基于地理设计的城市扩张与生态安全格局的协调优化研究——以天津滨海新区为例
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摘要
在快速城市化进程中,随着城市扩张规模的不断增大以及城市建设的强度、速度不断提高,如何寻找和应用新的规划方法论,以解决由此导致的环境、生态、社会、文化等综合问题已成为学术热点话题。本研究将天津市滨海新区作为研究对象,基于地理设计的方法论,对研究区生态安全格局底线运用GIS和大数据技术进行综合分析,而后对内生发展情景、外生发展情景、历史外推情景三种城市扩张典型情景的影响进行分析,最终得出优化城市扩张模式的合理途径。研究结果表明:城市发展过程与生态安全格局在各自相异的扩张情境下,矛盾较深,差别较大;以历史惯性模式的优势驱动力的空间特征效应为基础,依靠外生发展模式的驱动力空间效应,使得因城市集聚带来的生态安全问题得以分散缓解;可从城市空间结构的优化,绿带、交通、工业等要素的布局调整以及城市增长边界的划定与管制等方面着力城市扩张模式的优化。本研究期望能为城市合理扩张提供规划方法实践,为促进城市生态修复,以及城市修补的理论与实践提供新的基础研究参考。
With the deepening of reform and opening up, China's urbanization process is also further accelerated, with a large number of people moving from the countryside into the city, which leads to the rapid increase in the size of the urban population, the scale of urban land expansion and the speed of expansion. The rapid expansion of urban scale has brought a series of urban ecological problems, such as the sharp reduction of urban resources, the breakdown of ecological environment, the threat to the survival of animals and plants, and the rapid deterioration of human settlements. These problems have posed a great threat to urban human settlements. In this context of urban development, this study takes Tianjin Binhai New Area as the research object. Based on the methodology of geographic design, the bottom line of ecological security pattern of the study area is comprehensively analyzed by using GIS and big data technology. Then, the impact of three typical urban expansion scenarios, namely,endogenous development scenario, exogenous development scenario and historical extrapolation scenario, is analyzed. Finally, the optimal city is obtained. The reasonable way of city expansion mode. Based on the ArcGIS software and the improved logistic-CA model, four single-factor security patterns of water ecology security, atmospheric security, biological protection security and historical and cultural security in Tianjin Binhai New Area are calculated respectively by using GIS technology, and the four single-factor security patterns are synthetically superposed and calculated. The advantages and disadvantages of urban expansion under three typical scenarios of push endogenous development and exogenous development are discussed. Finally,the optimal ways of urban expansion are put forward. The results show that the process of urban expansion and the pattern of ecological security are different in three different modes: historical extrapolation, endogenous development and exogenous development. Under the historical extrapolation scenario, the construction land expands along the main traffic routes in the form of "spreading big cakes". The construction land of cities and towns and streets is exploited successively, which weakens the ecological service function. Part of urban agglomeration is located around rivers and lakes with low ecological security pattern, which affects the hydrodynamic and water ecological security, weakens the normal land erosion, aggravates the salinization of soil, affects the migration of organisms and the protection of biodiversity, and is prone to air pollution, which poses a greater threat to the ecological security of cities; under the endogenous development model, through internal mechanisms,the operation of urban development relies heavily on the old urban areas, so the construction land in the north-central region is still developing in succession. While the main urban area is being constructed with high density, the patches of green space and natural ecological environment have become very limited, and the seriously dispersed patches have a negative impact on the spatial pattern of urban landscape. Under this mode, the lowsecurity ecological pattern areas mostly form agglomeration cities, which have adverse effects on water, atmosphere and biodiversity, and reduce the ecological service function. Under the exogenous development mode, cities mainly rely on regional transportation facilities, etc. In the process of expansion, the ecological function is maintained well, which can effectively prevent the disorderly spread of big cake stalls in old urban areas,urban construction land and ecological services. There is a good buffer and transition between the protected areas, and the ecological land is well protected. However, cities in different regions are weak in connection with each other and need strong traffic connections. Under this model, urban expansion areas are mostly located in a higher security pattern, with less damage to the ecological environment and the smallest threat to ecological security. In urban planning and construction, we can make full use of the characteristics of historical inertia expansion mode to give full play to its advantages, rely on exogenous development mode to disperse the ecological security problems brought by urban agglomeration, effectively alleviate the contradiction between urban expansion and ecological security, and optimize the mode of urban expansion, from structural optimization, traffic guidance, construction of permanent ecological green space industry. We should focus on optimization and delimitation of urban growth boundaries.Reasonable control and planning of urban construction can be achieved by optimizing urban spatial structure, reasonable guidance of traffic,construction of permanent ecological green space, strict delimitation and supervision of three zones, guidance of industrial migration, delimitation of urban growth boundary and other specific measures. This study makes a detailed analysis of the development modes in different situations of cities in order to provide some references for the rational planning and construction of similar cities, and provide new methodological practice for promoting the coordinated development of cities and ecology and building ecological cities.
With the deepening of reform and opening up, China's urbanization process is also further accelerated, with a large number of people moving from the countryside into the city, which leads to the rapid increase in the size of the urban population, the scale of urban land expansion and the speed of expansion. The rapid expansion of urban scale has brought a series of urban ecological problems, such as the sharp reduction of urban resources, the breakdown of ecological environment, the threat to the survival of animals and plants, and the rapid deterioration of human settlements. These problems have posed a great threat to urban human settlements. In this context of urban development, this study takes Tianjin Binhai New Area as the research object. Based on the methodology of geographic design, the bottom line of ecological security pattern of the study area is comprehensively analyzed by using GIS and big data technology. Then, the impact of three typical urban expansion scenarios, namely,endogenous development scenario, exogenous development scenario and historical extrapolation scenario, is analyzed. Finally, the optimal city is obtained. The reasonable way of city expansion mode. Based on the ArcGIS software and the improved logistic-CA model, four single-factor security patterns of water ecology security, atmospheric security, biological protection security and historical and cultural security in Tianjin Binhai New Area are calculated respectively by using GIS technology, and the four single-factor security patterns are synthetically superposed and calculated. The advantages and disadvantages of urban expansion under three typical scenarios of push endogenous development and exogenous development are discussed. Finally,the optimal ways of urban expansion are put forward. The results show that the process of urban expansion and the pattern of ecological security are different in three different modes: historical extrapolation, endogenous development and exogenous development. Under the historical extrapolation scenario, the construction land expands along the main traffic routes in the form of "spreading big cakes". The construction land of cities and towns and streets is exploited successively, which weakens the ecological service function. Part of urban agglomeration is located around rivers and lakes with low ecological security pattern, which affects the hydrodynamic and water ecological security, weakens the normal land erosion, aggravates the salinization of soil, affects the migration of organisms and the protection of biodiversity, and is prone to air pollution, which poses a greater threat to the ecological security of cities; under the endogenous development model, through internal mechanisms,the operation of urban development relies heavily on the old urban areas, so the construction land in the north-central region is still developing in succession. While the main urban area is being constructed with high density, the patches of green space and natural ecological environment have become very limited, and the seriously dispersed patches have a negative impact on the spatial pattern of urban landscape. Under this mode, the lowsecurity ecological pattern areas mostly form agglomeration cities, which have adverse effects on water, atmosphere and biodiversity, and reduce the ecological service function. Under the exogenous development mode, cities mainly rely on regional transportation facilities, etc. In the process of expansion, the ecological function is maintained well, which can effectively prevent the disorderly spread of big cake stalls in old urban areas,urban construction land and ecological services. There is a good buffer and transition between the protected areas, and the ecological land is well protected. However, cities in different regions are weak in connection with each other and need strong traffic connections. Under this model, urban expansion areas are mostly located in a higher security pattern, with less damage to the ecological environment and the smallest threat to ecological security. In urban planning and construction, we can make full use of the characteristics of historical inertia expansion mode to give full play to its advantages, rely on exogenous development mode to disperse the ecological security problems brought by urban agglomeration, effectively alleviate the contradiction between urban expansion and ecological security, and optimize the mode of urban expansion, from structural optimization, traffic guidance, construction of permanent ecological green space industry. We should focus on optimization and delimitation of urban growth boundaries.Reasonable control and planning of urban construction can be achieved by optimizing urban spatial structure, reasonable guidance of traffic,construction of permanent ecological green space, strict delimitation and supervision of three zones, guidance of industrial migration, delimitation of urban growth boundary and other specific measures. This study makes a detailed analysis of the development modes in different situations of cities in order to provide some references for the rational planning and construction of similar cities, and provide new methodological practice for promoting the coordinated development of cities and ecology and building ecological cities.
引文
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[5]邱玲.生态单元制图在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究[J].南方建筑,2016(4):47-49.QIU L.Study of Biotope Mapping in Urban Biodiversity Conservation[J].South Architecture,2016(4):47-49.
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[16]苏泳娴,张虹鸥,陈修治,等.佛山市高明区生态安全格局和建设用地扩展预案[J].生态学报,2013,33(5):1524-1534.SU Y X,ZHANG H O,CHEN X Z,et al.The Ecological Security Patterns and Construction Land Expansion Simulation in Gaoming[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):1524-1534.
[17]方创琳.改革开放30年来中国的城市化与城镇发展[J].经济地理,2009,29(1):19-25.FANG C L.The Urbanization and Urban Development in China after The Reform and Opening-Up[J].Economic Geography,2009,29(1):19-25.
[18]王少华.郑州沿黄旅游区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应评价研究[D].开封:河南大学,2016.WANG S H.Study on Land UseChanges And Itsecological Effects of Tourism Area Along The Yellow River on Zhengzhou[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2016.
[19]MANJU M,YUKIHIRO K,GURJAR B,et al. Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effect for Different Land UseLand Cover from Micrometeorological Measurements and Remote Sensing Data for Megacity Delhi[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2013,112(5):647-658.
[20]YUSUF Y A,PRADHAN B,IDREES M O.Spatio-temporal Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effects in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan City Using Landsat Images[J].Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,2014,42(4):829-837.
[21]杨瑛,李同昇,冯小杰.西安都市圈居住空间扩展时空分析[J].地域研究与开发,2016,35(3):51-57.YANG Y,Li T S,Feng X J.Spatialtemporal Analysis of Residential Space in Xi'an Metropolis[J].Areal Research and Development,2016,35(3):51-57.
[2]蒋桂娟,徐天蜀.景观安全格局研究综述[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2008(4):89-91.JIANG G J,XU T S.Summary of Studies on Landscape Security Pattern[J].Inner Mongolia Forestry Investigation and Design,2008(4):89-91.
[3]文博,刘友兆,夏敏.基于景观安全格局的农村居民点用地布局优化[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):181-191.WEN B,LIU Y Z,XIA M.Layout Optimization of Rural Residential Land Based on Theory of Landscape Security Pattern[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(8):181-191.
[4]王马世发,艾彬.基于地理模型与优化的城市扩张与生态保护二元空间协调优化[J].生态学报,2015,35(17):5874-5883.WANG M S F,AI B.Coupling Geographical Simulation and Spatial Optimization For Harmonious Pattern Analysis by Considering Urban Sprawling and Ecological Conservation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(17):5874-5883.
[5]邱玲.生态单元制图在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究[J].南方建筑,2016(4):47-49.QIU L.Study of Biotope Mapping in Urban Biodiversity Conservation[J].South Architecture,2016(4):47-49.
[6]史同广,郑国强,王智勇,等.中国土地适宜性评价研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(2):106-115.SHI T G,ZHENG G Q,WANG Z Y,et al. Progress in Research on Land Suitability Evaluation in China[J].Progress in Geography,2007,26(2):106-115.
[7]MA Y,LIANG X,HUANG J,et al.Intercity Transportation Construction Based on Link Prediction[C]//IEEE,International Conference on TOOLS with Artificial Intelligence.Kuala Lumpur:IEEE Computer Society,2017:1135-1138.
[8]STEINITZ C.A Framework for Geodesign:Changing Geography by Design[M].Redlands:Environmental Systems Research Institute,2012.
[9]DENG W S,GUAN Z Q,WANG C Z.Modified Method of Extracting Builtup Areas from TM Imagery[J].Remote Sensing Information,2004(4):43-46.
[10]CUI C.Relative Assessment of Green Space Ecosystem Service in Beijing Region[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2010(2):1913-1924.
[11]冯永玖,刘妙龙,韩震.集成遥感和GIS的元胞自动机城市生长模拟——以上海市嘉定区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(1):9-13.FENG Y J,LIU M L,HAN Z.Remote Sensing and GIS Integrated Simulation of Urban Growth Based on Cellular Automata—A Case Study of Jiading District,Shanghai[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(1):9-13.
[12]WHITE R,ENGELEN G.Cellular Automata and Fractal Urban Form:A Cellular Modeling Approach to The Evolution of Urban Land-Use Patterns[J].Environment and Planning,1993,25:1175-1199.
[13]LIU T,CAO G.Progress in Urban Land Expansion and Its Driving Forces[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(8):927-934.
[14]WANG J,FANG C.Growth of Urban Construction Land:Progress and Prospect[J].Progress in Geography,2011,30(11):1440-1448.
[15]詹庆明,郭华贵.基于GIS和RS的遗产廊道适宜性分析方法[J].规划师,2015(s1):318-322.ZHAN Q M,GUO H G.S Suitability Analysis of Heritage Corridor Based on GIS and RS[J].Planners,2015(s1):318-322.
[16]苏泳娴,张虹鸥,陈修治,等.佛山市高明区生态安全格局和建设用地扩展预案[J].生态学报,2013,33(5):1524-1534.SU Y X,ZHANG H O,CHEN X Z,et al.The Ecological Security Patterns and Construction Land Expansion Simulation in Gaoming[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):1524-1534.
[17]方创琳.改革开放30年来中国的城市化与城镇发展[J].经济地理,2009,29(1):19-25.FANG C L.The Urbanization and Urban Development in China after The Reform and Opening-Up[J].Economic Geography,2009,29(1):19-25.
[18]王少华.郑州沿黄旅游区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应评价研究[D].开封:河南大学,2016.WANG S H.Study on Land UseChanges And Itsecological Effects of Tourism Area Along The Yellow River on Zhengzhou[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2016.
[19]MANJU M,YUKIHIRO K,GURJAR B,et al. Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effect for Different Land UseLand Cover from Micrometeorological Measurements and Remote Sensing Data for Megacity Delhi[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2013,112(5):647-658.
[20]YUSUF Y A,PRADHAN B,IDREES M O.Spatio-temporal Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effects in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan City Using Landsat Images[J].Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,2014,42(4):829-837.
[21]杨瑛,李同昇,冯小杰.西安都市圈居住空间扩展时空分析[J].地域研究与开发,2016,35(3):51-57.YANG Y,Li T S,Feng X J.Spatialtemporal Analysis of Residential Space in Xi'an Metropolis[J].Areal Research and Development,2016,35(3):51-57.