核能公众接受性:研究图景、理论框架与展望
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摘要
核能的公众接受性是一个快速发展的交叉研究课题,也是风险认知学科最具代表性的研究主题之一。当前国内学界在该领域仍处于探索阶段,理论水平和研究方法相对落后于国际学术前沿,迫切需要展开深入研究。文章以中、英文权威科学索引收录的期刊论文为对象,使用理论综述的方法展开综合研究,以期为核能公众性研究发展提供理论支撑和方向预判。文章首先对核能公众接受性研究构建一幅整体图景,接着对这一领域的中外文献进行归纳和整理,将现有理论成果整合成一个理论框架。在此基础上,对当前研究存在的不足进行了反思,指出未来的核能公众接受性研究应将宏微观跨层互动与文化视角纳入分析,加强跨学科领域的理论对话,以及引入更为有效的研究方法并提高数据质量。
Public acceptance of nuclear energy is a rapidly developing cross-cutting research topic and one of the most representative research topics in the risk perception discipline. The domestic academia is still in its exploratory stage and relatively lags behind the international academic frontier in its theoretical level and research methods. This study takes the journal articles in the authoritative scientific indexes as the object, and employs the methods of theoretical review to conduct comprehensive research. Based on a review of the literature on public acceptance of nuclear energy in China and abroad, this article integrates the determinants of public acceptance of nuclear energy identified by the existing research into a unified analytical framework. The article further points out the gaps and weaknesses in existing research and discusses the directions for future research.
Public acceptance of nuclear energy is a rapidly developing cross-cutting research topic and one of the most representative research topics in the risk perception discipline. The domestic academia is still in its exploratory stage and relatively lags behind the international academic frontier in its theoretical level and research methods. This study takes the journal articles in the authoritative scientific indexes as the object, and employs the methods of theoretical review to conduct comprehensive research. Based on a review of the literature on public acceptance of nuclear energy in China and abroad, this article integrates the determinants of public acceptance of nuclear energy identified by the existing research into a unified analytical framework. The article further points out the gaps and weaknesses in existing research and discusses the directions for future research.
引文
1 International Atomic Energy Agency.Energy,electricity and nuclear power estimates for the period up to 2050.Vienna:IAEA,2017.
2 Starr C.Social benefit versus technological risk.Science,1969,165(3899):1232-1238.
3时振刚,张作义,薛澜,等.核电的公众接受性研究.中国软科学,2000,(8):71-75.
4韩自强,顾林生.核能的公众接受性与影响因素分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):107-113.
5陈润羊.核电公众接受性研究展望.华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2015,(3):27-32.
6王刚,张霞飞.风险的社会放大分析框架下沿海核电“去污名化”研究.中国行政管理,2017,(3):119-125.
7闫坤如.核电风险的社会可接受性及其决策伦理探析.伦理学研究,2017,(2):74-78.
8郭跃,汝鹏,苏竣.科学家与公众对核能技术接受度的比较分析--以日本福岛核泄露事故为例.科学学与科学技术管理,2012,33(2):153-158.
9曾繁旭,戴佳,王宇琦.风险行业的公众沟通与信任建设:以中广核为例.中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2015,15(1):68-77.
10邓理峰,郑馨怡,周志成.客观知识与主观知识:青年学生的核电知识水平及对核电态度的影响.科学与社会,2016,6(2):85-109.
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12 Ohnishi T.A mathematical model of the activities for public acceptance and the resultant reaction of the public:An application to the nuclear problem.Mathematical&Computer Modelling,1995,21(5):1-31.
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34 Warren C R,Lumsden C,O’Dowd S,et al.‘Green on green’:public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2005,48(6):853-875.
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36 Silva C L,Jenkins‐Smith H C,Barke R P.Reconciling scientists’beliefs about radiation risks and social norms:explaining preferred radiation protection standards.Risk Analysis,2007,27(3):755-773.
37 Roh S,Lee J W.Differentiated influences of risk perceptions on nuclear power acceptance according to acceptance targets:Evidence from Korea.Nuclear Engineering and Technology,2017,49(5):1090-1094.
38 Murakami M,Nakatani J,Oki T.Evaluation of risk perception and risk-comparison information regarding dietary radionuclides after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident.PLoS ONE,2016,11(11):1-22.
39 Frantál B,MalyJ,Ou?ední?ek M,et al.Distance matters.assessing socioeconomic impacts of the Dukovany nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic:Local perceptions and statistical evidence.Moravian Geographical Reports,2016,24(1):2-13.
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42 Katsuya T.Public response to the Tokai nuclear accident.Risk Analysis,2001,21(6):1039-1046.
43 Stoutenborough J W,Sturgess S G,Vedlitz A.Knowledge,risk,and policy support:public perceptions of nuclear power.Energy Policy,2013,62:176-184.
44 Sun C,Zhu X.Evaluating the public perceptions of nuclear power in China:evidence from a contingent valuation survey.Energy Policy,2014,69:397-405.
45 Irwin A.Citizen Science:A Study of People,Expertise and Sustainable Development.London&New York:Routledge,1995.
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47 Sturgis P,Allum N.Science in society:Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,2004,13(1):55-74.
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(1)统计数据来自国际核能协会官网(https://www.iaea.org),中国核能发展的其他进展可参见:http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx。
(2)1979年3月28日凌晨4时,美国宾夕法尼亚州的三里岛核电站第2组反应堆的操作室里,红灯闪亮,汽笛报警,涡轮机停转,堆芯压力和温度骤然升高,2小时后,大量放射性物质溢出。在三里岛事件中,从最初清洗设备的工作人员的过失开始,到反应堆彻底毁坏,整个过程只用了120秒。6天以后,堆芯温度才开始下降,蒸气泡消失——引起氢爆炸的威胁免除了。100 吨铀燃料虽然没有熔化,但有60%的铀棒受到损坏,反应堆最终陷于瘫痪。此事故为核事故的第五级(核事故共7个级别,级别越高,危害越大)。事故发生后,全美震惊,核电站附近的居民惊恐不安,约20万人撤出这一地区。美国各大城市的群众和正在修建核电站的地区的居民纷纷举行集会示威,要求停建或关闭核电站。美国和西欧一些国家政府不得不重新检查发展核动力计划。
2 Starr C.Social benefit versus technological risk.Science,1969,165(3899):1232-1238.
3时振刚,张作义,薛澜,等.核电的公众接受性研究.中国软科学,2000,(8):71-75.
4韩自强,顾林生.核能的公众接受性与影响因素分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):107-113.
5陈润羊.核电公众接受性研究展望.华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2015,(3):27-32.
6王刚,张霞飞.风险的社会放大分析框架下沿海核电“去污名化”研究.中国行政管理,2017,(3):119-125.
7闫坤如.核电风险的社会可接受性及其决策伦理探析.伦理学研究,2017,(2):74-78.
8郭跃,汝鹏,苏竣.科学家与公众对核能技术接受度的比较分析--以日本福岛核泄露事故为例.科学学与科学技术管理,2012,33(2):153-158.
9曾繁旭,戴佳,王宇琦.风险行业的公众沟通与信任建设:以中广核为例.中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2015,15(1):68-77.
10邓理峰,郑馨怡,周志成.客观知识与主观知识:青年学生的核电知识水平及对核电态度的影响.科学与社会,2016,6(2):85-109.
11陈悦,陈超美,胡志刚.引文空间分析原理与应用.北京:科学出版社,2014.
12 Ohnishi T.A mathematical model of the activities for public acceptance and the resultant reaction of the public:An application to the nuclear problem.Mathematical&Computer Modelling,1995,21(5):1-31.
13 Kim Y,Kim,M,Kim W.Effect of the Fukushima nuclear disaster on global public acceptance of nuclear energy.Energy Policy,2013,61:822-828.
14 He G,Mol A P,Zhang L,et al.Public participation and trust in nuclear power development in China.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,23:1-11.
15 Kuo W.Critical Reflections on Nuclear and Renewable Energy:Environmental Protection and Safety in the Wake of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,2014.
16 Wang Q,Chen X.Regulatory transparency-How china can learn from Japan’s nuclear regulatory failures?.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(6):3574-3578.
17 Renn O,Schweizer P J.Inclusive risk governance:Concepts and application to environmental policy making.Environmental Policy and Governance,2009,19(3):174-185.
18 Wu Y.Public acceptance of constructing coastal/inland nuclear power plants in post-Fukushima China.Energy Policy,2017,101:484-491.
19彭峰,翟晨阳.核能复兴、风险控制与公众参与--彭泽核能项目争议之政策与法律思考.上海大学学报(社会科学版),2014,31(4):99-106.
20郭跃,汝鹏,苏竣.科学家与公众对核能技术接受度的比较分析--以日本福岛核泄露事故为例.科学学与科学技术管理,2012,33(2):153-158.
21 Slovic P.The Psychology of Risk.Saude e Sociedade,2010,19(4):731-747.
22蔡先凤.中国核损害责任制度的建构.中国软科学,2006,(9):38-49.
23 Mercado-Sáez M T,Marco-Crespo E,álvarez-Villaà.Exploring news frames,sources and editorial kines on newspaper coverage of nuclear energy in Spain.Environmental Communication.2018,28:1-4.
24 Imtihani N,Mariko Y.Media coverage of Fukushima nuclear power station accident 2011(A case study of NHK and BBCWorld TV stations.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2013,17:938-946.
25 Wang Y,Li N,Li J.Media coverage and government policy of nuclear power in the People’s Republic of China.Progress in Nuclear Energy,2014,77:214-223.
26 Greenberg,M.Energy sources,public policy,and public preferences:analysis of US national and site-specific data.Energy Policy,2009,37(8):3242-3249.
27杨广泽,余宁乐,韩重森,等.田湾核电站周围居民对核辐射危险认知调查分析.中国辐射卫生,2006,(1):69-72.
28 Greenberg M R.NIMBY,CLAMP,and the location of new nuclear-related facilities:U.S.National and 11 Site-Specific Surveys.Risk Analysis,2009,29(9):1242-1254.
29 Guo Y,Ren T.When it is unfamiliar to me:Local acceptance of planned nuclear power plants in China in the post-Fukushima era.Energy Policy,2017,100:113-125.
30 Van der Horst D.NIMBY or not?Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies.Energy Policy,2007,35(5):2705-2714.
31 Huang L,Zhou Y,Han Y,et al.Effect of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the risk perception of residents near a nuclear power plant in China.PNAS,2013,110(49):19742-19747.
32 Greenberg M R.How much do people who Live near major nuclear facilities worry about those facilities?Analysis of national and site-specific data.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2009,52(7):919-937.
33 Jenkins-Smith H C,Silva C L,Nowlin M C,et al.Reversing nuclear opposition:Evolving public acceptance of a permanent nuclear waste disposal facility.Risk Analysis,2011,31(4):629-644.
34 Warren C R,Lumsden C,O’Dowd S,et al.‘Green on green’:public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2005,48(6):853-875.
35 Venables D,Pidgeon N F,Parkhill K A,et al.Living with nuclear power:sense of place,proximity,and risk perceptions in local host communities.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2005,32(4):371-383.
36 Silva C L,Jenkins‐Smith H C,Barke R P.Reconciling scientists’beliefs about radiation risks and social norms:explaining preferred radiation protection standards.Risk Analysis,2007,27(3):755-773.
37 Roh S,Lee J W.Differentiated influences of risk perceptions on nuclear power acceptance according to acceptance targets:Evidence from Korea.Nuclear Engineering and Technology,2017,49(5):1090-1094.
38 Murakami M,Nakatani J,Oki T.Evaluation of risk perception and risk-comparison information regarding dietary radionuclides after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident.PLoS ONE,2016,11(11):1-22.
39 Frantál B,MalyJ,Ou?ední?ek M,et al.Distance matters.assessing socioeconomic impacts of the Dukovany nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic:Local perceptions and statistical evidence.Moravian Geographical Reports,2016,24(1):2-13.
40 Corner A,Venables D,Spence A,et al.Nuclear power,climate change and energy security:exploring British public attitudes.Energy Policy,2011,39(9):4823-4833.
41 Parkhill K A,Henwood K L,Pidgeon N F,et al.Laughing it off?humour,affect and emotion work in communities living with nuclear risk.British Journal of Sociology,2011,62(2):324-346.
42 Katsuya T.Public response to the Tokai nuclear accident.Risk Analysis,2001,21(6):1039-1046.
43 Stoutenborough J W,Sturgess S G,Vedlitz A.Knowledge,risk,and policy support:public perceptions of nuclear power.Energy Policy,2013,62:176-184.
44 Sun C,Zhu X.Evaluating the public perceptions of nuclear power in China:evidence from a contingent valuation survey.Energy Policy,2014,69:397-405.
45 Irwin A.Citizen Science:A Study of People,Expertise and Sustainable Development.London&New York:Routledge,1995.
46 Kuklinski J H,Metlay D S,Kay W D.Citizen knowledge and choices on the complex issue of nuclear energy.American Journal of Political Science,1982,26(4):615-642.
47 Sturgis P,Allum N.Science in society:Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,2004,13(1):55-74.
48 Maharik M,Fischhoff B.Risk knowledge and risk attitudes regarding nuclear energy sources in space.Risk Analysis,1993,13(3):345-353.
49 Silva C L,Jenkins-Smith,H C,et al.Reconciling scientists’beliefs about radiation risks and social norms:Explaining preferred radiation protection standards.Risk Analysis,2007,27(3):755-773.
50 Kuklinski J H,Metlay D S,Kay W D.Citizen knowledge and choices on the complex issue of nuclear energy.American Journal of Political Science,1982,26(4):615-642.
51 Sj?berg L.Limits of knowledge and the limited importance of trust.Risk Analysis,2001,21(1):189-198.
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(1)统计数据来自国际核能协会官网(https://www.iaea.org),中国核能发展的其他进展可参见:http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx。
(2)1979年3月28日凌晨4时,美国宾夕法尼亚州的三里岛核电站第2组反应堆的操作室里,红灯闪亮,汽笛报警,涡轮机停转,堆芯压力和温度骤然升高,2小时后,大量放射性物质溢出。在三里岛事件中,从最初清洗设备的工作人员的过失开始,到反应堆彻底毁坏,整个过程只用了120秒。6天以后,堆芯温度才开始下降,蒸气泡消失——引起氢爆炸的威胁免除了。100 吨铀燃料虽然没有熔化,但有60%的铀棒受到损坏,反应堆最终陷于瘫痪。此事故为核事故的第五级(核事故共7个级别,级别越高,危害越大)。事故发生后,全美震惊,核电站附近的居民惊恐不安,约20万人撤出这一地区。美国各大城市的群众和正在修建核电站的地区的居民纷纷举行集会示威,要求停建或关闭核电站。美国和西欧一些国家政府不得不重新检查发展核动力计划。