华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化对温度和湿度变化的响应
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摘要
【目的】研究氮矿化对土壤湿度和温度的响应,为区域土壤供氮潜力评价和预测区域性水热变化对土壤氮素矿化影响提供参考.【方法】采用实验室培养法,研究不同温度(5、15、25、35℃)和水分含量(20%、40%、60%和80%田间持水量(FWC))对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林表层(0～20 cm)土壤氮素矿化的影响.【结果】温度和水分含量对常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化影响显著(P<0.05);相同水分条件下,土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和氮净矿化速率均随温度的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在25℃时达到最大值;相同温度条件下,土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和氮净矿化速率均随水分含量的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在60%FWC时达到最大值;在25℃+60%FWC处理下土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和氮净矿化速率速率最高,相反,在5℃+20%FWC处理下最低;能获得最大氮净矿化速率的土壤温度和水分含量分别为25.8℃和57.4%FWC;土壤氮净矿化产生的无机氮中铵态氮占54.1%～61.7%;土壤氮矿化Q_(10)值在5～35℃内随温度的升高而降低,氮净矿化在5～15℃内对温度敏感性最高.【结论】适宜的土壤水分含量和温度是促进常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化的关键,研究区气温变暖在一定程度上能促进氮矿化和提高土壤供氮潜力,而研究区多雨则增加了土壤氮淋失的风险.
【Objective】 To clarify the response of nitrogen mineralization to soil moisture and temperature in order to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation on regional soil nitrogen supply potential,and prediction of the impacts of regional hydrothermal changes on soil nitrogen mineralization.【Method】 A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of different temperatures(5,15,25 and 35 ℃) and moistures(20%,40%,60% and 80% field water capacity,FWC) on soil nitrogen mineralization(0 to 20 cm) of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in rainy area of western China.【Result】 Soil temperature and moisture significantly affected the soil nitrogen mineralization(P<0.05).Under same moisture condition,soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate increased with the increase of temperature and reached the maximum under 25 ℃ treatment,and then decreased with the increase of temperature.Under same temperature,the soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate increased with the increase of moisture and reached the maximum under 60% FWC treatment,and then decreased with increase of moisture.In all treatments,the soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate were highest under 25 ℃ and 60% FWC treatment;and they reached the minimum under 5℃ and 20% FWC treatment.The optimal temperature and moisture of soil net nitrogen mineralization were 25.8 ℃ and 57.4% FWC.Ammonium accounted for 54.1% to 61.7% of inorganic nitrogen derived from net N mineralization.Q_(10) decreased with the increase of temperature in range of 5 to 35℃.Net nitrogen mineralization was most sensitive at 5 to 15 ℃.【Conclusion】 Appropriate soil temperature and moisture are important for promoting nitrogen mineralization rate of the evergreen broad-leaved forest.To some extent,the climate warming can promote nitrogen mineralization and enhance soil nitrogen supply potential,but rainfall increases the risk of soil nitrogen leaching in research area.
【Objective】 To clarify the response of nitrogen mineralization to soil moisture and temperature in order to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation on regional soil nitrogen supply potential,and prediction of the impacts of regional hydrothermal changes on soil nitrogen mineralization.【Method】 A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of different temperatures(5,15,25 and 35 ℃) and moistures(20%,40%,60% and 80% field water capacity,FWC) on soil nitrogen mineralization(0 to 20 cm) of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in rainy area of western China.【Result】 Soil temperature and moisture significantly affected the soil nitrogen mineralization(P<0.05).Under same moisture condition,soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate increased with the increase of temperature and reached the maximum under 25 ℃ treatment,and then decreased with the increase of temperature.Under same temperature,the soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate increased with the increase of moisture and reached the maximum under 60% FWC treatment,and then decreased with increase of moisture.In all treatments,the soil net ammonification rate,net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate were highest under 25 ℃ and 60% FWC treatment;and they reached the minimum under 5℃ and 20% FWC treatment.The optimal temperature and moisture of soil net nitrogen mineralization were 25.8 ℃ and 57.4% FWC.Ammonium accounted for 54.1% to 61.7% of inorganic nitrogen derived from net N mineralization.Q_(10) decreased with the increase of temperature in range of 5 to 35℃.Net nitrogen mineralization was most sensitive at 5 to 15 ℃.【Conclusion】 Appropriate soil temperature and moisture are important for promoting nitrogen mineralization rate of the evergreen broad-leaved forest.To some extent,the climate warming can promote nitrogen mineralization and enhance soil nitrogen supply potential,but rainfall increases the risk of soil nitrogen leaching in research area.
引文
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[11] 胡慧蓉,胡庭兴,谭九龙,等.华西雨屏区不同植被类型对土壤氮磷钾及有机碳含量的影响[J].土壤,2014,46(4):630-637.
[12] 张明锦,陈良华,张健,等.马尾松人工林林窗内凋落叶微生物生物量碳和氮的动态变化[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):672-680.
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[14] 石薇,王景燕,魏有波,等.水热条件对华西雨屏区柳杉人工林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1430-1436.
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[16] 罗龙海,胡庭兴,王学能,等.基于GIS的沐川林场森林景观敏感度评价[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(4):459-464.
[17] 徐宪根,周焱,阮宏华,等.武夷山不同海拔高度土壤氮矿化对温度变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(7):1298-1302.
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[19] 赵宁,张洪轩,王若梦,等.放牧对若尔盖高寒草甸土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4234-4241.
[20] Wang C,Wan S,Xing X,et al.Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net N mineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2006,38(5):1101-1110.
[21] 高建梅,董丽媛,胡古,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤氮转化的海拔效应[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(10):2149-2154.
[22] Sierra J.Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a tropical soil:effects of fluctuating temperature conditions.[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2002,34(9):1219-1226.
[23] Ineson P,Benham D G,Poskitt J,et al.Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils.Ⅱ:A soil warming study[J].Global Change Biology,1998,4(2):153-161.
[24] Dalias P,Anderson J M,Bottner P,et al.Temperature responses of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in conifer forest soils incubated under standard laboratory conditions.[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2002,34(5):691-701.
[25] 陈伏生,余煙,甘露,等.温度、水分和森林演替对中亚热带丘陵红壤氮素矿化影响的模拟实验[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1529-1535.
[26] Cookson W R,Osman M,Marschner P,et al.Controls on soil nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition across land use and incubation temperature[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39(3):744-756.
[27] 安巧霞,孙三民.灌水对棉田土壤矿质氮运移的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2010,45(3):97-102.
[28] Chen F S,Zeng D H,Zhou B,et al.Seasonal variation in soil nitrogen availability under Mongolian pine plantations at the Keerqin Sand Lands,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67(2):226-239.
[29] Steven S,Bram M,Willy H,et al.Modeling soil moisture effects on net nitrogen mineralization in loamy wetland soils[J].Wetlands,2008,28(3):724-734.
[30] Sde N,Hofman G.Quantifying soil water effects on nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and from fresh crop residues.[J].Biology & Fertility of Soils,2002,35(5):379-386.
[31] Bernal S,Sabater F,Butturini A,et al.Factors limiting denitrification in a Mediterranean riparian forest[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39(10):2685-2688.
[32] Hu R,Wang X,Pan Y,et al.The response mechanisms of soil N mineralization under biological soil crusts to temperature and moisture in temperate desert regions[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,62(66-73):66-73.
[33] Li Y,Liu Y H,Wang Y L,et al.Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii,grassland in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(5):571-580.
[34] Koch O,Tscherko D,Kandeler E.Temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration,nitrogen mineralization,and potential soil enzyme activities in organic alpine soils[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21(4):GB4017,1-11.
[35] 高俊琴,欧阳华,张锋,等.若尔盖高寒湿地土壤氮矿化对温度和湿度的响应[J].湿地科学,2008,6(2):229-234.
[2] 孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
[3] 黄婷苗,郑险峰,王朝辉.还田玉米秸秆氮释放对关中黄土供氮和冬小麦氮吸收的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(14):2785-2795.
[4] Knoepp J D,Swank W T.Using soil temperature and moisture to predict forest soil nitrogen mineralization.[J].Biology & Fertility of Soils,2002,36(3):177-182.
[5] Stanford G,Epstein E.Nitrogen mineralization-water relations in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1974,38(1):289-299.
[6] 沈玉芳,李世清,邵明安.半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土不同土层氮矿化的水温效应研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):8-14.
[7] 庄平,高贤明.华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):339-344
[8] 杨开军,杨万勤,庄丽燕,等.四川盆地西缘都江堰大气氮素湿沉降特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2018,24(1):107-111.
[9] Shixing Zhou,Congde Huang,Yuanbin Xiang,et al.Response of carbon and nitrogen release to simulated nitrogen deposition in natural evergreen broad-leaved forests in a rainy area in western China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37 (1):258-264.
[10] 赵海蓉,帅伟,李静,等.华西雨屏区典型人工林对降雨过程中NH4+-N和NO3--N的过滤作用[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3710-3718.
[11] 胡慧蓉,胡庭兴,谭九龙,等.华西雨屏区不同植被类型对土壤氮磷钾及有机碳含量的影响[J].土壤,2014,46(4):630-637.
[12] 张明锦,陈良华,张健,等.马尾松人工林林窗内凋落叶微生物生物量碳和氮的动态变化[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):672-680.
[13] 向元彬,黄从德,胡庭兴,等.不同密度巨桉人工林土壤有机碳及微生物量碳氮特征[J].西北植物学报,2014,34(7):1476-1481.
[14] 石薇,王景燕,魏有波,等.水热条件对华西雨屏区柳杉人工林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1430-1436.
[15] Stocker T F,Dahe Q,Plattner G K.Climate change 2013:The physical science basis[J].Contribution of Working,2013,43(22):866-871.
[16] 罗龙海,胡庭兴,王学能,等.基于GIS的沐川林场森林景观敏感度评价[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(4):459-464.
[17] 徐宪根,周焱,阮宏华,等.武夷山不同海拔高度土壤氮矿化对温度变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(7):1298-1302.
[18] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[19] 赵宁,张洪轩,王若梦,等.放牧对若尔盖高寒草甸土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4234-4241.
[20] Wang C,Wan S,Xing X,et al.Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net N mineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2006,38(5):1101-1110.
[21] 高建梅,董丽媛,胡古,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤氮转化的海拔效应[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(10):2149-2154.
[22] Sierra J.Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a tropical soil:effects of fluctuating temperature conditions.[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2002,34(9):1219-1226.
[23] Ineson P,Benham D G,Poskitt J,et al.Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils.Ⅱ:A soil warming study[J].Global Change Biology,1998,4(2):153-161.
[24] Dalias P,Anderson J M,Bottner P,et al.Temperature responses of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in conifer forest soils incubated under standard laboratory conditions.[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2002,34(5):691-701.
[25] 陈伏生,余煙,甘露,等.温度、水分和森林演替对中亚热带丘陵红壤氮素矿化影响的模拟实验[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1529-1535.
[26] Cookson W R,Osman M,Marschner P,et al.Controls on soil nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition across land use and incubation temperature[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39(3):744-756.
[27] 安巧霞,孙三民.灌水对棉田土壤矿质氮运移的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2010,45(3):97-102.
[28] Chen F S,Zeng D H,Zhou B,et al.Seasonal variation in soil nitrogen availability under Mongolian pine plantations at the Keerqin Sand Lands,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67(2):226-239.
[29] Steven S,Bram M,Willy H,et al.Modeling soil moisture effects on net nitrogen mineralization in loamy wetland soils[J].Wetlands,2008,28(3):724-734.
[30] Sde N,Hofman G.Quantifying soil water effects on nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and from fresh crop residues.[J].Biology & Fertility of Soils,2002,35(5):379-386.
[31] Bernal S,Sabater F,Butturini A,et al.Factors limiting denitrification in a Mediterranean riparian forest[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39(10):2685-2688.
[32] Hu R,Wang X,Pan Y,et al.The response mechanisms of soil N mineralization under biological soil crusts to temperature and moisture in temperate desert regions[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,62(66-73):66-73.
[33] Li Y,Liu Y H,Wang Y L,et al.Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii,grassland in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(5):571-580.
[34] Koch O,Tscherko D,Kandeler E.Temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration,nitrogen mineralization,and potential soil enzyme activities in organic alpine soils[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21(4):GB4017,1-11.
[35] 高俊琴,欧阳华,张锋,等.若尔盖高寒湿地土壤氮矿化对温度和湿度的响应[J].湿地科学,2008,6(2):229-234.