Zhe,HAN Rui-yun,YANG Shi-qi,et al.Fluxes of CO2,CH4and N2O from seasonal freeze-thaw arable soils in Northeast China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(2):387-395.
[18]Cui Z,Chen X,Miao Y,et al.On-farm evaluation of the improved soil N-based nitrogen management for summer maize in North China Plain[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(100):517-525.
[19]郭婧妤.华北平原农田氮素污染评价方法及指标研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.GUO Jing-yu.Study on evaluation method and index of nitrogen pollution in North China Plain[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.
[20]孙克君,毛小云,卢其明,等.几种控释氮肥减少氨挥发的效果及影响因素研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2347-2350.SUN Ke-jun,MAO Xiao-yun,LU Qi-ming,et al.Mitigation effect of several controlled-release N fertilizers on ammonia volatilization and related affecting factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(12):2347-2350.
[21]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证--兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-261.JU Xiao-tang.Improvement and validation of theoretical N rate(TNR)discussing the methods for N fertilizer recommendation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):249-261.
[22]吴良泉,武良,崔振岭,等.中国玉米区域氮磷钾肥推荐用量及肥料配方研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):802-817.WU Liang-quan,WU Liang,CUI Zhen-ling,et al.Study on recommended amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and fertilizer formula for maize in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(4):802-817.
[23]董文旭,吴电明,胡春胜,等.华北山前平原农田氨挥发速率与调控研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1115-1121.DONG Wen-xu,WU Dian-ming,HU Chun-sheng,et al.Ammonia volatilization and control mechanisms in the piedmont of North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1115-1121.
[24]李贵桐,李保国,陈德立.大面积冬小麦夏玉米农田土壤的氨挥发[J].华北农学报,2002,17(1):76-81.LI Gui-tong,LI Bao-guo,CHEN De-li.Ammonia volatilization from large field planted with winter wheat and summer maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2002,17(1):76-81.
[25]Wang X,Xu S,Wu S,et al.Effect of trichoderma viride,biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,66:199.
[26]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,等.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):893-900.TIAN Yu-hua,HE Fa-yun,YIN Bin,et al.Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region as affected by N and Pcombination in fertilization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):893-900.
[27]Xu J G,Heeraman D A,Wang Y.Fertilizer and temperature effects on urea hydrolysis in undisturbed soil[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1993,16(1):63-65.
[28]Yang S Q,Mei X R.A sustainable agricultual development assessment method and a case study in China based on Euclidean distance theory[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,168:551-557.
[29]杨世琦,邢磊,刘宏元,等.基于欧氏距离理论的农业可持续发展评价方法与实证研究[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(12):157-164.YANG Shi-qi,XING Lei,LIU Hong-yuan,et al.Sustainable development of agriculture based on Euclidean distance theory evaluation method and case study[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(12):157-164.