多年放牧对不同类型草原植被及土壤碳同位素的影响
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摘要
放牧是草原牧区常见的人类活动,多年放牧对草原植被及土壤的碳过程产生较大的影响.本研究采集不同类型草原多年放牧前后植被及土壤样品,对室内碳同位素进行分析,研究了不同草原生态系统Δ~(13)C(碳同位素分馏值)差异及其影响因素.结果表明:放牧强度对植被Δ~(13)C值的影响显著,0～5 cm表层土壤Δ~(13)C值在放牧前后变化显著,而对深层土壤(>5 cm)影响不显著.多年放牧后大部分植被Δ~(13)C值显著升高,高海拔地区升高的幅度较大.可见,放牧行为对不同草地生态系统类型、不同土壤深度以及不同海拔生态系统碳过程产生的影响差异显著.针对不同类型的草原,放牧应采取多样化的管理方式.
Grazing is a common human activity on grassland region. Long-term grazing exerts great effects on ecosystem carbon cycling. In this study,we collected leaf and soil samples from different grassland types across the growing season,separately from un-grazed( UG) and overgrazed( OG)plots. By analyzing the carbon isotope values of samples in laboratory,this study revealed the divergent Δ~(13)C value( carbon isotope discriminative value) among different grassland ecosystems,as well as its influencing factors. The results showed that Δ~(13)C value of soil at 0-5 cm significantly differed between UG and OG,but no difference at deeper layers( > 5 cm). The grazing intensity had significant influence on the Δ~(13)C value of vegetation leaves. After long-term grazing,most vegetation showed a significant increase in Δ~(13)C value,especially in high altitude areas. In conclusion,grazing have significantly divergent impacts on the carbon processes under different grassland ecosystems,soil depths and altitudes. Therefore,a variety of grazing management strategies should be adopted for various grassland ecosystems.
Grazing is a common human activity on grassland region. Long-term grazing exerts great effects on ecosystem carbon cycling. In this study,we collected leaf and soil samples from different grassland types across the growing season,separately from un-grazed( UG) and overgrazed( OG)plots. By analyzing the carbon isotope values of samples in laboratory,this study revealed the divergent Δ~(13)C value( carbon isotope discriminative value) among different grassland ecosystems,as well as its influencing factors. The results showed that Δ~(13)C value of soil at 0-5 cm significantly differed between UG and OG,but no difference at deeper layers( > 5 cm). The grazing intensity had significant influence on the Δ~(13)C value of vegetation leaves. After long-term grazing,most vegetation showed a significant increase in Δ~(13)C value,especially in high altitude areas. In conclusion,grazing have significantly divergent impacts on the carbon processes under different grassland ecosystems,soil depths and altitudes. Therefore,a variety of grazing management strategies should be adopted for various grassland ecosystems.
引文
[1] Ni J. Carbon storage in grasslands of China. Journal of Arid Environment,2002,50:205-218
[2] Guo L(郭泺),Du S-H(杜世宏),Xue D-Y(薛达元),et al. Spatiotemporal differentiation of land cover change and grassland degradation pattern in Yangtze River headwaters area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(5):1219-1225(in Chinese)
[3] Wang C,Wang S,Zhou H,et al. Effects of forage composition and growing season on methane emission from sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. Ecological Research,2007,22:41-48
[4] Zhang C,Li X,Wu H,et al. Reaumuria soongorica and Nitraria sphaerocarpa:Isotopic approaches with physiological evidence. Plant and Soil,2017,419:169-187
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[6] Fan Y-J(范月君). Effects of Fencing and Grazing on Plant Morphology,Community Characteristics and Carbon Balance of Kobresia pygmaea Meadow in the Three Headwater Resource Regions. PhD Thesis. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2013(in Chinese)
[7] Wang Y-T(王亚婷),Wang X(王玺),Zhao T-Q(赵天启),et al. Integration of water and nitrogen use efficiency of plant in the Stipa breviflora grassland of Inner Mongolia along grazing gradients function groups.Ecology and Environment(生态环境学报),2017,26(6):964-970(in Chinese)
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[10] Pineiro G,Paruelo JM,Oesterheld M,et al. Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen.Rangeland Ecology and Management,2010,63:109-119
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[12] Damesin CL. Carbon isotope composition of current-year shoots from Fagus sylvatica in relation to growth,respiration and use of reserves. Plant,Cell and Environment,2010,26:207-219
[13] Chen SP,Bai YF,Lin GH,et al. Effects of grazing on photosynthetic characteristics of major steppe species in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China. Photosynthetica,2005,43:559-565
[14] Andriollo DD,Redin CG,Reichert M,et al. Soil carbon isotope ratios in forest-grassland toposequences to identify vegetation changes in southern Brazilian grasslands. Catena,2017,159:126-135
[15] Wang C,Wei HW,Liu DW,et al. Depth profiles of soil carbon isotopes along a semi-arid grassland transect in northern China. Plant and Soil,2017,417:42-52
[16] Yonekura Y,Ohta S,Kiyono Y,et al. Dynamics of soil carbon following destruction of tropical rainforest and the subsequent establishment of Imperata grassland in Indonesian Borneo using stable carbon isotopes. Global Change Biology,2012,18:2606-2616
[17] Li C,Fultz LM,Moore-Kucera J,et al. Soil carbon sequestration potential in semi-arid grasslands in the Conservation Reserve Program. Geoderma,2017,294:80-90
[18] Yang H,Yu Q,Sheng WP,et al. Determination of leaf carbon isotope discrimination in C4 plants under variable N and water supply. Scientific Reports,2017,7:351
[19] Farquhar GD,O’Leary MH,Berry JA. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1982,9:281-292
[20] Farquhar GD,Ehleringer JR,Hubick KT. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1989,40:503-537
[21] Hultine KR,Marshall JD. Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. Oecologia,2000,123:32-40
[22] Li X-Y(李昕宇). Grazing and Precipitation Stable Isotope Effect on the Stability of Typical Steppe. Master Thesis. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2013(in Chinese)
[23] An H,Li G. Effects of grazing on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in a semiarid desert grassland,China.Journal of Arid Land,2014,7:341-349
[24] Uggemann NB,Gessler A,Kayler Z,et al. Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum:A review. Biogeosciences,2011,8:3619-3695
[25] Yao H,Wilkes A,Zhu G,et al. Stable carbon isotope as a signal index for monitoring grassland degradation.Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:31399, doi:10. 1038/srep31399
[26] Unkovich MJ,Pate JS,Mcneill A,et al. Stable Isotope Techniques in the Study of Biological Processes and Functioning of Ecosystems. Berlin:Springer,2001
[27] K9rner CH,Farquhar GD,Roksandic Z. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oecologia,1988,74:623-632
[28] K9rner CH,Farquhar GD,Wong SC. Carbon isotope discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends. Oecologia,1991,88:30-40
[29] Hultine KR,Marshall JD. Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. Oecologia,2000,123:32-40
[30] Warren CR,McGrath JF,Adams MA. Water availability and carbon isotope discrimination in conifers. Oecologia,2001,127:476-486
[31] Quan X-L(全小龙). Discrimination Analysis of Retrogressive Succession with Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes from Plants and Soil on Alpine Meadow. Master Thesis.Xining:Qinghai University,2016(in Chinese)
[32] Baron VS,Mapfumo E,Dick AC,et al. Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow. Journal of Range Management,2002,55:535-541
[33] Qi L(纂琳). Distribution of Organic Carbon Isotope Composition for Modern Soils from the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Main Controlling Factors.PhD Thesis. Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2017(in Chinese)
[34] Ma X-Z(马秀枝),Wang Y-F(王艳芬),Wang S-P(汪诗平),et al. Impacts of grazing on soil carbon fractions in the grasslands of Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2005,29(4):569-576(in Chinese)
[35] Chang Q(常青). The Effects and Regulation Mechanism of Grazing on Grassland Carbon Sequestration. PhD Thesis. Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2018(in Chinese)
[36] Giese M,Brueck H,Gao YZ,et al. N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe:A comprehensive case study of grazing effects. Ecological Monographs,2013,83:195-219
[37] Chen PN,Wang GA,Han JY,et al.δ13C difference between plants and soil organic matter along the eastern slope of Mount Gongga. Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54:3512-3520
[38] Lyu H-Y(吕厚远),Gu Z-Y(顾兆炎),Wu N-Q(吴乃琴),et al. Effect of altitude on the organic carbon isotope composition of modern surface soils form Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 2001, 21:399-406(in Chinese)
[39] Baron VS,Mapfumo E,Dick AC,et al. Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow. Journal of Range Management,2002,55:535-541
[40] Cheng J,Wu G,Zhao L,et al. Cumulative effects of20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above-and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau,China. Plant,Soil and Environment,2011,57:40-44
[41] Zhou ZY,Li FR,Chen SK,et al. Dynamics of vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation over 26years under controlled grazing in a desert shrub land.Plant and Soil,2011,341:257-268
[42] Jr9me B,Andre M. Natural13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:25-30
[43] Snell HSK,Robinson D,Midwood AJ. Sampling root respired CO2in-situ for13C measurement. Plant and Soil,2015,393:259-271
[44] Schumana GE,Janzenb HH,Herrickc JE. Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands. Environmental Pollution,2002,116:391-396
[2] Guo L(郭泺),Du S-H(杜世宏),Xue D-Y(薛达元),et al. Spatiotemporal differentiation of land cover change and grassland degradation pattern in Yangtze River headwaters area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(5):1219-1225(in Chinese)
[3] Wang C,Wang S,Zhou H,et al. Effects of forage composition and growing season on methane emission from sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. Ecological Research,2007,22:41-48
[4] Zhang C,Li X,Wu H,et al. Reaumuria soongorica and Nitraria sphaerocarpa:Isotopic approaches with physiological evidence. Plant and Soil,2017,419:169-187
[5] Farquhar GD,Richards RA. Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1984,11:539-552
[6] Fan Y-J(范月君). Effects of Fencing and Grazing on Plant Morphology,Community Characteristics and Carbon Balance of Kobresia pygmaea Meadow in the Three Headwater Resource Regions. PhD Thesis. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2013(in Chinese)
[7] Wang Y-T(王亚婷),Wang X(王玺),Zhao T-Q(赵天启),et al. Integration of water and nitrogen use efficiency of plant in the Stipa breviflora grassland of Inner Mongolia along grazing gradients function groups.Ecology and Environment(生态环境学报),2017,26(6):964-970(in Chinese)
[8] Zhu G-D(朱国栋),Zhang H-D(张洪丹),Yao H-Y(姚鸿云),et al. Effects of grazing onδ13C values of plants and soils in a Stipa breviflora desert steppe in Inner Mongolia,China. Grassland and Prataculture(草原与草业),2015,27(4):45-50(in Chinese)
[9] Wu Y-S(吴永胜),Ma W-L(马万里),Li H(李浩),et al. Seasonal variations of soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in degraded desert steppes of Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(2):312-316(in Chinese)
[10] Pineiro G,Paruelo JM,Oesterheld M,et al. Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen.Rangeland Ecology and Management,2010,63:109-119
[11] Bagchi S,Ritchie ME. Introduced grazers can restrict potential soil carbon sequestration through impacts on plant community composition. Ecology Letters,2010,13:959-968
[12] Damesin CL. Carbon isotope composition of current-year shoots from Fagus sylvatica in relation to growth,respiration and use of reserves. Plant,Cell and Environment,2010,26:207-219
[13] Chen SP,Bai YF,Lin GH,et al. Effects of grazing on photosynthetic characteristics of major steppe species in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China. Photosynthetica,2005,43:559-565
[14] Andriollo DD,Redin CG,Reichert M,et al. Soil carbon isotope ratios in forest-grassland toposequences to identify vegetation changes in southern Brazilian grasslands. Catena,2017,159:126-135
[15] Wang C,Wei HW,Liu DW,et al. Depth profiles of soil carbon isotopes along a semi-arid grassland transect in northern China. Plant and Soil,2017,417:42-52
[16] Yonekura Y,Ohta S,Kiyono Y,et al. Dynamics of soil carbon following destruction of tropical rainforest and the subsequent establishment of Imperata grassland in Indonesian Borneo using stable carbon isotopes. Global Change Biology,2012,18:2606-2616
[17] Li C,Fultz LM,Moore-Kucera J,et al. Soil carbon sequestration potential in semi-arid grasslands in the Conservation Reserve Program. Geoderma,2017,294:80-90
[18] Yang H,Yu Q,Sheng WP,et al. Determination of leaf carbon isotope discrimination in C4 plants under variable N and water supply. Scientific Reports,2017,7:351
[19] Farquhar GD,O’Leary MH,Berry JA. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1982,9:281-292
[20] Farquhar GD,Ehleringer JR,Hubick KT. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1989,40:503-537
[21] Hultine KR,Marshall JD. Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. Oecologia,2000,123:32-40
[22] Li X-Y(李昕宇). Grazing and Precipitation Stable Isotope Effect on the Stability of Typical Steppe. Master Thesis. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2013(in Chinese)
[23] An H,Li G. Effects of grazing on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in a semiarid desert grassland,China.Journal of Arid Land,2014,7:341-349
[24] Uggemann NB,Gessler A,Kayler Z,et al. Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum:A review. Biogeosciences,2011,8:3619-3695
[25] Yao H,Wilkes A,Zhu G,et al. Stable carbon isotope as a signal index for monitoring grassland degradation.Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:31399, doi:10. 1038/srep31399
[26] Unkovich MJ,Pate JS,Mcneill A,et al. Stable Isotope Techniques in the Study of Biological Processes and Functioning of Ecosystems. Berlin:Springer,2001
[27] K9rner CH,Farquhar GD,Roksandic Z. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oecologia,1988,74:623-632
[28] K9rner CH,Farquhar GD,Wong SC. Carbon isotope discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends. Oecologia,1991,88:30-40
[29] Hultine KR,Marshall JD. Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. Oecologia,2000,123:32-40
[30] Warren CR,McGrath JF,Adams MA. Water availability and carbon isotope discrimination in conifers. Oecologia,2001,127:476-486
[31] Quan X-L(全小龙). Discrimination Analysis of Retrogressive Succession with Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes from Plants and Soil on Alpine Meadow. Master Thesis.Xining:Qinghai University,2016(in Chinese)
[32] Baron VS,Mapfumo E,Dick AC,et al. Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow. Journal of Range Management,2002,55:535-541
[33] Qi L(纂琳). Distribution of Organic Carbon Isotope Composition for Modern Soils from the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Main Controlling Factors.PhD Thesis. Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2017(in Chinese)
[34] Ma X-Z(马秀枝),Wang Y-F(王艳芬),Wang S-P(汪诗平),et al. Impacts of grazing on soil carbon fractions in the grasslands of Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2005,29(4):569-576(in Chinese)
[35] Chang Q(常青). The Effects and Regulation Mechanism of Grazing on Grassland Carbon Sequestration. PhD Thesis. Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2018(in Chinese)
[36] Giese M,Brueck H,Gao YZ,et al. N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe:A comprehensive case study of grazing effects. Ecological Monographs,2013,83:195-219
[37] Chen PN,Wang GA,Han JY,et al.δ13C difference between plants and soil organic matter along the eastern slope of Mount Gongga. Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54:3512-3520
[38] Lyu H-Y(吕厚远),Gu Z-Y(顾兆炎),Wu N-Q(吴乃琴),et al. Effect of altitude on the organic carbon isotope composition of modern surface soils form Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 2001, 21:399-406(in Chinese)
[39] Baron VS,Mapfumo E,Dick AC,et al. Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow. Journal of Range Management,2002,55:535-541
[40] Cheng J,Wu G,Zhao L,et al. Cumulative effects of20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above-and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau,China. Plant,Soil and Environment,2011,57:40-44
[41] Zhou ZY,Li FR,Chen SK,et al. Dynamics of vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation over 26years under controlled grazing in a desert shrub land.Plant and Soil,2011,341:257-268
[42] Jr9me B,Andre M. Natural13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:25-30
[43] Snell HSK,Robinson D,Midwood AJ. Sampling root respired CO2in-situ for13C measurement. Plant and Soil,2015,393:259-271
[44] Schumana GE,Janzenb HH,Herrickc JE. Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands. Environmental Pollution,2002,116:391-396