植物燃烧微炭屑与植硅体的比值研究
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摘要
炭屑与植硅体分析广泛应用于古环境重建研究,现代植物燃烧微炭屑与植硅体比值研究有利于认识土壤及沉积物微炭屑与植硅体的丰度与火灾和燃烧活动之间的关系。本研究利用现代草本及木本植物叶片进行开放燃烧模拟实验,分析了不同植物燃烧微炭屑的形态特征及微炭屑与植硅体数量比(Ch/ph)的差异。结果表明,植物燃烧后会残留下植硅体和微炭屑,草本与木本植物微炭屑形态特征具有明显差异,微炭屑与植硅体(Ch/ph)比值较大,Ch/ph值木本植物(26.07-31.61)大于草本植物(1.62-15.20)。微炭屑的形态及长宽比(L/W)、Ch/ph值含有丰富的火灾发生及燃烧的植被类型信息,尤其Ch/ph可能是古火灾及古植被重建研究的潜在替代指标。
Microcharcoal and phytolith analyses are widely used in the paleoenvironment reconstruction. The study on the ratio of microcarbon particle to phytolith derived from the plant combustion is useful to understand the relationships between their abundances and paleo-wild fire and ancient human activities.However,the difference between the ratios of microcharcoal particles to phytoliths and their source plant species burnt is not well understood.The combustion simulation experiments on modern herbs and woody plant leaves were carried out to analyze the microcharcoal morphological characteristics and the difference among the ratios of microcharcoal to phytolith numbers(Ch/ph) derived from combustion of different plants. It shows that plant burning produces abundant phytolith and microcharcoal particles,there are apparent morphological differences between grass and woody plant microcharcoal.The data show the ratios of microcharcoal particles to phytoliths in plant ashes are rather high, and the Ch/ph values of woody plant(26.07-31.61) are greater than herbaceous plant(1.62-15.20).The morphological characteristics and the ratio of length to width of microcharcoal,and the Ch/ph reflect the fire occurrence and the burning vegetation type.In particular, the Ch/ph may be the potential proxy used for reconstruction of paleo-fire and paleo-vegetation
Microcharcoal and phytolith analyses are widely used in the paleoenvironment reconstruction. The study on the ratio of microcarbon particle to phytolith derived from the plant combustion is useful to understand the relationships between their abundances and paleo-wild fire and ancient human activities.However,the difference between the ratios of microcharcoal particles to phytoliths and their source plant species burnt is not well understood.The combustion simulation experiments on modern herbs and woody plant leaves were carried out to analyze the microcharcoal morphological characteristics and the difference among the ratios of microcharcoal to phytolith numbers(Ch/ph) derived from combustion of different plants. It shows that plant burning produces abundant phytolith and microcharcoal particles,there are apparent morphological differences between grass and woody plant microcharcoal.The data show the ratios of microcharcoal particles to phytoliths in plant ashes are rather high, and the Ch/ph values of woody plant(26.07-31.61) are greater than herbaceous plant(1.62-15.20).The morphological characteristics and the ratio of length to width of microcharcoal,and the Ch/ph reflect the fire occurrence and the burning vegetation type.In particular, the Ch/ph may be the potential proxy used for reconstruction of paleo-fire and paleo-vegetation
引文
王永吉,吕厚远,1989.植物硅酸体的研究及应用简介.黄渤海海洋,07(02):66-68
王永吉,吕厚远,1993.植物硅酸体的研究及应用.北京:海洋出版社.1-228
吕静,王宇飞,李承森,2002.古炭屑与古森林火.古地理学报,4(2),71-76
许清海,孔昭宸,陈旭东等,2002.鄂尔多斯东部4000余年来的环境与人地关系的初步探讨.第四纪研究,22(2):105-112
孙湘君,李逊,陈怀成,2000.南海北部最近37 ka以来天然火与气候.中国科学:地球科学,30(2):163-168
孙艳磊,介冬梅,刘朝阳,2009.长白山北坡垂直植被带木本植物的植硅体形态特征及其环境意义.微体古生物学报,26(03):261-270
李小强,周新郢,尚雪,2006.黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义.湖泊科学,18(5):540-544
李宜垠,侯树芳,赵鹏飞,2010.微炭屑的几种统计方法比较及其对人类活动的指示意义.第四纪研究,30(2),356-363
张健平,吕厚远,2006.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,26(05):857-863
林维雷,应雨骐,姜培坤等,2015.浙江南部亚热带森林土壤植硅体碳的研究.土壤学报,52(6):1365-1373
赵增友,2013.基于孢粉、炭屑的近1 600年来桂、渝岩溶区人类活动演变及对环境的影响研究.西南大学,(10):131
郭小丽,赵文伟,孙静会等,2011.我国古环境中炭屑的研究现状与展望.冰川冻土,33(2):342-348
曹艳峰,黄春长,庞奖励,2005.运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨.植物生态学报,29(4):692-696
韩晓丽,孙爱芝,强杨等,2011.金佛山4种植物群落下表土炭屑特征初步分析.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),36(06):19-23
谭志海,黄春长,庞奖励等,2010.渭河流域全新世土壤剖面木炭屑记录及其古环境意义.中国生态农业学报,18(1):25-30
ALEXANDRE A,MEUNIER J D,LEZINE A M et al.,1997.Phytoliths indicators of grasslands dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa.Palaeogeograhy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,136:213-219
BARBONI D,BONNEFILLE R,ALEXANDRE A et al.,1999.Phytoliths as palaeoenvironmental indicators,West Side Middle Awash Walley,Ethiopia.Palaeogeogrphy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,152:87-100
CAO Y F,HUANG C C,PENG J L,2005.Preliminary studies of wild fire frequency and environmental changes during the Holo-cene on the alluvial plain of the Yuncheng basin.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,29(4):692-696 (in Chinese with English abstract)
CHANDLER C C,1973.Problems and priorities for forest fire research.Journal of Forest,71:625-628
CHARLES E U,MOLLY J M,1998.Experimental production and analysis of microscopic charcoal from wood,leaves and grasses.The Holocene,8(3):341-344
CLARK J S,HUSSEY T C,1996.Estimating the mass flux of charcoal from sedimentary records:effects of particle size,morphology,and orientation.The Holocene,6:129-144
COLE K L,KLICK K F,PAVLOVIC N B,1992.Fire temperature monitoring during experimental burns at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.Natural Areas Journal,12:177-183
CORDOVA C E,JOHNSON W C,MANDEL R D et al.,2011.Late quaternary environmental change inferred from phytoliths and other soil-related proxies:case studies from the central and southern great plains,USA.Catena,85(2):87-108
CRAWFORD A J,BELCHER C M,2014.Charcoal morphometry for paleoecological analysis:the effects of fuel type and transportation on morphological parameters.Applications in Plant Sciences,2(8):1400004
FIGUEIRAL I,MOSBRUGGER V,2000.A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing quaternary and tertiary environments:achievements and limits.Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,164(1-4):397-407
GU Y S,PEARSALL D M,XIE S C,2008.Vegetation and fire history of a Chinese site in southern tropical Xishuangbanna derived from phytolith and charcoal records from Holocene sediments.Journal Biogeography,35:325-341
GUO X L,ZHAO W W,SUN J H et al.,2011.Advances of charcoal study for paleoenvironment in China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(2):342-348 (in Chinese with English abstract)
HAN X L,SUN A Z,QIANG Y et al.,2011.A preliminary study of charcoal characteristics from the surface soil under four different vegetations in the Jinfo mountains,Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition),36(06):19-23 (in Chinese with English abstract)
HWANG S,YOON S O,LEE J Y et al.,2012.Phytolith analysis and reconstruction of palaeoenvironment at the Nabokri valley plain,Buyeo,Korea.Quaternary International,254:129-137
LI R C,CARTER J A,XIE S C et al.,2010.Phytoliths and microcharcoal at Jinluojia archeological site in middle reaches of Yang-tze River indicative of paleoclimate and human activity during the last 3000 years.Journal of Archaeology.Science,37:124-132
LI R C,FAN J,VACHULA R S et al.,2018.Spatial distribution characteristics and environmental significance of phytoliths in surface sediments of Qingshitan Lake in Southwest China.Journal of Paleolimnology,DOI:
LI R C,MEYERS P A,FAN J et al.,2016.Monthly changes in chain length distributions and stable carbon isotope compositions of leaf n-alkanes during growth of the bamboo Dendroca-lamus ronganensis and the grass Setaria viridis.Organic Geochemistry,101:72-81
LI X Q,ZHOU X Y,SHANG X,2006.Different-(kPa/℃)size method of charcoal analysis in loess and its significance in the study of fire variation.Journal Lake Science,18(5):540-544 (in Chinese with English abstract)
LI Y Y,HOU S F,ZHAO P F,2010.Comparison of different quantification methods for microfossil charcoal concentration and the implication for human activities.Quaternary Sciences,30(2):356-363 (in Chinese with English abstract)
LIN W L,YING Y Q,JIANG P K et al.,2015.Study on phytolith-occluded organic carbon in soil of subtropical forest of southern Zhejiang.Acta Pedologica Sinica,52(6):1365-1373 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lü H Y,ZH J P,WU N Q et al.,2009.Phytoliths analysis for the discrimination of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and Common Millet (Panicum miliaceum).PLOS ONE,4(2):e4448
Lü J,WANG Y F,LI C S,2002.Fossil charcoal and ancient forest fire.Journal of Palaeogeography,4(2):71-76(in Chinese with English abstract)
PARR J F,2006.Effect of fire on phytolith coloration.Geoarchaeology,21(2):171-185
SUN X J,LI X,CHEN H C,2000.Natural fire and climate in the northern South China Sea since the recent 37 Ka.Scientia Sinica Terrae,30(2):163-168 (in Chinese with English abstract)
SUN Y L,JIE D M,LIU C Y et al.,2009.Morphological characte-ristics of phytolith of woody plants from the vertical vegetation zones on the north slope in Changbai Mountain and its environmental significance.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,26(03):261-270 (in Chinese with English abstract)
TAN Z H,HUANG C C,PENG J L et al.,2010.Charcoal records of Holocene loess-soil sequences and its palaeoenvironmental significance in Weihe River Drainage.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,18(1):25-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)
WANG Y J,LYU H Y,1989.An introduction of study on plant opal and its uses.Journal of oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas,07(02):66-68(in Chinese with English abstract)
WANG Y J,LYU H Y,1993.Study on plant opal and its uses.Beijing:China Ocean press.1-228 (in Chinese with English abstract)
WARD D E,HARDY C C,1991.Smoke emissions from wildland fires.Environment International,17:117-134
WHILOCK C,LARESN C,2002.Charcoal as a fire proxy.Deve-lopments in Paleoenvironmental Research,3:75-97
XU Q H,KONG Z C,CHEN X D et al.,2002.Discussion on the environment changes the effects of human impacts in the east Ordos plateau since 4 000 aB.P.Quaternary Sciences,22(2):105-112 (in Chinese with English abstract)
ZHANG J P,Lü H Y,2006.Preliminary study of charcoal morphology and its environmenntal significance.Quaternary Sciences,26(05):857-863 (in Chinese with English abstract)
ZHAO Z Y,2013.A study on human activities changes and its impact on environment during the past 1600 years in Guangxi and Chongqing,based on pollen-spore and charcoal data.Southwest University,(10):131 (in Chinese with English abstract)
王永吉,吕厚远,1993.植物硅酸体的研究及应用.北京:海洋出版社.1-228
吕静,王宇飞,李承森,2002.古炭屑与古森林火.古地理学报,4(2),71-76
许清海,孔昭宸,陈旭东等,2002.鄂尔多斯东部4000余年来的环境与人地关系的初步探讨.第四纪研究,22(2):105-112
孙湘君,李逊,陈怀成,2000.南海北部最近37 ka以来天然火与气候.中国科学:地球科学,30(2):163-168
孙艳磊,介冬梅,刘朝阳,2009.长白山北坡垂直植被带木本植物的植硅体形态特征及其环境意义.微体古生物学报,26(03):261-270
李小强,周新郢,尚雪,2006.黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义.湖泊科学,18(5):540-544
李宜垠,侯树芳,赵鹏飞,2010.微炭屑的几种统计方法比较及其对人类活动的指示意义.第四纪研究,30(2),356-363
张健平,吕厚远,2006.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,26(05):857-863
林维雷,应雨骐,姜培坤等,2015.浙江南部亚热带森林土壤植硅体碳的研究.土壤学报,52(6):1365-1373
赵增友,2013.基于孢粉、炭屑的近1 600年来桂、渝岩溶区人类活动演变及对环境的影响研究.西南大学,(10):131
郭小丽,赵文伟,孙静会等,2011.我国古环境中炭屑的研究现状与展望.冰川冻土,33(2):342-348
曹艳峰,黄春长,庞奖励,2005.运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨.植物生态学报,29(4):692-696
韩晓丽,孙爱芝,强杨等,2011.金佛山4种植物群落下表土炭屑特征初步分析.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),36(06):19-23
谭志海,黄春长,庞奖励等,2010.渭河流域全新世土壤剖面木炭屑记录及其古环境意义.中国生态农业学报,18(1):25-30
ALEXANDRE A,MEUNIER J D,LEZINE A M et al.,1997.Phytoliths indicators of grasslands dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa.Palaeogeograhy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,136:213-219
BARBONI D,BONNEFILLE R,ALEXANDRE A et al.,1999.Phytoliths as palaeoenvironmental indicators,West Side Middle Awash Walley,Ethiopia.Palaeogeogrphy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,152:87-100
CAO Y F,HUANG C C,PENG J L,2005.Preliminary studies of wild fire frequency and environmental changes during the Holo-cene on the alluvial plain of the Yuncheng basin.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,29(4):692-696 (in Chinese with English abstract)
CHANDLER C C,1973.Problems and priorities for forest fire research.Journal of Forest,71:625-628
CHARLES E U,MOLLY J M,1998.Experimental production and analysis of microscopic charcoal from wood,leaves and grasses.The Holocene,8(3):341-344
CLARK J S,HUSSEY T C,1996.Estimating the mass flux of charcoal from sedimentary records:effects of particle size,morphology,and orientation.The Holocene,6:129-144
COLE K L,KLICK K F,PAVLOVIC N B,1992.Fire temperature monitoring during experimental burns at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.Natural Areas Journal,12:177-183
CORDOVA C E,JOHNSON W C,MANDEL R D et al.,2011.Late quaternary environmental change inferred from phytoliths and other soil-related proxies:case studies from the central and southern great plains,USA.Catena,85(2):87-108
CRAWFORD A J,BELCHER C M,2014.Charcoal morphometry for paleoecological analysis:the effects of fuel type and transportation on morphological parameters.Applications in Plant Sciences,2(8):1400004
FIGUEIRAL I,MOSBRUGGER V,2000.A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing quaternary and tertiary environments:achievements and limits.Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,164(1-4):397-407
GU Y S,PEARSALL D M,XIE S C,2008.Vegetation and fire history of a Chinese site in southern tropical Xishuangbanna derived from phytolith and charcoal records from Holocene sediments.Journal Biogeography,35:325-341
GUO X L,ZHAO W W,SUN J H et al.,2011.Advances of charcoal study for paleoenvironment in China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(2):342-348 (in Chinese with English abstract)
HAN X L,SUN A Z,QIANG Y et al.,2011.A preliminary study of charcoal characteristics from the surface soil under four different vegetations in the Jinfo mountains,Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition),36(06):19-23 (in Chinese with English abstract)
HWANG S,YOON S O,LEE J Y et al.,2012.Phytolith analysis and reconstruction of palaeoenvironment at the Nabokri valley plain,Buyeo,Korea.Quaternary International,254:129-137
LI R C,CARTER J A,XIE S C et al.,2010.Phytoliths and microcharcoal at Jinluojia archeological site in middle reaches of Yang-tze River indicative of paleoclimate and human activity during the last 3000 years.Journal of Archaeology.Science,37:124-132
LI R C,FAN J,VACHULA R S et al.,2018.Spatial distribution characteristics and environmental significance of phytoliths in surface sediments of Qingshitan Lake in Southwest China.Journal of Paleolimnology,DOI:
LI R C,MEYERS P A,FAN J et al.,2016.Monthly changes in chain length distributions and stable carbon isotope compositions of leaf n-alkanes during growth of the bamboo Dendroca-lamus ronganensis and the grass Setaria viridis.Organic Geochemistry,101:72-81
LI X Q,ZHOU X Y,SHANG X,2006.Different-(kPa/℃)size method of charcoal analysis in loess and its significance in the study of fire variation.Journal Lake Science,18(5):540-544 (in Chinese with English abstract)
LI Y Y,HOU S F,ZHAO P F,2010.Comparison of different quantification methods for microfossil charcoal concentration and the implication for human activities.Quaternary Sciences,30(2):356-363 (in Chinese with English abstract)
LIN W L,YING Y Q,JIANG P K et al.,2015.Study on phytolith-occluded organic carbon in soil of subtropical forest of southern Zhejiang.Acta Pedologica Sinica,52(6):1365-1373 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lü H Y,ZH J P,WU N Q et al.,2009.Phytoliths analysis for the discrimination of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and Common Millet (Panicum miliaceum).PLOS ONE,4(2):e4448
Lü J,WANG Y F,LI C S,2002.Fossil charcoal and ancient forest fire.Journal of Palaeogeography,4(2):71-76(in Chinese with English abstract)
PARR J F,2006.Effect of fire on phytolith coloration.Geoarchaeology,21(2):171-185
SUN X J,LI X,CHEN H C,2000.Natural fire and climate in the northern South China Sea since the recent 37 Ka.Scientia Sinica Terrae,30(2):163-168 (in Chinese with English abstract)
SUN Y L,JIE D M,LIU C Y et al.,2009.Morphological characte-ristics of phytolith of woody plants from the vertical vegetation zones on the north slope in Changbai Mountain and its environmental significance.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,26(03):261-270 (in Chinese with English abstract)
TAN Z H,HUANG C C,PENG J L et al.,2010.Charcoal records of Holocene loess-soil sequences and its palaeoenvironmental significance in Weihe River Drainage.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,18(1):25-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)
WANG Y J,LYU H Y,1989.An introduction of study on plant opal and its uses.Journal of oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas,07(02):66-68(in Chinese with English abstract)
WANG Y J,LYU H Y,1993.Study on plant opal and its uses.Beijing:China Ocean press.1-228 (in Chinese with English abstract)
WARD D E,HARDY C C,1991.Smoke emissions from wildland fires.Environment International,17:117-134
WHILOCK C,LARESN C,2002.Charcoal as a fire proxy.Deve-lopments in Paleoenvironmental Research,3:75-97
XU Q H,KONG Z C,CHEN X D et al.,2002.Discussion on the environment changes the effects of human impacts in the east Ordos plateau since 4 000 aB.P.Quaternary Sciences,22(2):105-112 (in Chinese with English abstract)
ZHANG J P,Lü H Y,2006.Preliminary study of charcoal morphology and its environmenntal significance.Quaternary Sciences,26(05):857-863 (in Chinese with English abstract)
ZHAO Z Y,2013.A study on human activities changes and its impact on environment during the past 1600 years in Guangxi and Chongqing,based on pollen-spore and charcoal data.Southwest University,(10):131 (in Chinese with English abstract)