深圳市福田区三维城市景观格局变化特征
|
摘要
城市景观是景观变化最快的类型之一,建成景观与绿地景观格局和功能的相互影响及空间配置是城市景观优化的核心。在紧凑型城市快速发展过程中,城市垂直方向增长成为主要扩展方式。如何定量分析三维城市景观格局变化,为城市景观优化提供科学依据还有待深入。选取深圳市福田区,以高分辨率遥感数据和建筑普查数据为基础,运用景观格局指数和景观连通性等方法定量分析建筑景观和绿地景观变化及空间影响。研究结果表明:(1)2003—2016年,福田区建筑景观主要表现为垂直向的立体扩展模式,新增建筑主要为高层和超高层建筑,建筑平均高度增加6.53 m,立体空间体积增加135.58×10~6 m~3,建筑密度仅增加2.42%,建筑景观高度差异逐渐增大,呈现出明显的三维空间异质性。(2)2003—2016年,建筑景观格局由"阶梯式"转变为"金字塔"形,受益于建筑景观的垂向增长,建成景观与绿地景观比例由1.20∶1调整为0.99∶1,建成景观减少4.03 km~2,绿地景观增加2.80 km~2。(3)建成景观的三维立体化释放了绿地景观用地空间,同时也限制了绿地景观的外部连通性,绿地景观连通性较低,大型绿地斑块间缺乏廊道连通,呈现孤岛化。研究可为城市景观空间优化和国土规划等实践提供科学依据。
Landscape changes associated with rapid urbanization are one of the most dramatic forms of land transformation. It is essential to quantify landscape patterns and their changes for urban landscape management policy-making. In the compact city, the growth of building height is the main form of landscape expansion. How to quantify the three-dimensional(3 D) landscape patterns and their changes has become a hot topic in landscape pattern analysis, which is vital to understanding ecological consequences of urbanization and the interaction between architectural landscape and green infrastructure landscape. However, further research is needed to improve 3 D landscape pattern quantitative analysis in comparison to previous studies that mainly focused on urban horizontal expansion. The focus of this paper is the vertical and horizontal urban landscape changes based on high-resolution remote sensing images and building census data by employing 3 D landscape metrics and the landscape connectivity index to quantify the rapid landscape pattern changes in the Futian District, Shenzhen City. The results showed that(1) vertical growth was the main expanded feature of architectural landscape from 2003 to 2016. The high-rise buildings(27—99 m) and super high-rise buildings(over 100 m) dominate architectural landscape in Futian. These changes resulted in an increase of 6.53 m in the average building height and an increase of 135.58 × 10~(6 )m~3 in building volume. However, it only increased the building coverage ratio by 2.42%, which indicated typical three-dimensional spatial heterogeneity in Futian.(2) The architectural landscape pattern turned from the "Stepped" style into the "Pyramid" style. Because of the vertical expansion of the architectural landscape, the proportion of built-up landscape and green landscape changed from 1.20∶1 to 0.99∶1, which resulted in a decrease of 4.03 km~2 of built-up landscape and an increase of 2.80 km~2 green landscape.(3) The transformation of landscape type and its spatial influence showed that the three-dimensional transformation of the built-up landscape released the space for green landscape, but also restricted the external connectivity of the green landscape, which led to the Central Business District(CBD) having low-level landscape connectivity. The green landscape patches are isolated by high architectural landscape. There are inadequate corridors to connect green patches. Our results provide a scientific basis for urban landscape optimization and land use policy-making.
Landscape changes associated with rapid urbanization are one of the most dramatic forms of land transformation. It is essential to quantify landscape patterns and their changes for urban landscape management policy-making. In the compact city, the growth of building height is the main form of landscape expansion. How to quantify the three-dimensional(3 D) landscape patterns and their changes has become a hot topic in landscape pattern analysis, which is vital to understanding ecological consequences of urbanization and the interaction between architectural landscape and green infrastructure landscape. However, further research is needed to improve 3 D landscape pattern quantitative analysis in comparison to previous studies that mainly focused on urban horizontal expansion. The focus of this paper is the vertical and horizontal urban landscape changes based on high-resolution remote sensing images and building census data by employing 3 D landscape metrics and the landscape connectivity index to quantify the rapid landscape pattern changes in the Futian District, Shenzhen City. The results showed that(1) vertical growth was the main expanded feature of architectural landscape from 2003 to 2016. The high-rise buildings(27—99 m) and super high-rise buildings(over 100 m) dominate architectural landscape in Futian. These changes resulted in an increase of 6.53 m in the average building height and an increase of 135.58 × 10~(6 )m~3 in building volume. However, it only increased the building coverage ratio by 2.42%, which indicated typical three-dimensional spatial heterogeneity in Futian.(2) The architectural landscape pattern turned from the "Stepped" style into the "Pyramid" style. Because of the vertical expansion of the architectural landscape, the proportion of built-up landscape and green landscape changed from 1.20∶1 to 0.99∶1, which resulted in a decrease of 4.03 km~2 of built-up landscape and an increase of 2.80 km~2 green landscape.(3) The transformation of landscape type and its spatial influence showed that the three-dimensional transformation of the built-up landscape released the space for green landscape, but also restricted the external connectivity of the green landscape, which led to the Central Business District(CBD) having low-level landscape connectivity. The green landscape patches are isolated by high architectural landscape. There are inadequate corridors to connect green patches. Our results provide a scientific basis for urban landscape optimization and land use policy-making.
引文
[1] Wu J G,Hobbs R J.Key Topics in Landscape Ecology.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[2] Shen W J,Jenerette G D,Wu J G,Gardner R H.Evaluating empirical scaling relations of pattern metrics with simulated landscapes.Ecography,2004,27(4):459-469.
[3] 陈利顶,孙然好,刘海莲.城市景观格局演变的生态环境效应研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(4):1042-1050.
[4] 宫继萍,胡远满,刘淼,常禹,布仁仓,熊在平,李春林.城市景观三维扩展及其大气环境效应综述.生态学杂志,2015,34(2):562-570.
[5] 张小飞,王仰麟,李正国,李卫锋,叶敏婷.三维城市景观生态研究.生态学报,2007,27(7):2972-2982.
[6] Chen Z Y,Xu B.Enhancing urban landscape configurations by integrating 3D landscape pattern analysis with people′s landscape preferences.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(12):1018.
[7] Wu Q,Guo F X,Li H Q,Kang J Y.Measuring landscape pattern in three dimensional space.Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,167:49-59.
[8] Zheng Z,Zhou W Q,Wang J,Hu X F,Qian Y G.Sixty-year changes in residential landscapes in Beijing:a perspective from both the horizontal (2D) and vertical (3D) dimensions.Remote Sensing,2017,9(10):992.
[9] Shi L Y,Shao G F,Cui S H,Li X Q,Lin T,Yin K,Zhao J Z.Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces——A case study of Shanghai,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2009,19(4):291-298.
[10] 郭仁忠,应申.三维地籍形态分析与数据表达.中国土地科学,2010,24(12):45-51.
[11] 杨俊,国安东,席建超,葛全胜,李雪铭.城市三维景观格局时空分异特征研究——以大连市中山区为例.地理学报,2017,72(4):646-656.
[12] 卓莉,黄信锐,王芳,陶海燕,郑璟.基于高空间分辨率与立体像对遥感数据的建筑物三维信息提取.遥感技术与应用,2013,28(6):1062-1068.
[13] 张培峰,胡远满,熊在平,刘淼.基于QuickBird的城市建筑景观格局梯度分析.生态学报,2011,31(23):7251-7260.
[14] Qin J,Fang C L,Wang Y,Li G D,Wang S J.Evaluation of three-dimensional urban expansion:a case study of Yangzhou City,Jiangsu Province,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(2):224-236.
[15] Magarotto M G,da Costa M F,Tenedório J A,Silva C P.Vertical growth in a coastal city:an analysis of Boa Viagem (Recife,Brazil).Journal of Coastal Conservation,2016,20(1):31-42.
[16] Awrangjeb M,Ravanbakhsh M,Fraser C S.Automatic detection of residential buildings using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2010,65(5):457-467.
[17] 阚晓云,孙景振.LiDAR及倾斜摄影技术在数字实景城市模型中的应用.测绘地理信息,2014,39(3):43-46.
[18] 彭代锋,张永军,熊小东.结合LIDAR点云和航空影像的建筑物三维变化检测.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2015,40(4):462-468.
[19] 文小岳,王振兴,周文斌,孙国庆.三维地籍数据模型及可视化研究进展.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2010,35(12):1500-1503,1507-1507.
[20] Dubayah R O,Drake J B.Lidar remote sensing for forestry.Journal of Forestry,2000,98(6):44-46.
[21] 马廷.高分辨率卫星影像及其信息处理的技术模型.遥感信息,2001,(3):6-10.
[22] Chen Z Y,Xu B,Gao B B.An Image-segmentation-based urban DTM generation method using airborne lidar data.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2016,9(1):496-506.
[23] Chen Z Y,Xu B,Devereux B.Urban landscape pattern analysis based on 3D landscape models.Applied Geography,2014,55:82-91.
[24] 乔伟峰,刘彦随,王亚华,陆昱颖.2000年以来南京城市三维空间扩展特征.地理研究,2015,34(4):666-676.
[25] 叶娟娟,杨昕,熊礼阳,严艳梓,王婷婷.南京市老城区城市建筑点格局研究.地球信息科学学报,2015,17(11):1404-1411.
[26] 徐岩岩,刘淼,胡远满,李春林,熊在平.沈阳市铁西老工业区更新过程中建筑景观变化.生态学杂志,2017,36(2):499-507.
[27] 陈利顶,刘洋,吕一河,冯晓明,傅伯杰.景观生态学中的格局分析:现状、困境与未来.生态学报,2008,28(11):5521-5531.
[28] Clergeau P,Croci S,Jokim?ki J,Kaisanlahti-Jokim?ki M L,Dinetti M.Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation:analysis at different European latitudes.Biological Conservation,2006,127(3):336-344.
[29] 王咏薇,伍见军,杜钦,高阳华.不同城市冠层参数化方案对重庆高密度建筑物环境的数值模拟研究.气象学报,2013,71(6):1130-1145.
[30] Tran D X,Pla F,Latorre-Carmona P,Myint S W,Caetano M,Kieu H V.Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2017,124:119-132.
[31] 王琳,祝亚鹏,卫宝立.城市热岛效应与景观格局相关性研究.环境科学与管理,2017,42(11):156-160.
[32] Zhou D C,Bonafoni S,Zhang L X,Wang R H.Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect in a highly populated urban agglomeration area in East China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,628-629:415-429.
[33] Xu X,Xie Y J,Qi K,Luo Z K,Wang X R.Detecting the response of bird communities and biodiversity to habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization.Science of the Total Environment,2018,624:1561-1576.
[34] 中华人民共和国国务院.关于调整城市规模划分标准的通知,2014.
[35] 胡荣明,魏曼,杨成斌,贺俊斌.以SPOT5遥感数据为例比较基于像素与面向对象的分类方法.遥感技术与应用,2012,27(3):366-371.
[36] 常虹,詹福雷,杨国东,牛雪峰,张旭请,邵鹏,唐天琦.面向对象的高分遥感影像信息提取技术研究.测绘通报,2015,(1):99-101.
[37] 王冰冰,杨鹤松,王军锋,徐成华.基于高分遥感影像的城市用地现状信息提取.测绘与空间地理信息,2015,38(4):61-63.
[38] 中华人民共和国建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50352-2005 民用建筑设计通则.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[39] 张培峰,胡远满.不同空间尺度三维建筑景观变化.生态学杂志,2013,32(5):1319-1325.
[40] 陈探,刘淼,胡远满,常雄凯,李春林,徐岩岩,施拓.沈阳城市三维景观空间格局分异特征.生态学杂志,2015,34(9):2621-2627.
[41] 李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,胡远满,问青春,王绪高,徐崇刚,李月辉,贺红仕.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[42] 赵明月,彭建,刘焱序,张甜.基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例.应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3803-3810.
[43] 佟光臣,林杰,陈杭,顾哲衍,唐鹏,张金池.1986—2013年南京市土地利用/覆被景观格局时空变化及驱动力因素分析.水土保持研究,2017,24(2):240-245.
[44] 熊春妮,魏虹,兰明娟.重庆市都市区绿地景观的连通性.生态学报,2008,28(5):2237-2244.
[45] Pascual-Hortal L,Saura S.Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices:towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation.Landscape Ecology,2006,21(7):959-967.
[46] Saura S,Pascual-Hortal L.A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning:comparison with existing indices and application to a case study.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,83(2/3):91-103.
[47] 吴健生,刘洪萌,黄秀兰,冯喆.深圳市生态用地景观连通性动态评价.应用生态学报,2012,23(9):2543-2549.
[48] Ao Z R,Su Y J,Li W K,Guo Q H,Zhang J.One-class classification of Airborne LiDAR data in urban areas using a presence and background learning algorithm.Remote Sensing,2017,9(10):1001.
[49] Li X J,Ratti C.Mapping the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston using Google Street View panoramas.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,2018,31:109-119.
[2] Shen W J,Jenerette G D,Wu J G,Gardner R H.Evaluating empirical scaling relations of pattern metrics with simulated landscapes.Ecography,2004,27(4):459-469.
[3] 陈利顶,孙然好,刘海莲.城市景观格局演变的生态环境效应研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(4):1042-1050.
[4] 宫继萍,胡远满,刘淼,常禹,布仁仓,熊在平,李春林.城市景观三维扩展及其大气环境效应综述.生态学杂志,2015,34(2):562-570.
[5] 张小飞,王仰麟,李正国,李卫锋,叶敏婷.三维城市景观生态研究.生态学报,2007,27(7):2972-2982.
[6] Chen Z Y,Xu B.Enhancing urban landscape configurations by integrating 3D landscape pattern analysis with people′s landscape preferences.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(12):1018.
[7] Wu Q,Guo F X,Li H Q,Kang J Y.Measuring landscape pattern in three dimensional space.Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,167:49-59.
[8] Zheng Z,Zhou W Q,Wang J,Hu X F,Qian Y G.Sixty-year changes in residential landscapes in Beijing:a perspective from both the horizontal (2D) and vertical (3D) dimensions.Remote Sensing,2017,9(10):992.
[9] Shi L Y,Shao G F,Cui S H,Li X Q,Lin T,Yin K,Zhao J Z.Urban three-dimensional expansion and its driving forces——A case study of Shanghai,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2009,19(4):291-298.
[10] 郭仁忠,应申.三维地籍形态分析与数据表达.中国土地科学,2010,24(12):45-51.
[11] 杨俊,国安东,席建超,葛全胜,李雪铭.城市三维景观格局时空分异特征研究——以大连市中山区为例.地理学报,2017,72(4):646-656.
[12] 卓莉,黄信锐,王芳,陶海燕,郑璟.基于高空间分辨率与立体像对遥感数据的建筑物三维信息提取.遥感技术与应用,2013,28(6):1062-1068.
[13] 张培峰,胡远满,熊在平,刘淼.基于QuickBird的城市建筑景观格局梯度分析.生态学报,2011,31(23):7251-7260.
[14] Qin J,Fang C L,Wang Y,Li G D,Wang S J.Evaluation of three-dimensional urban expansion:a case study of Yangzhou City,Jiangsu Province,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(2):224-236.
[15] Magarotto M G,da Costa M F,Tenedório J A,Silva C P.Vertical growth in a coastal city:an analysis of Boa Viagem (Recife,Brazil).Journal of Coastal Conservation,2016,20(1):31-42.
[16] Awrangjeb M,Ravanbakhsh M,Fraser C S.Automatic detection of residential buildings using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2010,65(5):457-467.
[17] 阚晓云,孙景振.LiDAR及倾斜摄影技术在数字实景城市模型中的应用.测绘地理信息,2014,39(3):43-46.
[18] 彭代锋,张永军,熊小东.结合LIDAR点云和航空影像的建筑物三维变化检测.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2015,40(4):462-468.
[19] 文小岳,王振兴,周文斌,孙国庆.三维地籍数据模型及可视化研究进展.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2010,35(12):1500-1503,1507-1507.
[20] Dubayah R O,Drake J B.Lidar remote sensing for forestry.Journal of Forestry,2000,98(6):44-46.
[21] 马廷.高分辨率卫星影像及其信息处理的技术模型.遥感信息,2001,(3):6-10.
[22] Chen Z Y,Xu B,Gao B B.An Image-segmentation-based urban DTM generation method using airborne lidar data.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2016,9(1):496-506.
[23] Chen Z Y,Xu B,Devereux B.Urban landscape pattern analysis based on 3D landscape models.Applied Geography,2014,55:82-91.
[24] 乔伟峰,刘彦随,王亚华,陆昱颖.2000年以来南京城市三维空间扩展特征.地理研究,2015,34(4):666-676.
[25] 叶娟娟,杨昕,熊礼阳,严艳梓,王婷婷.南京市老城区城市建筑点格局研究.地球信息科学学报,2015,17(11):1404-1411.
[26] 徐岩岩,刘淼,胡远满,李春林,熊在平.沈阳市铁西老工业区更新过程中建筑景观变化.生态学杂志,2017,36(2):499-507.
[27] 陈利顶,刘洋,吕一河,冯晓明,傅伯杰.景观生态学中的格局分析:现状、困境与未来.生态学报,2008,28(11):5521-5531.
[28] Clergeau P,Croci S,Jokim?ki J,Kaisanlahti-Jokim?ki M L,Dinetti M.Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation:analysis at different European latitudes.Biological Conservation,2006,127(3):336-344.
[29] 王咏薇,伍见军,杜钦,高阳华.不同城市冠层参数化方案对重庆高密度建筑物环境的数值模拟研究.气象学报,2013,71(6):1130-1145.
[30] Tran D X,Pla F,Latorre-Carmona P,Myint S W,Caetano M,Kieu H V.Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2017,124:119-132.
[31] 王琳,祝亚鹏,卫宝立.城市热岛效应与景观格局相关性研究.环境科学与管理,2017,42(11):156-160.
[32] Zhou D C,Bonafoni S,Zhang L X,Wang R H.Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect in a highly populated urban agglomeration area in East China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,628-629:415-429.
[33] Xu X,Xie Y J,Qi K,Luo Z K,Wang X R.Detecting the response of bird communities and biodiversity to habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization.Science of the Total Environment,2018,624:1561-1576.
[34] 中华人民共和国国务院.关于调整城市规模划分标准的通知,2014.
[35] 胡荣明,魏曼,杨成斌,贺俊斌.以SPOT5遥感数据为例比较基于像素与面向对象的分类方法.遥感技术与应用,2012,27(3):366-371.
[36] 常虹,詹福雷,杨国东,牛雪峰,张旭请,邵鹏,唐天琦.面向对象的高分遥感影像信息提取技术研究.测绘通报,2015,(1):99-101.
[37] 王冰冰,杨鹤松,王军锋,徐成华.基于高分遥感影像的城市用地现状信息提取.测绘与空间地理信息,2015,38(4):61-63.
[38] 中华人民共和国建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 50352-2005 民用建筑设计通则.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[39] 张培峰,胡远满.不同空间尺度三维建筑景观变化.生态学杂志,2013,32(5):1319-1325.
[40] 陈探,刘淼,胡远满,常雄凯,李春林,徐岩岩,施拓.沈阳城市三维景观空间格局分异特征.生态学杂志,2015,34(9):2621-2627.
[41] 李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,胡远满,问青春,王绪高,徐崇刚,李月辉,贺红仕.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应.生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[42] 赵明月,彭建,刘焱序,张甜.基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例.应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3803-3810.
[43] 佟光臣,林杰,陈杭,顾哲衍,唐鹏,张金池.1986—2013年南京市土地利用/覆被景观格局时空变化及驱动力因素分析.水土保持研究,2017,24(2):240-245.
[44] 熊春妮,魏虹,兰明娟.重庆市都市区绿地景观的连通性.生态学报,2008,28(5):2237-2244.
[45] Pascual-Hortal L,Saura S.Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices:towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation.Landscape Ecology,2006,21(7):959-967.
[46] Saura S,Pascual-Hortal L.A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning:comparison with existing indices and application to a case study.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,83(2/3):91-103.
[47] 吴健生,刘洪萌,黄秀兰,冯喆.深圳市生态用地景观连通性动态评价.应用生态学报,2012,23(9):2543-2549.
[48] Ao Z R,Su Y J,Li W K,Guo Q H,Zhang J.One-class classification of Airborne LiDAR data in urban areas using a presence and background learning algorithm.Remote Sensing,2017,9(10):1001.
[49] Li X J,Ratti C.Mapping the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston using Google Street View panoramas.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,2018,31:109-119.