荒漠草原区4种植物群落土壤种子库特征及其土壤理化性质
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摘要
土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的潜在种源,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原区4种植物群落为研究对象,通过对封育16年后植物群落土壤理化性质的变化与其土壤种子库的特征之间的关系的探讨,揭示荒漠草原植物群落的土壤种子库分布特征和演替趋势,以及土壤质量的改变如何影响土壤种子库特征。研究结果表明:(1)不同植物群落土壤种子库物种组成及种子密度不同,同一物种在不同植物群落土壤种子库中出现时种子密度也存在差异;禾本科、菊科、藜科植物种在4种植物群落土壤种子库中出现比例均较高,分别占到26.19%、21.43%和19.05%,占总物种数的66.7%;灰绿藜、冰草、碱蓬在4种植物群落土壤种子库中均有出现。(2)4种植物群落土壤种子库中多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多,灌木、半灌木植物种较少。(3)4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均表现为:芨芨草群落>苦豆子群落>油蒿群落>盐爪爪群落;且随着土层的加深,4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均呈递减趋势。(4)4种植物群落土壤种子库中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpsin指数、Pielou指数和Patrick指数均表现为芨芨草群落>苦豆子群落>油蒿群落>盐爪爪群落。此外,芨芨草群落土壤种子库与油蒿群落土壤种子库相似性最高,油蒿群落与盐爪爪群落的最低。(5)土壤种子库物种多样性特征指数与土壤pH、含水量、碱解氮呈正相关,与土壤电导率呈负相关,其中土壤pH和电导率对种子库物种多样性的影响较大。荒漠草原封育以后,土壤种子库中植物种数、种子密度和物种多样性均呈增加趋势,且以多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多;禾本科和豆科植物的物种数和种子密度大于菊科和藜科,这表明围封后牧草品质改善,植物群落正向演替。
The soil seed bank(SSB), as a potential provenance, plays an important role in the natural recovery and succession of vegetation and ecological restoration. In this study, four plant communities were evaluated in a desert steppe area in Yanchi County, Ningxia. We investigated the relationship between soil physical and chemical properties of plant communities fenced for 16 years to reveal the SSB distribution characteristics of the desert grassland community and succession trend and how changes in soil quality affect SSB characteristics. The results showed that(1) the species composition and seed density of SSBs in various plant communities were different, and the seed density of the same species was different in various plant communities. Moreover, the species proportion of four types of plant communities in SSB included Gramineae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae(26.19%, 21.43%, and 19.05%, respectively), accounting for 66.7% of the total species.(2) Many perennial and annual plant seeds, and few shrub and semi-shrub seeds were found in the SSBs of the four communities.(3) The species number and seed density in the SSBs of the four plant communities were as follows: Achnatherum splendens community>Sophora alopecuroides community>Artemisia ordosica community>Kalidium foliatum community; the species number and seed density showed a decreasing trend with soil depth.(4) Four indexes(Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou, and Patrick) indicated the same tendency, that is, A. splendens community>S. alopecuroides community>A. ordosica community>K. foliatum community. In addition, the SSB of A. splendens community had the highest similarity to that of A. ordosica community, but the SSB of A. ordosica community had the lowest similarity to that of K. foliatum community.(5) The soil species diversity index of SSB was positively correlated with soil pH, water content, and available nitrogen and negatively correlated with soil electrical conductivity. Soil pH and electrical conductivity had a significant effect on species diversity in the SSBs. After enclosure, the species number, seed density, and biodiversity of SSB increased, especially, those of the perennials and annuals; the species number and seed density of Gramineae and Leguminosae were both greater than those of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae. All the results indicated that fencing improved not only the grasses but also positive succession.
The soil seed bank(SSB), as a potential provenance, plays an important role in the natural recovery and succession of vegetation and ecological restoration. In this study, four plant communities were evaluated in a desert steppe area in Yanchi County, Ningxia. We investigated the relationship between soil physical and chemical properties of plant communities fenced for 16 years to reveal the SSB distribution characteristics of the desert grassland community and succession trend and how changes in soil quality affect SSB characteristics. The results showed that(1) the species composition and seed density of SSBs in various plant communities were different, and the seed density of the same species was different in various plant communities. Moreover, the species proportion of four types of plant communities in SSB included Gramineae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae(26.19%, 21.43%, and 19.05%, respectively), accounting for 66.7% of the total species.(2) Many perennial and annual plant seeds, and few shrub and semi-shrub seeds were found in the SSBs of the four communities.(3) The species number and seed density in the SSBs of the four plant communities were as follows: Achnatherum splendens community>Sophora alopecuroides community>Artemisia ordosica community>Kalidium foliatum community; the species number and seed density showed a decreasing trend with soil depth.(4) Four indexes(Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou, and Patrick) indicated the same tendency, that is, A. splendens community>S. alopecuroides community>A. ordosica community>K. foliatum community. In addition, the SSB of A. splendens community had the highest similarity to that of A. ordosica community, but the SSB of A. ordosica community had the lowest similarity to that of K. foliatum community.(5) The soil species diversity index of SSB was positively correlated with soil pH, water content, and available nitrogen and negatively correlated with soil electrical conductivity. Soil pH and electrical conductivity had a significant effect on species diversity in the SSBs. After enclosure, the species number, seed density, and biodiversity of SSB increased, especially, those of the perennials and annuals; the species number and seed density of Gramineae and Leguminosae were both greater than those of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae. All the results indicated that fencing improved not only the grasses but also positive succession.
引文
[1] Roberts H A.Seed banks in soils.Advances in Applied Biology,1981,6:1- 55.
[2] He M X,Lv L Y,Li H Y,Meng W Q,Zhao N.Analysis on soil seed bank diversity characteristics and its relation with soil physical and chemical properties after substrate addition.PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0147439.
[3] Harper J L.Population Biology of Plants.London:Academic Press,1977.
[4] 邓斌,任国华,刘志云,尚占环,裴世芳.封育三年对三种高寒草地群落土壤种子库的影响.草业学报,2012,21(5):23- 31.
[5] 邵文山.荒漠草原区4种植物群落土壤特性和种子库的研究 [D].宁夏大学,2017.
[6] 杨宁,付美云,杨满元,雷玉兰,邹冬生,林仲桂,赵林峰.衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征.西北植物学报,2014,34(11):2324- 2330.
[7] Alvarez-Buylla E R,Martínez-Ramos M.Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical pioneer tree.Oecologia,1990,84(3):314- 325.
[8] Coffin D P,Lauenroth W K.Spatial and temporal variation in the seed bank of a semiarid grassland.American Journal of Botany,1989,76(1):53- 58.
[9] 周华坤,周立,刘伟,王启基,赵伟,周彦艳.封育措施对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸的影响.中国草地,2003,25(5):15- 22.
[10] 杨磊,王彦荣,余进德.干旱荒漠区土壤种子库研究进展.草业学报,2010,19(2):227- 234.
[11] 李国旗,邵文山,赵盼盼,靳长青.封育对荒漠草原两种植物群落土壤种子库的影响.草业学报,2018,27(6):52- 61.
[12] 张玲,方精云.太白山土壤种子库储量与物种多样性的垂直格局.地理学报,2004,59(6):880- 888.
[13] Gad M R M,Kelan S S.Soil seed bank and seed germination of sand dunes vegetation in North Sinai-Egypt.Annals of Agricultural Sciences,2012,57(1):63- 72.
[14] 陈颖颖,吴自荣,潘萍,欧阳勋志.飞播马尾松林土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系.土壤通报,2016,47(1):92- 97.
[15] 翟付群,许诺,莫训强,李洪远.天津蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库特征与土壤理化性质分析.环境科学研究,2013,26(1):97- 102.
[16] 邵文山,李国旗,陈科元,赵盼盼.荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较.西北植物学报,2016,36(3):579- 587.
[17] 李国旗,李淑君,蒙静,武东波.土壤种子库研究方法评述.生态环境学报,2013,22(10):1721- 1726.
[18] 张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[19] Crist T O,Veech J A,Gering J C,Summerville K S.Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions:a hierarchical analysis of α,β,and γ diversity.The American Naturalist,2003,162(6):734- 743.
[20] 黄金燕,周世强,谭迎春,周小平,王鹏彦,张和民.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性研究:丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度.林业科学,2007,43(3):73- 78.
[21] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数.生态学报,1995,15(3):268- 277.
[22] 刘瑞雪,詹娟,史志华,陈龙清.丹江口水库消落带土壤种子库与地上植被和环境的关系.应用生态学报,2013,24(3):801- 808.
[23] 尚占环,龙瑞军,马玉寿,张黎敏,施建军,丁玲玲.黄河源区退化高寒草地土壤种子库:种子萌发的数量和动态.应用与环境生物学报,2006,12(3):313- 317.
[24] Sitvertown J W.Introduction to Plantation Population Ecology.London:Longman,1982:126- 135.
[25] 牛翠娟.基础生态学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[26] 潘声旺,袁馨,雷志华,胡明成.乡土植物生活型构成对川渝地区边坡植被水土保持效益的影响.生态学报,2016,36(15):4654- 4663.
[27] 陈云,袁志良,任思远,韦博良,贾宏汝,叶永忠.宝天曼自然保护区不同生活型物种与土壤相关性分析.科学通报,2014,59(24):2367- 2379.
[28] 李洪远,莫训强,郝翠.近30年来土壤种子库研究的回顾与展望.生态环境学报,2009,18(2):731- 737.
[29] Bekker R M,Bakker J P,Grandin U,Kalamees R,Milberg P,Poschlod P,Thompson K,Willems J K.Seed size,shape and vertical distribution in the soil:indicators of seed longevity.Functional Ecology,1998,12(5):834- 842.
[30] Ambrosio L,Dorado J,Del Monte J P.Assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil.Weed Research,1997,37(3):129- 137.
[31] Ma M J,Zhou X H,Du G Z.Soil seed bank dynamics in alpine wetland succession on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant and Soil,2011,346(1/2):19- 28.
[32] 曾彦军,王彦荣,南志标,卫东,陈善科,李保尔.阿拉善干旱荒漠区不同植被类型土壤种子库研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1457- 1463.
[33] Valkó O,Tóthmérész B,Kelemen A,Simon E,Miglécz T,Lukács B A,T?r?k P.Environmental factors driving seed bank diversity in alkali grasslands.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2014,182:80- 87.
[34] 包秀霞,易津,刘书润,吉木色,吉格吉德苏仁.不同放牧方式对蒙古高原典型草原土壤种子库的影响.中国草地学报,2010,32(5):66- 72.
[35] 王晓荣.三峡库区消落带土壤理化性质及种子库研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.
[2] He M X,Lv L Y,Li H Y,Meng W Q,Zhao N.Analysis on soil seed bank diversity characteristics and its relation with soil physical and chemical properties after substrate addition.PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0147439.
[3] Harper J L.Population Biology of Plants.London:Academic Press,1977.
[4] 邓斌,任国华,刘志云,尚占环,裴世芳.封育三年对三种高寒草地群落土壤种子库的影响.草业学报,2012,21(5):23- 31.
[5] 邵文山.荒漠草原区4种植物群落土壤特性和种子库的研究 [D].宁夏大学,2017.
[6] 杨宁,付美云,杨满元,雷玉兰,邹冬生,林仲桂,赵林峰.衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征.西北植物学报,2014,34(11):2324- 2330.
[7] Alvarez-Buylla E R,Martínez-Ramos M.Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical pioneer tree.Oecologia,1990,84(3):314- 325.
[8] Coffin D P,Lauenroth W K.Spatial and temporal variation in the seed bank of a semiarid grassland.American Journal of Botany,1989,76(1):53- 58.
[9] 周华坤,周立,刘伟,王启基,赵伟,周彦艳.封育措施对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸的影响.中国草地,2003,25(5):15- 22.
[10] 杨磊,王彦荣,余进德.干旱荒漠区土壤种子库研究进展.草业学报,2010,19(2):227- 234.
[11] 李国旗,邵文山,赵盼盼,靳长青.封育对荒漠草原两种植物群落土壤种子库的影响.草业学报,2018,27(6):52- 61.
[12] 张玲,方精云.太白山土壤种子库储量与物种多样性的垂直格局.地理学报,2004,59(6):880- 888.
[13] Gad M R M,Kelan S S.Soil seed bank and seed germination of sand dunes vegetation in North Sinai-Egypt.Annals of Agricultural Sciences,2012,57(1):63- 72.
[14] 陈颖颖,吴自荣,潘萍,欧阳勋志.飞播马尾松林土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系.土壤通报,2016,47(1):92- 97.
[15] 翟付群,许诺,莫训强,李洪远.天津蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库特征与土壤理化性质分析.环境科学研究,2013,26(1):97- 102.
[16] 邵文山,李国旗,陈科元,赵盼盼.荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较.西北植物学报,2016,36(3):579- 587.
[17] 李国旗,李淑君,蒙静,武东波.土壤种子库研究方法评述.生态环境学报,2013,22(10):1721- 1726.
[18] 张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[19] Crist T O,Veech J A,Gering J C,Summerville K S.Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions:a hierarchical analysis of α,β,and γ diversity.The American Naturalist,2003,162(6):734- 743.
[20] 黄金燕,周世强,谭迎春,周小平,王鹏彦,张和民.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性研究:丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度.林业科学,2007,43(3):73- 78.
[21] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数.生态学报,1995,15(3):268- 277.
[22] 刘瑞雪,詹娟,史志华,陈龙清.丹江口水库消落带土壤种子库与地上植被和环境的关系.应用生态学报,2013,24(3):801- 808.
[23] 尚占环,龙瑞军,马玉寿,张黎敏,施建军,丁玲玲.黄河源区退化高寒草地土壤种子库:种子萌发的数量和动态.应用与环境生物学报,2006,12(3):313- 317.
[24] Sitvertown J W.Introduction to Plantation Population Ecology.London:Longman,1982:126- 135.
[25] 牛翠娟.基础生态学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[26] 潘声旺,袁馨,雷志华,胡明成.乡土植物生活型构成对川渝地区边坡植被水土保持效益的影响.生态学报,2016,36(15):4654- 4663.
[27] 陈云,袁志良,任思远,韦博良,贾宏汝,叶永忠.宝天曼自然保护区不同生活型物种与土壤相关性分析.科学通报,2014,59(24):2367- 2379.
[28] 李洪远,莫训强,郝翠.近30年来土壤种子库研究的回顾与展望.生态环境学报,2009,18(2):731- 737.
[29] Bekker R M,Bakker J P,Grandin U,Kalamees R,Milberg P,Poschlod P,Thompson K,Willems J K.Seed size,shape and vertical distribution in the soil:indicators of seed longevity.Functional Ecology,1998,12(5):834- 842.
[30] Ambrosio L,Dorado J,Del Monte J P.Assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil.Weed Research,1997,37(3):129- 137.
[31] Ma M J,Zhou X H,Du G Z.Soil seed bank dynamics in alpine wetland succession on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant and Soil,2011,346(1/2):19- 28.
[32] 曾彦军,王彦荣,南志标,卫东,陈善科,李保尔.阿拉善干旱荒漠区不同植被类型土壤种子库研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1457- 1463.
[33] Valkó O,Tóthmérész B,Kelemen A,Simon E,Miglécz T,Lukács B A,T?r?k P.Environmental factors driving seed bank diversity in alkali grasslands.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2014,182:80- 87.
[34] 包秀霞,易津,刘书润,吉木色,吉格吉德苏仁.不同放牧方式对蒙古高原典型草原土壤种子库的影响.中国草地学报,2010,32(5):66- 72.
[35] 王晓荣.三峡库区消落带土壤理化性质及种子库研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.