耕地质量与土地流转行为关系研究
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摘要
土地流转程度低制约着农业的规模化、现代化。本文利用2017年对黑龙江、吉林两省12个行政村调研收集的312份农户问卷与1527个地块信息,采用OLS和Probit模型探讨了地块尺度上耕地质量与土地流转行为的关系。结果表明:①耕地质量与地块转入及转出均有显著的相关作用。面积大、坡度平缓、灌溉条件好的地块转入的概率更高,而面积小和通勤距离远的地块转出概率较低。②非农收入越高,农户转出土地的概率越大。③户主年龄越大,农户参与土地流转的概率越高;户主受教育程度低的农户转入土地的概率较大;家庭农业固定资产数量越大,农户越不愿意转出土地;家庭承包的耕地面积越大,农户转入土地的概率越小。因此,建议吸引新型农业经营组织转入土地,推动土地流转市场发育与质量改善;同时,提高土地流转程度较高地区的农业机械化水平,提升农业生产效率。
Low land transfer restricts the scale and modernization of agriculture. Based on a sample of 312 households and 1527 plots of 12 typical administrative villages in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in 2017, this study used the ordinary least squares(OLS) and Probit models to explore the impact of cultivated land quality on land transfer behaviors at the scale of plots. The results indicate that:(1) Cultivated land quality has a significant impact on whether a plot is rent out or rent in. Plots with large area, flat slopes, and well-irrigated condition have a higher probability of being rent in, while plots that are small in size and far away from homes have a relatively lower probability of being rent out.(2) Non-agricultural income has a positive effect on rent out behavior of farmer.(3) The older the head of the household, the higher the probability that the farmer will participate in the land transfer. The farmers with lower education have a higher probability of renting in plots. The greater the number of agricultural fixed assets, the more reluctant the farmers are to rent out plots. There is less possibility of renting in plots for the family who has the larger contracted farmland. Some policy implications can be drawn from the results. The direction of related policy is to attract new agricultural management organizations to rent in farmland, and thus to promote land transfer market and to improve land quality. Simultaneously, improving the level of agricultural mechanization and agricultural production efficiency with higher land transfer levels need to be further valued.
Low land transfer restricts the scale and modernization of agriculture. Based on a sample of 312 households and 1527 plots of 12 typical administrative villages in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in 2017, this study used the ordinary least squares(OLS) and Probit models to explore the impact of cultivated land quality on land transfer behaviors at the scale of plots. The results indicate that:(1) Cultivated land quality has a significant impact on whether a plot is rent out or rent in. Plots with large area, flat slopes, and well-irrigated condition have a higher probability of being rent in, while plots that are small in size and far away from homes have a relatively lower probability of being rent out.(2) Non-agricultural income has a positive effect on rent out behavior of farmer.(3) The older the head of the household, the higher the probability that the farmer will participate in the land transfer. The farmers with lower education have a higher probability of renting in plots. The greater the number of agricultural fixed assets, the more reluctant the farmers are to rent out plots. There is less possibility of renting in plots for the family who has the larger contracted farmland. Some policy implications can be drawn from the results. The direction of related policy is to attract new agricultural management organizations to rent in farmland, and thus to promote land transfer market and to improve land quality. Simultaneously, improving the level of agricultural mechanization and agricultural production efficiency with higher land transfer levels need to be further valued.
引文
[1]苏群,汪霏菲,陈杰.农户分化与土地流转行为[J].资源科学,2016,38(3):377-386.[Su Q,Wang F F,Chen J.Rural-household differentiation and land transfer behavior[J].Resources Science,2016,38(3):377-386.]
[2]中华人民共和国农业农村部.农村改革:激活发展动力源[EB/OL].(2017-03-14)[2018-04-19].http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/lhnyjj2017/nxwhlh/201703/t20170314_5520104.htm.[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.Agriculture Reform:Energizing the Development Engine[EB/OL].(2017-03-14)[2018-04-19].http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/lhnyjj2017/nxwhlh/201703/t20170314_5520104.htm.]
[3]Démurger S,Fournier M,Yang W Y.Rural households decisions towards income diversification:Evidence from a township in Northern China[J].China Economic Review,2010,21(S1):32-44.
[4]聂建亮,钟涨宝.保障功能替代与农民对农地转出的响应[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(1):103-111.[Nie J L,Zhong ZB.Substitution degree of farmland security function and reaction of farmers on the farmland transfer[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(1):103-111.]
[5]李小建,时慧娜.基于农户视角的农区发展研究[J].人文地理,2008,23(1):1-6.[Li X J,Shi H N.Rural development in the less developed region of China:A household perspective[J].Human Geography,2008,23(1):1-6.]
[6]谢文宝,刘佳琪,刘国勇.农户农地流转经营效益及其成因研究:基于新疆179份农户问卷调查[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(2):56-63.[Xie W B,Liu J Q,Liu G Y.Operational benefits of farmland transfer and its causes:Based on 179 households survey data in Xinjiang[J].Journal of China Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(2):56-63.]
[7]陈美球,肖鹤亮,何维佳,等.耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析:基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):369-374.[Chen M Q,Xiao H L,He WJ,et al.An empirical study on factors affecting the households’behavior in cultivated land transfer[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):369-374.]
[8]何威风,阎建忠,周洪.重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(11):1566-1576.[He W F,Yan J Z,Zhou H.Characteristics of farmland transfer-in and determinants in mountainous areas of Chongqing[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(11):1566-1576.]
[9]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素:基于2003-2013年农村固定观察点数据[J].地理学报,2018,73(3):487-502.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J,et al.Regional differences of land circulation in China and its drivers:Based on 2003-2013 rural fixed observation points data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(3):487-502.]
[10]杨昭熙,杨钢桥.农地细碎化对农户农地流转决策的影响研究[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(4):33-42.[Yang Z X,Yang G Q.Study on the impact of farmland fragmentation on the willingness of farmland transfer[J].China Land Science,2017,31(4):33-42.]
[11]黄利民,郭元武,刘成武,等.平原与丘陵地区农户土地流转意愿差异研究:基于765份调查问卷[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(11):358-361.[Huang L M,Guo Y W,Liu C W,et al.Differences of farm households’willingness of land circulation in plain and hilly area:Based on 765 questionnaires[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(11):358-361.]
[12]陈婉露,马友华,杨圣华,等.耕地地力在土地流转中的应用研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2015,(3):59-63.[Chen W L,Ma YH,Yang S H,et al.The research on the application of farmland productivity in land transfer[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2015,(3):59-63.]
[13]许恒周,郭忠兴.农村土地流转影响因素的理论与实证研究:基于农民阶层分化与产权偏好的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):94-98.[Xu H Z,Guo Z X.Theoretic and empirical research on influential factors of rural land transfer based on the perspective of hierarchy differentiation and property rights preference[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(3):94-98.]
[14]杨志海,王雅鹏,麦尔旦·吐尔孙.农户耕地质量保护性投入行为及其影响因素分析:基于兼业分化视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):105-112.[Yang Z H,Wang Y P,Tuersun M.Farm households’input behavior of land conservation and its driving factors:From a perspective of farm household differentiation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(12):105-112.]
[15]徐明岗,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.我国耕地质量状况与提升对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(7):8-14.[Xu M G,Lu C A,Zhang W J,et al.Situation of the quality of arable land in China and improvement strategy[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(7):8-14.]
[16]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰.农业劳动力年龄对土地流转的影响研究:来自CHIP2013的数据[J].资源科学,2017,39(8):1457-1468.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J.The impact of agricultural labor force age on land transfer according to CHIP2013[J].Resources Science,2017,39(8):1457-1468.]
[17]赵丹丹,周宏.农村土地流转对农户耕地质量保护选择行为的影响研究[J].价格理论与实践,2017,(11):54-57.[Zhao D D,Zhou H.Study on the influence of rural land transfer on the behavior of farmers’cultivated land quality protection selection[J].Price:Theory and Practice,2017,(11):54-57.]
[18]何凌云,黄季焜.土地使用权的稳定性与肥料使用:广东省实证研究[J].中国农村观察,2001,(5):42-48.[He L Y,Huang J K.On the stability of land using right and the input of fertilizer:Apositive study in Guangdong Province[J].China Rural Survey,2001,(5):42-48.]
[19]郜亮亮,黄季焜,Scott R,等.中国农地流转市场的发展及其对农户投资的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2011,10(4):1499-1514.[Gao L L,Huang J K,Rozelle S,et al.Emerging rental markets and investment in agricultural land in China[J].China Economic Quarterly,2011,10(4):1499-1514.]
[20]罗华艳.基于农户家庭资源禀赋的灵山县农地流转成因分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(6):205-210.[Luo H Y.Analysis of the causes of rural land transfer in Lingshan County based on household resource endowment[J].China Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(6):205-210.]
[21]纪月清,熊皛白,刘华.土地细碎化与农村劳动力转移研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(8):105-115.[Ji Y Q,Xiong XB,Liu H.Land fragmentation and the transfer of rural labor[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(8):105-115.]
[22]纪月清,胡杨,杨宗耀.单独抑或联合:地块规模与农户土地投资决策[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(6):59-70.[Ji Y Q,Hu Y,Yang Z Y.Separately or jointly:Plot scale and farmer’s land investment decision[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2017,17(6):59-70.]
[23]李琴,李大胜,陈风波.地块特征对农业机械服务利用的影响分析:基于南方五省稻农的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(7):43-52.[Li Q,Li D S,Chen F B.Analysis of the effect of plot characteristics on the utilization of agricultural machinery:Based on the rice plots data of South China[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2017,38(7):43-52.]
[24]Zhang W W,Wang W,Li X W,et al.Economic development and farmland protection:An assessment of rewarded land conversion quotas trading in Zhejiang,China[J].Land Use Policy,2014,38:467-476.
[25]Long H L,Zou J,Pykett J,et al.Analysis of rural transformation development in China since the turn of the new millennium[J].Applied Geography,2011,31(3):1094-1105.
[26]葛霖,高明,胡正峰,等.基于农户视角的山区耕地撂荒原因分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2012,33(4):42-46.[Ge L,Gao M,Hu Z F,et al.Reasons of cultivated land abandonment in mountainous area based on farmers’perspective[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2012,33(4):42-46.]
[27]杜文星,黄贤金.区域农户农地流转意愿差异及其驱动力研究:以上海市、南京市、泰州市、扬州市农户调查为例[J].资源科学,2005,27(6):90-94.[Du W X,Huang X J.Regional difference and influencing factors of farm households’willingness of rural land transmission:A case study of Shanghai,Nanjing,Taizhou and Yangzhou cities in Yangtze-Delta Region[J].Resources Science,2005,27(6):90-94.]
[28]Bently J W.Economic and ecological approaches to land fragmentation:In defense of a much-maligned phenomenon[J].Annual Review of Anthropology,1987,16:31-67.
[2]中华人民共和国农业农村部.农村改革:激活发展动力源[EB/OL].(2017-03-14)[2018-04-19].http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/lhnyjj2017/nxwhlh/201703/t20170314_5520104.htm.[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.Agriculture Reform:Energizing the Development Engine[EB/OL].(2017-03-14)[2018-04-19].http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/lhnyjj2017/nxwhlh/201703/t20170314_5520104.htm.]
[3]Démurger S,Fournier M,Yang W Y.Rural households decisions towards income diversification:Evidence from a township in Northern China[J].China Economic Review,2010,21(S1):32-44.
[4]聂建亮,钟涨宝.保障功能替代与农民对农地转出的响应[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(1):103-111.[Nie J L,Zhong ZB.Substitution degree of farmland security function and reaction of farmers on the farmland transfer[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(1):103-111.]
[5]李小建,时慧娜.基于农户视角的农区发展研究[J].人文地理,2008,23(1):1-6.[Li X J,Shi H N.Rural development in the less developed region of China:A household perspective[J].Human Geography,2008,23(1):1-6.]
[6]谢文宝,刘佳琪,刘国勇.农户农地流转经营效益及其成因研究:基于新疆179份农户问卷调查[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(2):56-63.[Xie W B,Liu J Q,Liu G Y.Operational benefits of farmland transfer and its causes:Based on 179 households survey data in Xinjiang[J].Journal of China Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(2):56-63.]
[7]陈美球,肖鹤亮,何维佳,等.耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析:基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):369-374.[Chen M Q,Xiao H L,He WJ,et al.An empirical study on factors affecting the households’behavior in cultivated land transfer[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):369-374.]
[8]何威风,阎建忠,周洪.重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(11):1566-1576.[He W F,Yan J Z,Zhou H.Characteristics of farmland transfer-in and determinants in mountainous areas of Chongqing[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(11):1566-1576.]
[9]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素:基于2003-2013年农村固定观察点数据[J].地理学报,2018,73(3):487-502.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J,et al.Regional differences of land circulation in China and its drivers:Based on 2003-2013 rural fixed observation points data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(3):487-502.]
[10]杨昭熙,杨钢桥.农地细碎化对农户农地流转决策的影响研究[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(4):33-42.[Yang Z X,Yang G Q.Study on the impact of farmland fragmentation on the willingness of farmland transfer[J].China Land Science,2017,31(4):33-42.]
[11]黄利民,郭元武,刘成武,等.平原与丘陵地区农户土地流转意愿差异研究:基于765份调查问卷[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(11):358-361.[Huang L M,Guo Y W,Liu C W,et al.Differences of farm households’willingness of land circulation in plain and hilly area:Based on 765 questionnaires[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(11):358-361.]
[12]陈婉露,马友华,杨圣华,等.耕地地力在土地流转中的应用研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2015,(3):59-63.[Chen W L,Ma YH,Yang S H,et al.The research on the application of farmland productivity in land transfer[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2015,(3):59-63.]
[13]许恒周,郭忠兴.农村土地流转影响因素的理论与实证研究:基于农民阶层分化与产权偏好的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):94-98.[Xu H Z,Guo Z X.Theoretic and empirical research on influential factors of rural land transfer based on the perspective of hierarchy differentiation and property rights preference[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(3):94-98.]
[14]杨志海,王雅鹏,麦尔旦·吐尔孙.农户耕地质量保护性投入行为及其影响因素分析:基于兼业分化视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):105-112.[Yang Z H,Wang Y P,Tuersun M.Farm households’input behavior of land conservation and its driving factors:From a perspective of farm household differentiation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(12):105-112.]
[15]徐明岗,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.我国耕地质量状况与提升对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(7):8-14.[Xu M G,Lu C A,Zhang W J,et al.Situation of the quality of arable land in China and improvement strategy[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(7):8-14.]
[16]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰.农业劳动力年龄对土地流转的影响研究:来自CHIP2013的数据[J].资源科学,2017,39(8):1457-1468.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J.The impact of agricultural labor force age on land transfer according to CHIP2013[J].Resources Science,2017,39(8):1457-1468.]
[17]赵丹丹,周宏.农村土地流转对农户耕地质量保护选择行为的影响研究[J].价格理论与实践,2017,(11):54-57.[Zhao D D,Zhou H.Study on the influence of rural land transfer on the behavior of farmers’cultivated land quality protection selection[J].Price:Theory and Practice,2017,(11):54-57.]
[18]何凌云,黄季焜.土地使用权的稳定性与肥料使用:广东省实证研究[J].中国农村观察,2001,(5):42-48.[He L Y,Huang J K.On the stability of land using right and the input of fertilizer:Apositive study in Guangdong Province[J].China Rural Survey,2001,(5):42-48.]
[19]郜亮亮,黄季焜,Scott R,等.中国农地流转市场的发展及其对农户投资的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2011,10(4):1499-1514.[Gao L L,Huang J K,Rozelle S,et al.Emerging rental markets and investment in agricultural land in China[J].China Economic Quarterly,2011,10(4):1499-1514.]
[20]罗华艳.基于农户家庭资源禀赋的灵山县农地流转成因分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(6):205-210.[Luo H Y.Analysis of the causes of rural land transfer in Lingshan County based on household resource endowment[J].China Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(6):205-210.]
[21]纪月清,熊皛白,刘华.土地细碎化与农村劳动力转移研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(8):105-115.[Ji Y Q,Xiong XB,Liu H.Land fragmentation and the transfer of rural labor[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(8):105-115.]
[22]纪月清,胡杨,杨宗耀.单独抑或联合:地块规模与农户土地投资决策[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(6):59-70.[Ji Y Q,Hu Y,Yang Z Y.Separately or jointly:Plot scale and farmer’s land investment decision[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2017,17(6):59-70.]
[23]李琴,李大胜,陈风波.地块特征对农业机械服务利用的影响分析:基于南方五省稻农的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(7):43-52.[Li Q,Li D S,Chen F B.Analysis of the effect of plot characteristics on the utilization of agricultural machinery:Based on the rice plots data of South China[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2017,38(7):43-52.]
[24]Zhang W W,Wang W,Li X W,et al.Economic development and farmland protection:An assessment of rewarded land conversion quotas trading in Zhejiang,China[J].Land Use Policy,2014,38:467-476.
[25]Long H L,Zou J,Pykett J,et al.Analysis of rural transformation development in China since the turn of the new millennium[J].Applied Geography,2011,31(3):1094-1105.
[26]葛霖,高明,胡正峰,等.基于农户视角的山区耕地撂荒原因分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2012,33(4):42-46.[Ge L,Gao M,Hu Z F,et al.Reasons of cultivated land abandonment in mountainous area based on farmers’perspective[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2012,33(4):42-46.]
[27]杜文星,黄贤金.区域农户农地流转意愿差异及其驱动力研究:以上海市、南京市、泰州市、扬州市农户调查为例[J].资源科学,2005,27(6):90-94.[Du W X,Huang X J.Regional difference and influencing factors of farm households’willingness of rural land transmission:A case study of Shanghai,Nanjing,Taizhou and Yangzhou cities in Yangtze-Delta Region[J].Resources Science,2005,27(6):90-94.]
[28]Bently J W.Economic and ecological approaches to land fragmentation:In defense of a much-maligned phenomenon[J].Annual Review of Anthropology,1987,16:31-67.