三峡水库磷污染特性及变化趋势研究
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摘要
针对三峡水库总磷项目不能稳定达标的问题,以三峡水库干支流总磷浓度为研究对象,以2009—2014年水质监测数据为基础,分析了总磷浓度的时间和空间变化规律和趋势,解析了三峡水库磷污染的主要来源。结果表明:三峡库区总磷水平总体以Ⅱ～Ⅲ类为主,类别在2009—2014年无明显变化趋势,其中2012年磷质量浓度超标频率最高。嘉陵江超标次数占总测次的6.9%;乌江总磷超标最严重,超标频率达到95.8%。从朱沱到太平溪断面沿程总磷浓度有明显下降趋势。2009—2014年内清溪场总磷的最低质量浓度为0.08 mg/L,最高质量浓度为0.24 mg/L(超过湖、库Ⅴ类总磷限值0.2 mg/L)。长江干流段的总磷年均负荷在1.125～2.669 kg/s(平均值为1.658 kg/s);嘉陵江输入总磷年均负荷在0.213～0.425 kg/s(平均值为0.317 kg/s);乌江输入总磷年均负荷在0.290～0.739 kg/s(平均值为0.509 kg/s)。3条上游河流总磷通量之和(年平均值为2.483 kg/s)略大于清溪场断面总磷通量(年平均值为2.145 kg/s),部分总磷负荷沉积在三峡库区。
In view of the problem that the total phosphorus(TP)concentration of Three Gorges Reservoir cannot stably reach the standard,this paper takes the TP concentration of the trunk and tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir as the research object,based on the monitoring data of water quality in 2009—2014,analyzes the temporal and spatial variation of the TP concentration as well as the main sources of phosphorus pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results reveal that the level of TP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is mainlyⅡ～Ⅲ,and there is no obvious change between 2009 and 2014.The frequency of exceeding the standard for phosphorus concentration in 2012 is the highest.The times of exceeding the standard in Jialing River accountes for 6.9%of the total number of times measured,and the exceeding frequency in Wujiang River is the most severe,as high as 95.8%.The TP concentration at the cross section from Zhutuo to Taiping River decreases obviously.The lowest concentration of TP at the cross section in Qingxi field between 2009 and 2014 is 0.08 mg/L,and the highest is 0.24 mg/L(over levelⅤof TP limit of 0.2 mg/L in lake or reservoir).The annually average load of TP in the main stream section of the Yangtze River is 1.125～2.669 kg/s(the average value is 1.658 kg/s)in the main stream section of the Yangtze River,0.213～0.425 kg/s(the average value being 0.317 kg/s)in the Jialing River,and 0.290～0.739 kg/s(the average value being 0.509 kg/s in the Wujiang River.The TP flux and annually average value of the three rivers is 2.483 kg/s,slightly larger than the that at the cross section of Qingxi field(the average value being 2.145 kg/s).
In view of the problem that the total phosphorus(TP)concentration of Three Gorges Reservoir cannot stably reach the standard,this paper takes the TP concentration of the trunk and tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir as the research object,based on the monitoring data of water quality in 2009—2014,analyzes the temporal and spatial variation of the TP concentration as well as the main sources of phosphorus pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results reveal that the level of TP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is mainlyⅡ～Ⅲ,and there is no obvious change between 2009 and 2014.The frequency of exceeding the standard for phosphorus concentration in 2012 is the highest.The times of exceeding the standard in Jialing River accountes for 6.9%of the total number of times measured,and the exceeding frequency in Wujiang River is the most severe,as high as 95.8%.The TP concentration at the cross section from Zhutuo to Taiping River decreases obviously.The lowest concentration of TP at the cross section in Qingxi field between 2009 and 2014 is 0.08 mg/L,and the highest is 0.24 mg/L(over levelⅤof TP limit of 0.2 mg/L in lake or reservoir).The annually average load of TP in the main stream section of the Yangtze River is 1.125～2.669 kg/s(the average value is 1.658 kg/s)in the main stream section of the Yangtze River,0.213～0.425 kg/s(the average value being 0.317 kg/s)in the Jialing River,and 0.290～0.739 kg/s(the average value being 0.509 kg/s in the Wujiang River.The TP flux and annually average value of the three rivers is 2.483 kg/s,slightly larger than the that at the cross section of Qingxi field(the average value being 2.145 kg/s).
引文
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[19]HAN C N,ZHENG B H,QIN Y W,et al.Impact of upstream river inputs and reservoir operation on phosphorus fractions in water-particulate phases in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,610/611:1546-1556.
[2]LI K F,ZHU C,WU L,et al.Problems caused by the Three Gorges Dam construction in the Yangtze River basin:A review[J].Environmental Reviews,2013,21(3):127-135.
[3]FU B J,WU B F,LU Y H,et al.Three Gorges project:Efforts and challenges for the environment[J].Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2010,34(6):741-754.
[4]胡勇.三峡库区磷污染现状、来源及控制对策的初步分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1161-1164.
[5]杨钢,李庆.三峡库区水体中磷的特征分析[J].人民长江,2007,38(2):14-15.
[6]张恩仁,张经.三峡水库对长江N、P营养盐截留效应的模型分析[J].湖泊科学,2003,15(1):929-936.
[7]张晟,郑坚,刘婷婷,等.三峡水库入库支流水体中营养盐季节变化及输出[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):1-6.
[8]曹承进,秦延文,郑丙辉,等.三峡水库主要入库河流磷营养盐特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(2):310-315.
[9]郭胜,李崇明,郭劲松,等.三峡水库蓄水后不同水位期干流氮、磷时空分异特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1266-1272.
[10]罗专溪,朱波,郑丙辉等.三峡水库支流回水河段氮磷负荷与干流的逆向影响[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(2):208-212.
[11]张佳磊,郑丙辉,刘录三,等.三峡水库试验性蓄水前后大宁河富营养化状态比较[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3382-3389.
[12]熊伟,孔文斌,冯洋,等.三峡库区循环农业生态系统构建及控氮减磷效果验证试验[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,39(6):10-20.
[13]国家环境保护局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.地表水环境量标准:GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[14]QAO G,YI L,CHENG Q Y,et al.Analysis and assessment of the nutrients,biochemical indexes and heavy metals in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China,from 2008to 2013[J].Water Research,2016,92:262-274.
[15]冉祥滨,姚庆祯,巩瑶,等.蓄水前后三峡水库营养盐收支计算[J].水生态学杂志,2009,2(2):1-8.
[16]SHEN Z Y,QIU J L,HONG Q,et al.Simulation of spatial and temporal distributions of non-point source pollution load in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Science of Total Environment,2014,493:138-146.
[17]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.三峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[18]MA X,LI Y,ZHENG M,et al.Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province,China[J].Science of Total Environment,2011,412/413:154-161.
[19]HAN C N,ZHENG B H,QIN Y W,et al.Impact of upstream river inputs and reservoir operation on phosphorus fractions in water-particulate phases in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,610/611:1546-1556.