基于台址构造环境的有限元建模分析——以黔江台为例
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摘要
为更好地应用形变观测数据、挖掘观测数据的物理含义,本文以黔江台为例,基于台址资料建立有限元模型,并结合仪器工作原理进一步分析观测数据。黔江台的台址构造环境较复杂,长期受到NW向压力的作用,发育大量NE向断层和褶皱,这些对该台站的观测数据均会产生一定影响。关于黔江台形变观测数据的有限元模型分析结果显示,志留纪页岩在压力作用下发生上隆弯曲变形,形成背斜,岩层整体朝SE倾斜,上覆岩层垂向变形大于水平变形,断层和褶皱轴的倾向影响着应力的传递。结合黔江台长期形变观测数据分析,本文认为模型结果合理地解释了压性构造背景下伸缩仪观测结果显示为张性的成因机理,垂直摆倾斜观测数据的长期趋势与模型结果一致,也得到了统一的机理解释,表明台址构造环境的有限元分析,有助于更好地认识和应用形变观测数据,可增强对观测数据物理本质的理解。
The site environment is the most direct factor affecting the observation data. In order to better apply the deformation observation data and find out the related physical meaning,this paper built a finite element model based on the deformation data from Qianjiang station,and further analyzed the observation data based on the working principle of the instrument. The tectonic environment of Qianjiang station is complex,a large number of northeast-trending faults and folds were developed due to the long time pressure in northwest direction,which has a certain influence on the observation data. The data analysis results based on the finite element model show that the Silurian shale appears as an uplift bending deformation and forms an anticline under the pressure,the whole rock layer is inclined to the southeast direction,the vertical deformation of the overlying rock is greater than the horizontal deformation,and the tendency of fault and fold-axis has influences on the transmission of stress. According to the long-term observation data from Qianjiang station,the results of the model can reasonably explain the mechanism of the expansion of the telescopic instrument under the structural background of the pressure. Furthermore,the model results are consistent with the long-term trend of the vertical pendulum,which is more in line with the physical meaning of the actual observation,that is,the finite element analysis of the site structure environment will help us to better understand and apply the deformation observation data,and thus explore the actual physical meaning of the observed data.
The site environment is the most direct factor affecting the observation data. In order to better apply the deformation observation data and find out the related physical meaning,this paper built a finite element model based on the deformation data from Qianjiang station,and further analyzed the observation data based on the working principle of the instrument. The tectonic environment of Qianjiang station is complex,a large number of northeast-trending faults and folds were developed due to the long time pressure in northwest direction,which has a certain influence on the observation data. The data analysis results based on the finite element model show that the Silurian shale appears as an uplift bending deformation and forms an anticline under the pressure,the whole rock layer is inclined to the southeast direction,the vertical deformation of the overlying rock is greater than the horizontal deformation,and the tendency of fault and fold-axis has influences on the transmission of stress. According to the long-term observation data from Qianjiang station,the results of the model can reasonably explain the mechanism of the expansion of the telescopic instrument under the structural background of the pressure. Furthermore,the model results are consistent with the long-term trend of the vertical pendulum,which is more in line with the physical meaning of the actual observation,that is,the finite element analysis of the site structure environment will help us to better understand and apply the deformation observation data,and thus explore the actual physical meaning of the observed data.
引文
曹建玲,张晶,王辉,方颖. 2013.首都圈现今断层活动方式的数值模拟[J].地震,33(3):116–123.Cao J L,Zhang J,Wang H,Fang Y. 2013. Numerical simulation of fault deformation in the capital region of China[J]. Earthquake,33(3):116–123(in Chinese).
陈涛,瞿伟,王宏超. 2013.三峡重庆库区现今地壳形变特征分析[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):1795–1800.Chen T,Qu W,Wang H C. 2013. Analysis on characteristics of present-day crustal deformation in Chongqing area of Three Gorges reservoir[J]. Progress in Geophysics,28(4):1795–1800(in Chinese).
邓志辉,宋键,孙君秀,陶京玲,胡勐乾,马晓静,姜辉,李红. 2011.数值模拟方法在地震预测研究中应用的初步探讨(I)[J].地震地质,33(3):660–669.Deng Z H,Song J,Sun J X,Tao J L,Hu M Q,Ma X J,Jiang H,Li H. 2011. Preliminary study on application of numerical simulation methods to earthquake prediction research(I)[J]. Seismology and Geology,33(3):660–669(in Chinese).
丁仁杰,李克昌. 2004.重庆地震研究[M].北京:地震出版社:68–71.Ding R J,Li K C. 2004. Research of Earthquakes in Chongqing[M]. Beijing:Seismological Press:68–71(in Chinese).
江在森,武艳强. 2012.地壳形变与强震地点预测问题与认识[J].地震,32(2):8–21.Jiang Z S,Wu Y Q. 2012. Crustal deformation and location forecast of strong earthquakes:Understandings and questions[J].Earthquake,32(2):8–21(in Chinese).
李锋,黄金水. 2011.介质不均匀性和断层倾角对同震位移场影响的数值模拟[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):52–60.Li F,Huang J S. 2011. Numerical simulation of influences of medium heterogeneity and dip of fault on coseismic displacement[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(5):52–60(in Chinese).
李伦炯. 1997.川黔湘毗邻区的新构造运动[J].四川地质学报,17(2):110–114.Li L J. 1997. Neotectonism in the juncture of Sichuan,Guizhou and Hunan[J]. Acta Geologica Sichuan,17(2):110–114(in Chinese).
刘玉亮. 2009.重庆黔江地区第四纪构造活动与地震地质研究[D].广州:中山大学:10–84.Liu Y L. 2009. Study on Quaternary Tectonic Movements and Seismo-Geology in Qianjiang Area of Chongqing Municipality[D].Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University:10–84(in Chinese).
秦家林. 2015.地壳形变测项概论[J].防灾减灾学报,31(1):22–29.Qin J L. 2015. Introduction to observation data of the earth crust deformation[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction,31 (1):22–29(in Chinese).
阮爱国,赵和云. 1991.地电台址构造条件的三维有限元数值模拟[J].西北地震学报,13(4):22–28.Ruan A G,Zhao H Y. 1991. Numerical simulation of 3-D finite element method of the structure condition of geoelectrical station[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,13(4):22–28(in Chinese).
申通,王运生,吴龙科. 2014.重庆小南海滑坡形成机制离散元模拟分析[J].岩土力学,35(增刊2):667–675.Shen T,Wang Y S,Wu L K. 2014. Discrete element simulation analysis of formation mechanism of Xiaonanhai landslide in Chongqing city[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,35(S2):667–675(in Chinese).
唐方头,张培震,邓志辉. 2003.强震造成的活动地块地壳形变差异探讨[J].地震地质,25(4):655–663.Tang F T,Zhang P Z,Deng Z H. 2003. Difference of crustal deformation in active blocks caused by great-earthquakes[J]. Seismology and Geology,25(4):655–663(in Chinese).
吴翼麟. 1990.定点形变前兆预报地震的观测技术与分析方法[J].地震,(5):33–46.Wu Y L. 1990. Observatory techniques and data analyses for earthquake prediction by precursors observed at deformation stations[J]. Earthquake,(5):33–46(in Chinese).
徐纪人,赵志新,石川有三. 2008.中国大陆地壳应力场与构造运动区域特征研究[J].地球物理学报,51(3):770–781.Xu J R,Zhao Z X,Ishikawa Y. 2008. Regional characteristics of crustal stress field and tectonic motions in and around Chinese mainland[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):770–781(in Chinese).
颜丹平,汪新文. 2000.川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析[J].现代地质,14(1):37–43.Yan D P,Wang X W. 2000. Analysis of fold style and it’s formation mechanism in the area of boundary among Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan[J]. Geoscience,14(1):37–43(in Chinese).
颜丹平,金哲龙,张维宸,刘少峰. 2008.川渝湘鄂薄皮构造带多层拆离滑脱系的岩石力学性质及其对构造变形样式的控制[J].地质通报,27(10):1687–1697.Yan D P,Jin Z L,Zhang W C,Liu S F. 2008. Rock mechanical characteristics of the multi-layer detachment fault system and their controls on the structural deformation style of the Sichuan-Chongqing-Hunan-Hubei thin-skinned belt,South China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,27(10):1687–1697(in Chinese).
严尊国,钱家栋,陈俊华,李胜乐. 2000.地震前兆异常识别技术的数值模拟实验研究[J].地震学报,22(6):606–613.Yan Z G,Qian J D,Chen J H,Li S L. 2000. Study of technique of identifying the earthquake precursor anomalous in terms of mathematic modeling[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,22(6):606–613(in Chinese).
杨淑贤,高士钧,蔡永建,黄江. 2005.三峡及邻区新构造期以来应力场分区研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 25(4):42 –45.Yang S X,Gao S J,Cai Y J,Huang J. 2005. Study on stress field zoning in Three Gorges and its adjacent area since Neotectonic age[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,25(4):42–45(in Chinese).
叶金汉,郗绮霞,夏万仁. 1991.岩石力学参数手册[M].北京:水利电力出版社:474–491.Ye J H,Xi Q X,Xia W R. 1991. Handbook on Rock Mechanics Parameters[M]. Beijing:China Water Power Press:474–491(in Chinese).
叶正仁,王建. 2004.中国大陆现今地壳运动的动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,47(3):456–461.Ye Z R,Wang J. 2004. Dynamics of present-day crustal movement in the China mainland[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47 (3):456–461(in Chinese).
张国民. 2002.我国地震监测预报研究的主要科学进展[J].地震,22(1):2–8.Zhang G M. 2002. The main science advance of earthquake monitoring and prediction in China[J]. Earthquake,22(1):2–8(in Chinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋. 2002.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块[J].地学前缘,9(2):430–441.Zhang P Z,Wang Q,Ma Z J. 2002. GPS velocity field and active crustal blocks of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,9(2):430–441(in Chinese).
赵和云,阮爱国. 1992.地电台址大范围介质条件的数值模拟研究[J].西北地震学报,14(3):64–70.Zhao H Y,Ruan A G. 1992. Mathematical simulation research of affect of large scale medium condition on the observation of geoelectrical station[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,14(3):64–70(in Chinese).
祝爱玉,张东宁,蒋长胜. 2015.川滇地块东边界中南段构造应力分布特征与历史强震活动关系的数值模拟[J].地震学报,37(5):762–773.Zhu A Y,Zhang D N,Jiang C S. 2015. Numerical simulation of the relationship between the tectonic stress distribution and the historical strong earthquake activities of the middle-southern segment of eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,37(5):762–773(in Chinese).
England P,McKenzie D. 1982. A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation[J]. Geophys J Int,70(2):295–321.
Malaimani E C,Kumar N R,Akilan A,Abilash K. 2008. GPS-geodesy with GNSS receivers for Indian Plate kinematics’studies with the recent plate velocities estimated from GNSS data[J]. J Ind Geophys Union,12(3):109–114.
Parsons T. 2002. Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. J Geophys Res,107(B8):ESE 3-1–ESE 3-13.
Xing H L,Makinouchi A. 2002. Finite element analysis of a sandwich friction experiment model of rocks[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,159(9):1985–2009.
Xing H L,Mora P,Makinouchi A. 2004. Finite element analysis of fault bend influence on stick-slip instability along an intraplate fault[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,161(9/10):2091–2102.
陈涛,瞿伟,王宏超. 2013.三峡重庆库区现今地壳形变特征分析[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):1795–1800.Chen T,Qu W,Wang H C. 2013. Analysis on characteristics of present-day crustal deformation in Chongqing area of Three Gorges reservoir[J]. Progress in Geophysics,28(4):1795–1800(in Chinese).
邓志辉,宋键,孙君秀,陶京玲,胡勐乾,马晓静,姜辉,李红. 2011.数值模拟方法在地震预测研究中应用的初步探讨(I)[J].地震地质,33(3):660–669.Deng Z H,Song J,Sun J X,Tao J L,Hu M Q,Ma X J,Jiang H,Li H. 2011. Preliminary study on application of numerical simulation methods to earthquake prediction research(I)[J]. Seismology and Geology,33(3):660–669(in Chinese).
丁仁杰,李克昌. 2004.重庆地震研究[M].北京:地震出版社:68–71.Ding R J,Li K C. 2004. Research of Earthquakes in Chongqing[M]. Beijing:Seismological Press:68–71(in Chinese).
江在森,武艳强. 2012.地壳形变与强震地点预测问题与认识[J].地震,32(2):8–21.Jiang Z S,Wu Y Q. 2012. Crustal deformation and location forecast of strong earthquakes:Understandings and questions[J].Earthquake,32(2):8–21(in Chinese).
李锋,黄金水. 2011.介质不均匀性和断层倾角对同震位移场影响的数值模拟[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):52–60.Li F,Huang J S. 2011. Numerical simulation of influences of medium heterogeneity and dip of fault on coseismic displacement[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(5):52–60(in Chinese).
李伦炯. 1997.川黔湘毗邻区的新构造运动[J].四川地质学报,17(2):110–114.Li L J. 1997. Neotectonism in the juncture of Sichuan,Guizhou and Hunan[J]. Acta Geologica Sichuan,17(2):110–114(in Chinese).
刘玉亮. 2009.重庆黔江地区第四纪构造活动与地震地质研究[D].广州:中山大学:10–84.Liu Y L. 2009. Study on Quaternary Tectonic Movements and Seismo-Geology in Qianjiang Area of Chongqing Municipality[D].Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University:10–84(in Chinese).
秦家林. 2015.地壳形变测项概论[J].防灾减灾学报,31(1):22–29.Qin J L. 2015. Introduction to observation data of the earth crust deformation[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction,31 (1):22–29(in Chinese).
阮爱国,赵和云. 1991.地电台址构造条件的三维有限元数值模拟[J].西北地震学报,13(4):22–28.Ruan A G,Zhao H Y. 1991. Numerical simulation of 3-D finite element method of the structure condition of geoelectrical station[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,13(4):22–28(in Chinese).
申通,王运生,吴龙科. 2014.重庆小南海滑坡形成机制离散元模拟分析[J].岩土力学,35(增刊2):667–675.Shen T,Wang Y S,Wu L K. 2014. Discrete element simulation analysis of formation mechanism of Xiaonanhai landslide in Chongqing city[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,35(S2):667–675(in Chinese).
唐方头,张培震,邓志辉. 2003.强震造成的活动地块地壳形变差异探讨[J].地震地质,25(4):655–663.Tang F T,Zhang P Z,Deng Z H. 2003. Difference of crustal deformation in active blocks caused by great-earthquakes[J]. Seismology and Geology,25(4):655–663(in Chinese).
吴翼麟. 1990.定点形变前兆预报地震的观测技术与分析方法[J].地震,(5):33–46.Wu Y L. 1990. Observatory techniques and data analyses for earthquake prediction by precursors observed at deformation stations[J]. Earthquake,(5):33–46(in Chinese).
徐纪人,赵志新,石川有三. 2008.中国大陆地壳应力场与构造运动区域特征研究[J].地球物理学报,51(3):770–781.Xu J R,Zhao Z X,Ishikawa Y. 2008. Regional characteristics of crustal stress field and tectonic motions in and around Chinese mainland[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):770–781(in Chinese).
颜丹平,汪新文. 2000.川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析[J].现代地质,14(1):37–43.Yan D P,Wang X W. 2000. Analysis of fold style and it’s formation mechanism in the area of boundary among Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan[J]. Geoscience,14(1):37–43(in Chinese).
颜丹平,金哲龙,张维宸,刘少峰. 2008.川渝湘鄂薄皮构造带多层拆离滑脱系的岩石力学性质及其对构造变形样式的控制[J].地质通报,27(10):1687–1697.Yan D P,Jin Z L,Zhang W C,Liu S F. 2008. Rock mechanical characteristics of the multi-layer detachment fault system and their controls on the structural deformation style of the Sichuan-Chongqing-Hunan-Hubei thin-skinned belt,South China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,27(10):1687–1697(in Chinese).
严尊国,钱家栋,陈俊华,李胜乐. 2000.地震前兆异常识别技术的数值模拟实验研究[J].地震学报,22(6):606–613.Yan Z G,Qian J D,Chen J H,Li S L. 2000. Study of technique of identifying the earthquake precursor anomalous in terms of mathematic modeling[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,22(6):606–613(in Chinese).
杨淑贤,高士钧,蔡永建,黄江. 2005.三峡及邻区新构造期以来应力场分区研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 25(4):42 –45.Yang S X,Gao S J,Cai Y J,Huang J. 2005. Study on stress field zoning in Three Gorges and its adjacent area since Neotectonic age[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,25(4):42–45(in Chinese).
叶金汉,郗绮霞,夏万仁. 1991.岩石力学参数手册[M].北京:水利电力出版社:474–491.Ye J H,Xi Q X,Xia W R. 1991. Handbook on Rock Mechanics Parameters[M]. Beijing:China Water Power Press:474–491(in Chinese).
叶正仁,王建. 2004.中国大陆现今地壳运动的动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,47(3):456–461.Ye Z R,Wang J. 2004. Dynamics of present-day crustal movement in the China mainland[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47 (3):456–461(in Chinese).
张国民. 2002.我国地震监测预报研究的主要科学进展[J].地震,22(1):2–8.Zhang G M. 2002. The main science advance of earthquake monitoring and prediction in China[J]. Earthquake,22(1):2–8(in Chinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋. 2002.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块[J].地学前缘,9(2):430–441.Zhang P Z,Wang Q,Ma Z J. 2002. GPS velocity field and active crustal blocks of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,9(2):430–441(in Chinese).
赵和云,阮爱国. 1992.地电台址大范围介质条件的数值模拟研究[J].西北地震学报,14(3):64–70.Zhao H Y,Ruan A G. 1992. Mathematical simulation research of affect of large scale medium condition on the observation of geoelectrical station[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,14(3):64–70(in Chinese).
祝爱玉,张东宁,蒋长胜. 2015.川滇地块东边界中南段构造应力分布特征与历史强震活动关系的数值模拟[J].地震学报,37(5):762–773.Zhu A Y,Zhang D N,Jiang C S. 2015. Numerical simulation of the relationship between the tectonic stress distribution and the historical strong earthquake activities of the middle-southern segment of eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,37(5):762–773(in Chinese).
England P,McKenzie D. 1982. A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation[J]. Geophys J Int,70(2):295–321.
Malaimani E C,Kumar N R,Akilan A,Abilash K. 2008. GPS-geodesy with GNSS receivers for Indian Plate kinematics’studies with the recent plate velocities estimated from GNSS data[J]. J Ind Geophys Union,12(3):109–114.
Parsons T. 2002. Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. J Geophys Res,107(B8):ESE 3-1–ESE 3-13.
Xing H L,Makinouchi A. 2002. Finite element analysis of a sandwich friction experiment model of rocks[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,159(9):1985–2009.
Xing H L,Mora P,Makinouchi A. 2004. Finite element analysis of fault bend influence on stick-slip instability along an intraplate fault[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,161(9/10):2091–2102.
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