公路边坡喷播绿化初期根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响
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摘要
植物根系对增强土体抗剪强度具有一定作用。为研究公路边坡喷播绿化初期根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响,通过喷播的方式制备灌草混播试样,人工模拟边坡绿化7种灌草组合,植物生长3个月后进行原位剪切试验。挖取试样内植物根系,测定根系直径、根长密度、总表面积、总体积、根尖数、分叉数、根系密度、倾斜角度等根系特征指标,并通过灰色关联度法分析根系特征对土体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:不同灌草混播组合根系特征随土层深度的变化存在一定差异;喷播绿化初期,0～2 mm细根占整个根系系统的96%～99%;水平根、侧根及垂直根分别占整个根系系统的7%～16%、44%～57%、33%～47%;不同灌草组合植物根系可增加土体抗剪强度6～17 k Pa,且不同灌草比试样抗剪强度大小依次为灌草比1∶1>灌草比1∶4>灌草比1∶5>灌草比3∶1。灰色关联度分析结果表明,各根系指标对抗剪强度的影响大小依次为侧根数量>水平根数量>根系分布深度>根系密度>剪切面上部根长密度>根长密度> 0～2 mm细根数量>剪切面下部根长密度>总表面积>总体积>根尖数>垂直根数量>分叉数>2～10 mm根系数量。该结果可为评价公路边坡喷播绿化初期坡体稳定性、指导边坡植被恢复提供依据。
Plant roots could enhance the shear strength of soil. To understand the root characteristics and their impacts on shear strength at the initial stage of highway slope greening,the mixed grass-shrub samples were prepared by spraying seeds. Seven kinds of grass-shrub combinations were artificially simulated in the slope greening. The in-situ shear test was carried out three months after plant growth. Plant roots were excavated,with root characteristics such as root diameter,root length density,total surface area,total volume,number of root tips,number of branches,root density and inclination angle being measured. The effects of root characteristics on the shear strength of soil were analyzed by grey correlation method. The results showed that there were differences of root characteristics in various grass-shrub combinations with the changes of soil depth. At the initial stage of greening,fine roots of 0-2 mm accounted for 96%-99% of the whole root system. The horizontal roots,lateral roots and vertical roots constituted 7%-16%,44%-57% and 33%-47% of the total root system,respectively. The roots of different grassshrub combinations increased the shear strength of soil by 6-17 k Pa,and the shear strength of the different ratios of shrubs and grasses was in the order of 1 ∶ 1 > 1 ∶ 4 > 1 ∶ 5 > 3 ∶ 1. The results of grey correlation analysis showed that the effects of root characteristics on shear strength were as follows: number of lateral roots > number of horizontal roots > depth of root distribution >root density > root length density above shear plane > root length density > number of fine roots( 0-2 mm) > root length density below shear plane > total surface area> total volume > number of root tips > number of vertical roots> number of branches > number of roots( 2-10 mm). Our results provide a basis for evaluating the stability of the slope at the initial stage of highway slope greening and guiding vegetation restoration of the slope.
Plant roots could enhance the shear strength of soil. To understand the root characteristics and their impacts on shear strength at the initial stage of highway slope greening,the mixed grass-shrub samples were prepared by spraying seeds. Seven kinds of grass-shrub combinations were artificially simulated in the slope greening. The in-situ shear test was carried out three months after plant growth. Plant roots were excavated,with root characteristics such as root diameter,root length density,total surface area,total volume,number of root tips,number of branches,root density and inclination angle being measured. The effects of root characteristics on the shear strength of soil were analyzed by grey correlation method. The results showed that there were differences of root characteristics in various grass-shrub combinations with the changes of soil depth. At the initial stage of greening,fine roots of 0-2 mm accounted for 96%-99% of the whole root system. The horizontal roots,lateral roots and vertical roots constituted 7%-16%,44%-57% and 33%-47% of the total root system,respectively. The roots of different grassshrub combinations increased the shear strength of soil by 6-17 k Pa,and the shear strength of the different ratios of shrubs and grasses was in the order of 1 ∶ 1 > 1 ∶ 4 > 1 ∶ 5 > 3 ∶ 1. The results of grey correlation analysis showed that the effects of root characteristics on shear strength were as follows: number of lateral roots > number of horizontal roots > depth of root distribution >root density > root length density above shear plane > root length density > number of fine roots( 0-2 mm) > root length density below shear plane > total surface area> total volume > number of root tips > number of vertical roots> number of branches > number of roots( 2-10 mm). Our results provide a basis for evaluating the stability of the slope at the initial stage of highway slope greening and guiding vegetation restoration of the slope.
引文
陈斌,刘茂松,黄峥,等.2017.西北干旱区灌草型白刺-芨芨草群落根系分布与互作.生态学杂志,36(10):2692-2698.
陈终达,肖宏彬,张春晓,等.2016.根系分布方式对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,36(8):130-135.
德永军.2009.中间锦鸡儿带状林地根系和土壤水分特征及抗旱性研究(博士学位论文).内蒙古:内蒙古农业大学.
盖小刚,陈丽华,蒋坤云,等.2014.4种乔木根系不同埋根方式根-土复合体的抗剪特性.林业科学,50(9):105-111.
谷加存,肖立娟,马振东,等.2017.造林密度对水曲柳人工林地上生长和细根生物量的影响.生态学杂志,36(11):3008-3016.
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郝郑芳.2014.高速公路切方边坡防护草本植物根系固土能力研究(硕士学位论文).雅安:四川农业大学.
胡瑞芝,杜自强,刘爽,等.2016.不同海拔华北落叶松细根形态特征.生态学杂志,35(5):1248-1253.
李珍玉,王丽锋,肖宏彬,等.2017.香根草根系在公路边坡土体中的分布特征.应用基础与工程科学学报,25(1):102-112.
刘顺,罗达,杨洪国,等.2018.川西亚高山岷江冷杉原始林细根生物量、生产力和周转.生态学杂志,37(4):987-993.
刘秀萍,陈丽华,宋维峰.2006.林木根系与黄土复合体的抗剪强度试验研究.北京林业大学学报,28(5):67-72.
刘治兴,杨建英,杨阳,等.2015.高速公路不同植物防护边坡根土复合体抗剪能力研究.生态环境学报,24(4):631-637.
吕春娟,陈丽华,陈卫国,等.2016.根土复合体的抗剪特性研究.灌溉排水学报,35(3):13-19.
王冬.2012.不同土质类型的草本植物护坡效果研究与评价(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
徐洪雨,王英宇,宋桂龙,等.2013.华北土石山区公路边坡常见植物根系地下分布特征.中国水土保持科学,11(2):51-58.
张春荣.2018.植被根系固化公路花岗岩残积土力学特性研究.公路工程,43(1):276-280.
张晓明,王玉杰,夏一平,等.2007.重庆缙云山典型植被原状土抗剪强度的灰色关联度分析与评价.水土保持研究,14(2):145-147.
赵记领,李光范,胡伟,等.2017.雨林乔木直根根土复合体的抗剪强度试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,36(增1):3663-3669.
朱锦奇,王云琦,王玉杰,等.2014.基于试验与模型的根系增强抗剪强度分析.岩土力学,35(2):449-458.
Docker BB,Hubble TCT.2008.Quantifying root-reinforcement of river bank soils by four Australian tree species.Geomorphology,100:401-418.
Fan CC,Chen YW.2010.The effect of root architecture on the shearing resistance of root-permeated soils.Ecological Engineering,36:813-826.
Fan CC,Su CF.2008.Role of roots in the shear strength of rootreinforced soils with high moisture content.Ecological Engineering,33:157-166.
Fu JT,Hu XS,Brierley G,et al.2016.The influence of plant root system architectural properties upon the stability of loess hillslopes,Northeast Qinghai,China.Journal of Mountain Science,13:785-801.
Ghestem M,Veylon G,Bernard A,et al.2014.Influence of plant root system morphology and architectural traits on soil shear resistance.Plant and Soil,377:43-61.
Gyssels G,Poesen J,Bochet E,et al.2005.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review.Progress in Physical Geography,29:189-217.
Reubens B,Poesen J,Danjon F,et al.2007.The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture:A review.Trees:Structure and Function,21:385-402.
Stokes A,Atger C,Bengough AG,et al.2009.Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides.Plant and Soil,324:1-30.
Yen CP.1987.Tree root patterns and erosion control//Proceedings of the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and its Countermeasures.Bangkok:Soil and Water Conservation Society of Thailand:92-111.
Zhou Y,Watts D,Li YH,et al.1998.A case study of effect of lateral roots of Pinus yunnanensis on shallow soil reinforcement.Forest Ecology and Management,103:107-120.
陈终达,肖宏彬,张春晓,等.2016.根系分布方式对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,36(8):130-135.
德永军.2009.中间锦鸡儿带状林地根系和土壤水分特征及抗旱性研究(博士学位论文).内蒙古:内蒙古农业大学.
盖小刚,陈丽华,蒋坤云,等.2014.4种乔木根系不同埋根方式根-土复合体的抗剪特性.林业科学,50(9):105-111.
谷加存,肖立娟,马振东,等.2017.造林密度对水曲柳人工林地上生长和细根生物量的影响.生态学杂志,36(11):3008-3016.
国家质量技术监督局.2000.GB 2722-1999林木种子检验规程.北京:中国标准出版社.
郝郑芳.2014.高速公路切方边坡防护草本植物根系固土能力研究(硕士学位论文).雅安:四川农业大学.
胡瑞芝,杜自强,刘爽,等.2016.不同海拔华北落叶松细根形态特征.生态学杂志,35(5):1248-1253.
李珍玉,王丽锋,肖宏彬,等.2017.香根草根系在公路边坡土体中的分布特征.应用基础与工程科学学报,25(1):102-112.
刘顺,罗达,杨洪国,等.2018.川西亚高山岷江冷杉原始林细根生物量、生产力和周转.生态学杂志,37(4):987-993.
刘秀萍,陈丽华,宋维峰.2006.林木根系与黄土复合体的抗剪强度试验研究.北京林业大学学报,28(5):67-72.
刘治兴,杨建英,杨阳,等.2015.高速公路不同植物防护边坡根土复合体抗剪能力研究.生态环境学报,24(4):631-637.
吕春娟,陈丽华,陈卫国,等.2016.根土复合体的抗剪特性研究.灌溉排水学报,35(3):13-19.
王冬.2012.不同土质类型的草本植物护坡效果研究与评价(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
徐洪雨,王英宇,宋桂龙,等.2013.华北土石山区公路边坡常见植物根系地下分布特征.中国水土保持科学,11(2):51-58.
张春荣.2018.植被根系固化公路花岗岩残积土力学特性研究.公路工程,43(1):276-280.
张晓明,王玉杰,夏一平,等.2007.重庆缙云山典型植被原状土抗剪强度的灰色关联度分析与评价.水土保持研究,14(2):145-147.
赵记领,李光范,胡伟,等.2017.雨林乔木直根根土复合体的抗剪强度试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,36(增1):3663-3669.
朱锦奇,王云琦,王玉杰,等.2014.基于试验与模型的根系增强抗剪强度分析.岩土力学,35(2):449-458.
Docker BB,Hubble TCT.2008.Quantifying root-reinforcement of river bank soils by four Australian tree species.Geomorphology,100:401-418.
Fan CC,Chen YW.2010.The effect of root architecture on the shearing resistance of root-permeated soils.Ecological Engineering,36:813-826.
Fan CC,Su CF.2008.Role of roots in the shear strength of rootreinforced soils with high moisture content.Ecological Engineering,33:157-166.
Fu JT,Hu XS,Brierley G,et al.2016.The influence of plant root system architectural properties upon the stability of loess hillslopes,Northeast Qinghai,China.Journal of Mountain Science,13:785-801.
Ghestem M,Veylon G,Bernard A,et al.2014.Influence of plant root system morphology and architectural traits on soil shear resistance.Plant and Soil,377:43-61.
Gyssels G,Poesen J,Bochet E,et al.2005.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review.Progress in Physical Geography,29:189-217.
Reubens B,Poesen J,Danjon F,et al.2007.The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture:A review.Trees:Structure and Function,21:385-402.
Stokes A,Atger C,Bengough AG,et al.2009.Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides.Plant and Soil,324:1-30.
Yen CP.1987.Tree root patterns and erosion control//Proceedings of the International Workshop on Soil Erosion and its Countermeasures.Bangkok:Soil and Water Conservation Society of Thailand:92-111.
Zhou Y,Watts D,Li YH,et al.1998.A case study of effect of lateral roots of Pinus yunnanensis on shallow soil reinforcement.Forest Ecology and Management,103:107-120.
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