O_3胁迫下冬小麦总初级生产力的损耗模拟
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摘要
基于涡度相关系统,并引入O_3损耗半机制模型,分析了南京地区冬小麦主要生育期总初级生产力(GPP)的变化,并模拟了不同O_3含量胁迫条件下冬小麦GPP的损耗.结果表明:①冬小麦GPP随其生育期变化,呈现出"中间时段高,前后期低"的分布趋势,最大值为40μmol·(m2·s)-1;②基于高、低两种O_3敏感度效应,150、100和50 n L·L-1组和本研究(CK组)胁迫条件下,冬小麦GPP损耗率分别为:-72%、-36%、-6%、-10%和-13%、-6%、-1%、-2%.损耗评估结果可为我国制定防御O_3对作物伤害对策提供科学依据.
An eddy-covariance system combined with a semi-mechanistic model was used to analyze variations in gross primary productivity( GPP) and to simulate the impact of ozone( O_3) on GPP under different levels O_3 concentrations over a winter wheat field in Nanjing. The results showed that GPP was higher during the middle of the growth period and low during the early and late growth periods,reaching a maximum of 40 μmol·( m2·s)-1.Using high and low ozone sensitivity settings,O_3-damage in 150,100,50 n L·L-1 and control treatment( CK) reduced GPP by-72%,-36%,-6%,and-10%,and by-13%,-6%,-1%,and-2%,respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for formulating defense strategies for O_3 damage to crops.
An eddy-covariance system combined with a semi-mechanistic model was used to analyze variations in gross primary productivity( GPP) and to simulate the impact of ozone( O_3) on GPP under different levels O_3 concentrations over a winter wheat field in Nanjing. The results showed that GPP was higher during the middle of the growth period and low during the early and late growth periods,reaching a maximum of 40 μmol·( m2·s)-1.Using high and low ozone sensitivity settings,O_3-damage in 150,100,50 n L·L-1 and control treatment( CK) reduced GPP by-72%,-36%,-6%,and-10%,and by-13%,-6%,-1%,and-2%,respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for formulating defense strategies for O_3 damage to crops.
引文
[1] Wittig V E,Ainsworth E A,Naidu S L,et al. Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass,growth,physiology and biochemistry:a quantitative meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology,2009,15(2):396-424.
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[3] Sicard P,Anav A,De Marco A,et al. Projected global groundlevel ozone impacts on vegetation under different emission and climate scenarios[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(19):12177-12196.
[4]郑启伟,王效科,冯兆忠,等.用旋转布气法开顶式气室研究臭氧对水稻生物量和产量的影响[J].环境科学,2007,28(1):170-175.Zheng Q W,Wang X K,Feng Z Z,et al. Effects of elevated ozone on biomass and yield of rice planted in open-top chamber with revolving ozone distribution[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(1):170-175.
[5]王春乙,白月明.臭氧和气溶胶浓度变化对农作物的影响研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.
[6]郑有飞,胡程达,吴荣军,等.臭氧胁迫对冬小麦光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1643-1651.Zheng Y F,Hu C D,Wu R J,et al. Effects of ozone stress upon winter wheat photosynthesis,lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1643-1651.
[7] Feng Z Z,Pang J,Kobayashi K,et al. Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat to elevated ozone concentration under fully open-air field conditions[J]. Global Change Biology,2011,17(1):580-591.
[8] Payne R J,Stevens C J,Dise N B,et al. Impacts of atmospheric pollution on the plant communities of British acid grasslands[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2602-2608.
[9] Proietti C,Anav A,De Marco A,et al. A multi-sites analysis on the ozone effects on gross primary production of European forests[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,556:1-11.
[10] Ashmore M,Toet S,Emberson L. Ozone-a significant threat to future world food production[J]. New Phytologist,2006,170(2):201-204.
[11] Avnery S,Mauzerall D L,Liu J F,et al. Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure:1. Year 2000 crop production losses and economic damage[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(13):2284-2296.
[12] Wang X K,Zhang Q Q,Zheng F X,et al. Effects of elevated O3concentration on winter wheat and rice yields in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2012,171:118-125.
[13] Van Dingenen R,Dentener F J,Raes F,et al. The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):604-618.
[14] Pleijel H, Danielsson H, Emberson L, et al. Ozone risk assessment for agricultural crops in Europe:further development of stomatal flux and flux-response relationships for European wheat and potato[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(14):3022-3040.
[15] Sitch S,Cox P M,Collins W J,et al. Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink[J]. Nature,2007,448(7155):791-794.
[16] LRTAP Convention. Mapping Manual 2004. Manual on methodologies and criteria for modeling and mapping critical loads&levels and air pollution effects,risk and trends[EB/OL].http://icpvegetation. ceh. ac. uk. Chapter 3. Mapping critical levels for vegetation[M]. 2010.
[17]佟磊,冯宗炜,苏德·毕力格,等.冬小麦气孔臭氧通量拟合及通量产量关系的比较分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(9):2890-2899.Tong L,Feng Z W,Sudebilige,et al. Stomatal ozone uptake modeling and comparative analysis of flux-response relationships of winter wheat[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(9):2890-2899.
[18] Feng Z Z,Sun J S,Wan W X,et al. Evidence of widespread ozone-induced visible injury on plants in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,193:296-301.
[19]赵辉,郑有飞,李硕,等.麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5315-5325.Zhao H,Zheng Y F,Li S,et al. Long term variations of ozone concentration of in a winter wheat field and its loss estimate based on dry matter and yield[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5315-5325.
[20]刘建栋,周秀骥,于强. O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):715-721.Liu J D,Zhou X J,Yu Q. Numerical simulation of the influence of O3,CO2and spectrum variation on the photosynthesis of crop canopy[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2002,60(6):715-721.
[21]郑昌玲,王春乙.近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟:I模型结构[J].气象学报,2005,63(2):184-191.Zheng C L,Wang C Y. Numerical simulation study on the impacts of troposphere O3and CO2concentrations changes on winter wheat:I model description[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(2):184-191.
[22]姚芳芳,王效科,欧阳志云,等.臭氧胁迫下冬小麦物质生产与分配的数值模拟[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2586-2593.Yao F F,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al. A simulation model of ozone stress on photosynthetic production and its allocation of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2586-2593.
[23] Yue X,Unger N. Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary productivity in the United States[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(17):9137-9153.
[24]徐静馨,郑有飞,赵辉,等.冬小麦田O3气孔与非气孔沉降及风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4427-4437.Xu J X,Zheng Y F,Zhao H,et al. Ozone deposition and risk assessment for a winter wheat field:partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal pathways[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4427-4437.
[25] Baldocchi D D. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past,present and future[J]. Global Change Biology,2003,9(4):479-492.
[26] Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107(1):43-69.
[27] Kowalski S,Loustau D,Berbigier P,et al. Paired comparisons of carbon exchange between undisturbed and regenerating stands in four managed forests in Europe[J]. Global Change Biology,2004,10(10):1707-1723.
[28]徐静馨,郑有飞,麦博儒,等.基于涡度相关法的麦田O3干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(6):670-682.Xu J X,Zheng Y F,Mai B R, et al. Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2017,41(6):670-682.
[29]周秀骥.长江三角洲低层大气与生态系统相互作用研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.
[30]杨关盈,樊曙先,汤洁,等.临安近地面臭氧变化特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(3):31-35.Yang G Y,Fan S X,Tang J,et al. Characteristic of surface ozone concentrations at Lin'an[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(3):31-35.
[31]金赛花,樊曙先,王自发,等.青海瓦里关地面臭氧浓度的变化特征[J].中国环境科学,2008,28(3):198-202.Jin S H,Fan S X,Wang Z F,et al. The variation characteristics of surface ozone concentration at Waliguan in Qinghai[J]. China Environmental Science,2008,28(3):198-202.
[32]王占山,李云婷,陈添,等.北京城区臭氧日变化特征及与前体物的相关性分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3001-3008.Wang Z S,Li Y T,Chen T,et al. Analysis on diurnal variation characteristics of ozone and correlations with its precursors in urban atmosphere of Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3001-3008.
[33] Feng Z Z,Kobayashi K,Ainsworth E A. Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth,physiology,and yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):a meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology,2008,14(11):2696-2708.
[34]梁晶,曾青,朱建国,等.开放式臭氧浓度升高对水稻叶片气体交换和荧光特性的影响[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2010,30(4):991-995.Liang J,Zeng Q,Zhu J G,et al. Effects of O3-FACE(ozonefree air control enrichment)on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of rice leaf[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2010,30(4):991-995.
[35] Biswas D K,Xu H,Li Y G,et al. Genotypic differences in leaf biochemical,physiological and growth responses to ozone in 20winter wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years[J]. Global Change Biology,2008,14(1):46-59.
[36] Pang J, Kobayashi K, Zhu J G. Yield and photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves in Chinese rice(Oryza sativa L.)varieties subjected to free-air release of ozone[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2009,132(3-4):203-211.
[37] Yuan X Y,Calatayud V,Jiang L J,et al. Assessing the effects of ambient ozone in China on snap bean genotypes by using ethylenediurea(EDU)[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,205:199-208.
[38] Zhang W W,Feng Z Z,Wang X K,et al. Quantification of ozone exposure-and stomatal uptake-yield response relationships for soybean in Northeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,599-600:710-720.
[39] Danielsson H,Karlsson G P,Karlsson P E,et al. Ozone uptake modelling and flux-response relationships-an assessment of ozoneinduced yield loss in spring wheat[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):475-485.
[40] Wu R J,Zheng Y F,Hu C D. Evaluation of the chronic effects of ozone on biomass loss of winter wheat based on ozone fluxresponse relationship with dynamical flux thresholds[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,142:93-103.
[41]张巍巍,王光华,王美玉,等.东北春大豆品种东生1号对臭氧胁迫的响应[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1473-1478.Zhang W W,Wang G H,Wang M Y,et al. Responses of soybean cultivar Dongsheng-1 to different O3concentrations in Northeast China[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(4):1473-1478.
[42] Massman W J. Toward an ozone standard to protect vegetation based on effective dose:a review of deposition resistances and a possible metric[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(15):2323-2337.
[2] Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G K,et al. Climate change 2013:the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]. Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[3] Sicard P,Anav A,De Marco A,et al. Projected global groundlevel ozone impacts on vegetation under different emission and climate scenarios[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(19):12177-12196.
[4]郑启伟,王效科,冯兆忠,等.用旋转布气法开顶式气室研究臭氧对水稻生物量和产量的影响[J].环境科学,2007,28(1):170-175.Zheng Q W,Wang X K,Feng Z Z,et al. Effects of elevated ozone on biomass and yield of rice planted in open-top chamber with revolving ozone distribution[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(1):170-175.
[5]王春乙,白月明.臭氧和气溶胶浓度变化对农作物的影响研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.
[6]郑有飞,胡程达,吴荣军,等.臭氧胁迫对冬小麦光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1643-1651.Zheng Y F,Hu C D,Wu R J,et al. Effects of ozone stress upon winter wheat photosynthesis,lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1643-1651.
[7] Feng Z Z,Pang J,Kobayashi K,et al. Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat to elevated ozone concentration under fully open-air field conditions[J]. Global Change Biology,2011,17(1):580-591.
[8] Payne R J,Stevens C J,Dise N B,et al. Impacts of atmospheric pollution on the plant communities of British acid grasslands[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2602-2608.
[9] Proietti C,Anav A,De Marco A,et al. A multi-sites analysis on the ozone effects on gross primary production of European forests[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,556:1-11.
[10] Ashmore M,Toet S,Emberson L. Ozone-a significant threat to future world food production[J]. New Phytologist,2006,170(2):201-204.
[11] Avnery S,Mauzerall D L,Liu J F,et al. Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure:1. Year 2000 crop production losses and economic damage[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(13):2284-2296.
[12] Wang X K,Zhang Q Q,Zheng F X,et al. Effects of elevated O3concentration on winter wheat and rice yields in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2012,171:118-125.
[13] Van Dingenen R,Dentener F J,Raes F,et al. The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):604-618.
[14] Pleijel H, Danielsson H, Emberson L, et al. Ozone risk assessment for agricultural crops in Europe:further development of stomatal flux and flux-response relationships for European wheat and potato[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(14):3022-3040.
[15] Sitch S,Cox P M,Collins W J,et al. Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink[J]. Nature,2007,448(7155):791-794.
[16] LRTAP Convention. Mapping Manual 2004. Manual on methodologies and criteria for modeling and mapping critical loads&levels and air pollution effects,risk and trends[EB/OL].http://icpvegetation. ceh. ac. uk. Chapter 3. Mapping critical levels for vegetation[M]. 2010.
[17]佟磊,冯宗炜,苏德·毕力格,等.冬小麦气孔臭氧通量拟合及通量产量关系的比较分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(9):2890-2899.Tong L,Feng Z W,Sudebilige,et al. Stomatal ozone uptake modeling and comparative analysis of flux-response relationships of winter wheat[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(9):2890-2899.
[18] Feng Z Z,Sun J S,Wan W X,et al. Evidence of widespread ozone-induced visible injury on plants in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,193:296-301.
[19]赵辉,郑有飞,李硕,等.麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5315-5325.Zhao H,Zheng Y F,Li S,et al. Long term variations of ozone concentration of in a winter wheat field and its loss estimate based on dry matter and yield[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5315-5325.
[20]刘建栋,周秀骥,于强. O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,2002,60(6):715-721.Liu J D,Zhou X J,Yu Q. Numerical simulation of the influence of O3,CO2and spectrum variation on the photosynthesis of crop canopy[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2002,60(6):715-721.
[21]郑昌玲,王春乙.近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟:I模型结构[J].气象学报,2005,63(2):184-191.Zheng C L,Wang C Y. Numerical simulation study on the impacts of troposphere O3and CO2concentrations changes on winter wheat:I model description[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(2):184-191.
[22]姚芳芳,王效科,欧阳志云,等.臭氧胁迫下冬小麦物质生产与分配的数值模拟[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2586-2593.Yao F F,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al. A simulation model of ozone stress on photosynthetic production and its allocation of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2586-2593.
[23] Yue X,Unger N. Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary productivity in the United States[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(17):9137-9153.
[24]徐静馨,郑有飞,赵辉,等.冬小麦田O3气孔与非气孔沉降及风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4427-4437.Xu J X,Zheng Y F,Zhao H,et al. Ozone deposition and risk assessment for a winter wheat field:partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal pathways[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4427-4437.
[25] Baldocchi D D. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past,present and future[J]. Global Change Biology,2003,9(4):479-492.
[26] Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107(1):43-69.
[27] Kowalski S,Loustau D,Berbigier P,et al. Paired comparisons of carbon exchange between undisturbed and regenerating stands in four managed forests in Europe[J]. Global Change Biology,2004,10(10):1707-1723.
[28]徐静馨,郑有飞,麦博儒,等.基于涡度相关法的麦田O3干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(6):670-682.Xu J X,Zheng Y F,Mai B R, et al. Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2017,41(6):670-682.
[29]周秀骥.长江三角洲低层大气与生态系统相互作用研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.
[30]杨关盈,樊曙先,汤洁,等.临安近地面臭氧变化特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(3):31-35.Yang G Y,Fan S X,Tang J,et al. Characteristic of surface ozone concentrations at Lin'an[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(3):31-35.
[31]金赛花,樊曙先,王自发,等.青海瓦里关地面臭氧浓度的变化特征[J].中国环境科学,2008,28(3):198-202.Jin S H,Fan S X,Wang Z F,et al. The variation characteristics of surface ozone concentration at Waliguan in Qinghai[J]. China Environmental Science,2008,28(3):198-202.
[32]王占山,李云婷,陈添,等.北京城区臭氧日变化特征及与前体物的相关性分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3001-3008.Wang Z S,Li Y T,Chen T,et al. Analysis on diurnal variation characteristics of ozone and correlations with its precursors in urban atmosphere of Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3001-3008.
[33] Feng Z Z,Kobayashi K,Ainsworth E A. Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth,physiology,and yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):a meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology,2008,14(11):2696-2708.
[34]梁晶,曾青,朱建国,等.开放式臭氧浓度升高对水稻叶片气体交换和荧光特性的影响[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2010,30(4):991-995.Liang J,Zeng Q,Zhu J G,et al. Effects of O3-FACE(ozonefree air control enrichment)on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of rice leaf[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2010,30(4):991-995.
[35] Biswas D K,Xu H,Li Y G,et al. Genotypic differences in leaf biochemical,physiological and growth responses to ozone in 20winter wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years[J]. Global Change Biology,2008,14(1):46-59.
[36] Pang J, Kobayashi K, Zhu J G. Yield and photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves in Chinese rice(Oryza sativa L.)varieties subjected to free-air release of ozone[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2009,132(3-4):203-211.
[37] Yuan X Y,Calatayud V,Jiang L J,et al. Assessing the effects of ambient ozone in China on snap bean genotypes by using ethylenediurea(EDU)[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,205:199-208.
[38] Zhang W W,Feng Z Z,Wang X K,et al. Quantification of ozone exposure-and stomatal uptake-yield response relationships for soybean in Northeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,599-600:710-720.
[39] Danielsson H,Karlsson G P,Karlsson P E,et al. Ozone uptake modelling and flux-response relationships-an assessment of ozoneinduced yield loss in spring wheat[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):475-485.
[40] Wu R J,Zheng Y F,Hu C D. Evaluation of the chronic effects of ozone on biomass loss of winter wheat based on ozone fluxresponse relationship with dynamical flux thresholds[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,142:93-103.
[41]张巍巍,王光华,王美玉,等.东北春大豆品种东生1号对臭氧胁迫的响应[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1473-1478.Zhang W W,Wang G H,Wang M Y,et al. Responses of soybean cultivar Dongsheng-1 to different O3concentrations in Northeast China[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(4):1473-1478.
[42] Massman W J. Toward an ozone standard to protect vegetation based on effective dose:a review of deposition resistances and a possible metric[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(15):2323-2337.