卡马西平及其衍生物的环境行为及其去除研究进展
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摘要
药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)是近年来出现的一类新型污染物,该类污染物浓度较低,但是结构复杂,具有较强的生物活性,其潜在危害不容忽视,因此日益受到人们关注.其中卡马西平(carbamazepine)作为一种典型的抗癫痫药物,是最有代表性的一种PPCPs物质.由于卡马西平的广泛使用,导致其大量排放到环境中.此外,人类服用卡马西平后由于体内代谢作用以及卡马西平母体在环境中的降解会产生多种衍生物,这些衍生物的毒性可能比母体化合物强,并且更难以降解,因此研究卡马西平及其衍生物的环境行为及其去除十分重要.本文结合当今的研究成果以及现有的处理技术,介绍了卡马西平及其衍生物的污染情况,综述了卡马西平及其衍生物在土壤中的迁移转化以及在环境中的降解,并对未来研究方向提出了展望.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs) are a class of emerging contaminants. Although the concentrations of PPCPs are low, these pollutants have attracted increasing attention due to their complex structures, strong biological activities and potential hazards. Carbamazepine, as an antiepileptic drug, is the typical representative of PPCPs. Due to the extensive use of carbamazepine, it has become one of the most detected drugs in the environment. The extended utilization of carbamazepine makes it available for unintended environmental exposure. Furthermore, the derivatives of carbamazepine originated from the metabolism of humans or degradation of carbamazepine in the environment could be more deleterious and recalcitrant. Hence, it is important to study the environmental fate and removal techniques of carbamazepine and its derivatives. In the review, we first introduced the pollution situation, and migration and transformation in soil, and then discussed the degradation behavior of carbamazepine and its derivatives. Finally, research directions addressing current knowledge gaps were proposed.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs) are a class of emerging contaminants. Although the concentrations of PPCPs are low, these pollutants have attracted increasing attention due to their complex structures, strong biological activities and potential hazards. Carbamazepine, as an antiepileptic drug, is the typical representative of PPCPs. Due to the extensive use of carbamazepine, it has become one of the most detected drugs in the environment. The extended utilization of carbamazepine makes it available for unintended environmental exposure. Furthermore, the derivatives of carbamazepine originated from the metabolism of humans or degradation of carbamazepine in the environment could be more deleterious and recalcitrant. Hence, it is important to study the environmental fate and removal techniques of carbamazepine and its derivatives. In the review, we first introduced the pollution situation, and migration and transformation in soil, and then discussed the degradation behavior of carbamazepine and its derivatives. Finally, research directions addressing current knowledge gaps were proposed.
引文
[1]高燕,赵玉柱,王利军.城市污水系统中PPCPs的污染来源及去除方法研究进展[J].环境卫生工程,2017,25(6):63-66.GAO Y,ZHAO Y Z,WANG L J.Pollution sources and removal methods of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in municipal waste water[J].Environmental Sanitation Engineering,2017,25(6):63-66(in Chinese).
[2]ANKLEY G T,BROOKS B W,HUGGETF D B,et a1.Repeating history:Pharmaceuticals in the environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(24):8211-8217.
[3]DAUGHTON C G.Non-regulated water contaminants:Emerging research[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2004,24(7-8):711-732.
[4]仇宝进,项玮,李莹.水环境中典型药品和个人护理品检测与去除工艺研究进展[J].环境科技,2016,29(6):70-75.CHOU B J,XIANG W,LI Y.A review on detection and removal processes of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in aqueous environment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,29(6):70-75(in Chinese).
[5]高月,李杰,许楠,等.汉江水相和沉积物中药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染水平与生态风险[J].环境化学,2018,37(8):1706-1719.GAO Y,LI J,XU N,et al.Pollution levels and ecological risks of PPCPs in water and sediment samples of Hanjiang River[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(8):1706-1719(in Chinese).
[6]王琦,武俊梅,彭晶倩,等.饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展[J].环境化学,2018,37(3):453-461.WANG Q,WU J M,PENG J Q,et al.Research advances in pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water system[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(3):453-461(in Chinese).
[7]OETKEN M,NENTWING GM,LFFLER D,et al.Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates.Part I.The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2005,49(3):353-361.
[8]张娟,代朝猛,周雪飞,等.水体中卡马西平的污染特征与赋存现状研究[J].给水排水,2012,38(6):120-124.ZHANG J,DAI C M,ZHOU X F,et al.Study on pollution characteristics and occurrence status of carbamazepine in water[J].Water Supply and Drainage,2012,38(6):120-124(in Chinese).
[9]TERNES T A.Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers[J].Water Research,1998,32(11):3245-3260.
[10]GROS M,PETROVIC'M,BARCELD.Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters[J].Talanta,2006,70(4):678-690.
[11]LESSER L E,MORA A,MOREAU C,et al.Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world's largest untreated wastewater irrigation system:Mezquital valley,mexico[J].Chemosphere,2018,198:510-521.
[12]SIMAZAKI D,KUBOTA R,SUZUKI T,et al.Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals at drinking water purification plants in Japan and implications for human health[J].Water Research,2015,76:187-200.
[13]ZHANG Y,GEIEN S U,GAL C.Carbamazepine and diclofenac:removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(8):1151-1161.
[14]JONES O A H,VOULVOULIS N,LESTER J N.Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals[J].Water Research,2002,36(20):5013-5022.
[15]FERRARI B,PAXEUS N,GIUDICE R L,et al.Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters:study of carbamazepine,clofibric acid,and diclofenac[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2003,55(3):359-370.
[16]THACKER P D.Pharmaceutical data elude researchers[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(9):193A-194A.
[17]STRENN B,CLARA M,GANS O,et al.Carbamazepine,diclofenac ibuprofen and bezafibrate-investigations on the behaviour of selected pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,2004,50(5):269-276.
[18]MIAO X S,YANG J J,METCALFE C D.Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(19):7469-7475.
[19]VIENO N,TUHKANEN T,KRONBERG L.Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland[J].Water Research,2007,41(5):1001-1012.
[20]KHAN S J,ONGERTH J E.Modelling of pharmaceutical residues in Australian sewage by quantities of use and fugacity calculations[J].Chemosphere,2004,54(3):355-367.
[21]WANG H,CHEN J,GUO B Y,et al.Enantioseletive bioaccumulation and metabolization of diniconazole in earthworms(Eiseniafetida)in an artificial soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,99:98-104.
[22]FORTUNA A,ALVES G,SOARES-DA-SILVA P,et al.Pharmacokinetics,brain distribution and plasma protein binding of carbamazepine and nine derivatives:new set of data for predictive in silico ADME models[J].Epilepsy Research,2013,107(1-2):37-50.
[23]LUTKER K M,MATZGER A J.Crystal polymorphism in a carbamazepine derivative:Oxcarbazepine[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2010,99(2):794-803.
[24]MIAO X S,METCALFE C D.Determination of carbamazepine and its metabolites in aqueous samples using liquid chromatographyelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,2003,75(15):3731-3738.
[25]BRETON H,COCIGLIO M,BRESSOLLE F,et al.Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry determination of carbamazepine,oxcarbazepine and eight of their metabolites in human plasma[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2005,828(1-2):80-90.
[26]KITTERINGHAM N R,DAVIS C,HOWARD N,et al.Interindividual and interspecies variation in hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity:studies with cis-stilbene oxide,carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide and naphthalene[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,1996,278(3):1018-1027.
[27]KERR B M,THUMMEL K E,WERDEN C J,et al.Human liver carbamazepine metabolism:Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in10,11-epoxide formation[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1994,47(11):1969-1979.
[28]ANDREOZZI R,RAFFAELE M,NICKLAS P.Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(10):1319-1330.
[29]METCALFE C D,KOENIG B G,BENNIE D T,et al.Occurrence of neutral and acidic drugs in the effluents of Canadian sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(12):2872-2880.
[30]BENOTTI M J,TRENHOLM R A,VANDERFORD B J,et al.Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S.drinking water[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(3):597-603.
[31]KINNEY C A,FURLONG E T,WERNER S L,et al.Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2010,25(2):317-326.
[32]HERKLOTZ P A,GURUNG P,HEUVEL B V,et al.Uptake of human pharmaceuticals by plants grown under hydroponic conditions[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(11):1416-1421.
[33]SHENKER M,HARUSH D,BEN-ARI J,et al.Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants-a case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(6):905-910.
[34]PAZ A,TADMOR G,MALCHI T,et al.Fate of carbamazepine,its metabolites,and lamotrigine in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater:Sorption,leaching and plant uptake[J].Chemosphere,2016,160:22-29.
[35]KOBA O,GOLOVKO O,KODEOVR,et al.Transformation of atenolol,metoprolol,and carbamazepine in soils:The identification,quantification,and stability of the transformation products and further implications for the environment[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:574-585.
[36]KODEOVR,KOCREK M,KLEMENT A,et al.An analysis of the dissipation of pharmaceuticals under thirteen different soil conditions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,544:369-381.
[37]KOCREK M,KODEOVR,VONDRCKOVL,et al.Simultaneous sorption of four ionizable pharmaceuticals in different horizons of three soil types[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:563-573.
[38]乔肖翠.有机质及pH对卡马西平吸附及迁移影响研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2015.QIAO X C.Effect of organic matter and pH on adsorption and migration of carbamazepine[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2015(in Chinese).
[39]BUI T X,CHOI H.Influence of ionic strength,anions,cations,and natural organic matter on the adsorption of pharmaceuticals to silica[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(7):681-686.
[40]LECLERCQ M,MATHIEU O,GOMEZ E,et al.Presence and fate of carbamazepine,oxcarbazepine,and seven of their metabolites at wastewater treatment plants[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,56(3):408-415.
[41]崔长征,胡洪营,于亚琦,等.卡马西平降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2009,36(4):557-562.CUI C Z,HU H Y,YU Y Q,et al.Isolation of a bacterial strain capable of carbamazepine-degrading and biodegradation characteristics[J].Microbiology China,2009,36(4):557-562(in Chinese).
[42]谢正鑫,陆光华,孙丽莎,等.水环境中药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的生物降解研究进展[J].水资源保护,2013(4):5-11.XIE Z X,LU G H,SUN L S,et al.A review of biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in aqueous environment[J].Water Resources Protection,2013(4):5-11(in Chinese).
[43]JELIC A,CRUZ-MORATC,MARCO-URREA E,et al.Degradation of carbamazepine by Trametes versicolor in an air pulsed fluidized bed bioreactor and identification of intermediates[J].Water Research,2012,46(4):955-964.
[44]GAO X,ZHANG X,WANG Y,et al.Rapid synthesis of hierarchical BiOCl microspheres for efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine under simulated solar irradiation[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,263:419-426.
[45]GAO X,ZHANG X,WANG Y,et al.Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine using hierarchical BiOCl microspheres:some key operating parameters,degradation intermediates and reaction pathway[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,273:156-165.
[46]ROSAL R,RODRGUEZ A,GONZALO M S,et al.Catalytic ozonation of naproxen and carbamazepine on titanium dioxide[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2008,84(1-2):48-57.
[47]HAROUNE L,SALAUN M,MNARD A,et al.Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine and three derivatives using Ti O2,and Zn O:Effect of p H,ionic strength,and natural organic matter[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,475:16-22.
[48]周宁娟,薛罡,卜聃,等.臭氧化降解给水系统中卡马西平的试验研究[J].水处理技术,2011,37(4):109-111.ZHOU N J,XUE G,BU D,et al.Investigation on the degradation of carbamazepine in water supply system by ozonization[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2011,37(4):109-111(in Chinese).
[2]ANKLEY G T,BROOKS B W,HUGGETF D B,et a1.Repeating history:Pharmaceuticals in the environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(24):8211-8217.
[3]DAUGHTON C G.Non-regulated water contaminants:Emerging research[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2004,24(7-8):711-732.
[4]仇宝进,项玮,李莹.水环境中典型药品和个人护理品检测与去除工艺研究进展[J].环境科技,2016,29(6):70-75.CHOU B J,XIANG W,LI Y.A review on detection and removal processes of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in aqueous environment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,29(6):70-75(in Chinese).
[5]高月,李杰,许楠,等.汉江水相和沉积物中药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染水平与生态风险[J].环境化学,2018,37(8):1706-1719.GAO Y,LI J,XU N,et al.Pollution levels and ecological risks of PPCPs in water and sediment samples of Hanjiang River[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(8):1706-1719(in Chinese).
[6]王琦,武俊梅,彭晶倩,等.饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展[J].环境化学,2018,37(3):453-461.WANG Q,WU J M,PENG J Q,et al.Research advances in pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water system[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(3):453-461(in Chinese).
[7]OETKEN M,NENTWING GM,LFFLER D,et al.Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates.Part I.The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2005,49(3):353-361.
[8]张娟,代朝猛,周雪飞,等.水体中卡马西平的污染特征与赋存现状研究[J].给水排水,2012,38(6):120-124.ZHANG J,DAI C M,ZHOU X F,et al.Study on pollution characteristics and occurrence status of carbamazepine in water[J].Water Supply and Drainage,2012,38(6):120-124(in Chinese).
[9]TERNES T A.Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers[J].Water Research,1998,32(11):3245-3260.
[10]GROS M,PETROVIC'M,BARCELD.Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters[J].Talanta,2006,70(4):678-690.
[11]LESSER L E,MORA A,MOREAU C,et al.Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world's largest untreated wastewater irrigation system:Mezquital valley,mexico[J].Chemosphere,2018,198:510-521.
[12]SIMAZAKI D,KUBOTA R,SUZUKI T,et al.Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals at drinking water purification plants in Japan and implications for human health[J].Water Research,2015,76:187-200.
[13]ZHANG Y,GEIEN S U,GAL C.Carbamazepine and diclofenac:removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(8):1151-1161.
[14]JONES O A H,VOULVOULIS N,LESTER J N.Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals[J].Water Research,2002,36(20):5013-5022.
[15]FERRARI B,PAXEUS N,GIUDICE R L,et al.Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters:study of carbamazepine,clofibric acid,and diclofenac[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2003,55(3):359-370.
[16]THACKER P D.Pharmaceutical data elude researchers[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(9):193A-194A.
[17]STRENN B,CLARA M,GANS O,et al.Carbamazepine,diclofenac ibuprofen and bezafibrate-investigations on the behaviour of selected pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,2004,50(5):269-276.
[18]MIAO X S,YANG J J,METCALFE C D.Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(19):7469-7475.
[19]VIENO N,TUHKANEN T,KRONBERG L.Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland[J].Water Research,2007,41(5):1001-1012.
[20]KHAN S J,ONGERTH J E.Modelling of pharmaceutical residues in Australian sewage by quantities of use and fugacity calculations[J].Chemosphere,2004,54(3):355-367.
[21]WANG H,CHEN J,GUO B Y,et al.Enantioseletive bioaccumulation and metabolization of diniconazole in earthworms(Eiseniafetida)in an artificial soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,99:98-104.
[22]FORTUNA A,ALVES G,SOARES-DA-SILVA P,et al.Pharmacokinetics,brain distribution and plasma protein binding of carbamazepine and nine derivatives:new set of data for predictive in silico ADME models[J].Epilepsy Research,2013,107(1-2):37-50.
[23]LUTKER K M,MATZGER A J.Crystal polymorphism in a carbamazepine derivative:Oxcarbazepine[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2010,99(2):794-803.
[24]MIAO X S,METCALFE C D.Determination of carbamazepine and its metabolites in aqueous samples using liquid chromatographyelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,2003,75(15):3731-3738.
[25]BRETON H,COCIGLIO M,BRESSOLLE F,et al.Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry determination of carbamazepine,oxcarbazepine and eight of their metabolites in human plasma[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2005,828(1-2):80-90.
[26]KITTERINGHAM N R,DAVIS C,HOWARD N,et al.Interindividual and interspecies variation in hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity:studies with cis-stilbene oxide,carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide and naphthalene[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,1996,278(3):1018-1027.
[27]KERR B M,THUMMEL K E,WERDEN C J,et al.Human liver carbamazepine metabolism:Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in10,11-epoxide formation[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1994,47(11):1969-1979.
[28]ANDREOZZI R,RAFFAELE M,NICKLAS P.Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(10):1319-1330.
[29]METCALFE C D,KOENIG B G,BENNIE D T,et al.Occurrence of neutral and acidic drugs in the effluents of Canadian sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(12):2872-2880.
[30]BENOTTI M J,TRENHOLM R A,VANDERFORD B J,et al.Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S.drinking water[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(3):597-603.
[31]KINNEY C A,FURLONG E T,WERNER S L,et al.Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2010,25(2):317-326.
[32]HERKLOTZ P A,GURUNG P,HEUVEL B V,et al.Uptake of human pharmaceuticals by plants grown under hydroponic conditions[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(11):1416-1421.
[33]SHENKER M,HARUSH D,BEN-ARI J,et al.Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants-a case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(6):905-910.
[34]PAZ A,TADMOR G,MALCHI T,et al.Fate of carbamazepine,its metabolites,and lamotrigine in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater:Sorption,leaching and plant uptake[J].Chemosphere,2016,160:22-29.
[35]KOBA O,GOLOVKO O,KODEOVR,et al.Transformation of atenolol,metoprolol,and carbamazepine in soils:The identification,quantification,and stability of the transformation products and further implications for the environment[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:574-585.
[36]KODEOVR,KOCREK M,KLEMENT A,et al.An analysis of the dissipation of pharmaceuticals under thirteen different soil conditions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,544:369-381.
[37]KOCREK M,KODEOVR,VONDRCKOVL,et al.Simultaneous sorption of four ionizable pharmaceuticals in different horizons of three soil types[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:563-573.
[38]乔肖翠.有机质及pH对卡马西平吸附及迁移影响研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2015.QIAO X C.Effect of organic matter and pH on adsorption and migration of carbamazepine[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2015(in Chinese).
[39]BUI T X,CHOI H.Influence of ionic strength,anions,cations,and natural organic matter on the adsorption of pharmaceuticals to silica[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(7):681-686.
[40]LECLERCQ M,MATHIEU O,GOMEZ E,et al.Presence and fate of carbamazepine,oxcarbazepine,and seven of their metabolites at wastewater treatment plants[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,56(3):408-415.
[41]崔长征,胡洪营,于亚琦,等.卡马西平降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究[J].微生物学通报,2009,36(4):557-562.CUI C Z,HU H Y,YU Y Q,et al.Isolation of a bacterial strain capable of carbamazepine-degrading and biodegradation characteristics[J].Microbiology China,2009,36(4):557-562(in Chinese).
[42]谢正鑫,陆光华,孙丽莎,等.水环境中药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的生物降解研究进展[J].水资源保护,2013(4):5-11.XIE Z X,LU G H,SUN L S,et al.A review of biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in aqueous environment[J].Water Resources Protection,2013(4):5-11(in Chinese).
[43]JELIC A,CRUZ-MORATC,MARCO-URREA E,et al.Degradation of carbamazepine by Trametes versicolor in an air pulsed fluidized bed bioreactor and identification of intermediates[J].Water Research,2012,46(4):955-964.
[44]GAO X,ZHANG X,WANG Y,et al.Rapid synthesis of hierarchical BiOCl microspheres for efficient photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine under simulated solar irradiation[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,263:419-426.
[45]GAO X,ZHANG X,WANG Y,et al.Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine using hierarchical BiOCl microspheres:some key operating parameters,degradation intermediates and reaction pathway[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,273:156-165.
[46]ROSAL R,RODRGUEZ A,GONZALO M S,et al.Catalytic ozonation of naproxen and carbamazepine on titanium dioxide[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2008,84(1-2):48-57.
[47]HAROUNE L,SALAUN M,MNARD A,et al.Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine and three derivatives using Ti O2,and Zn O:Effect of p H,ionic strength,and natural organic matter[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,475:16-22.
[48]周宁娟,薛罡,卜聃,等.臭氧化降解给水系统中卡马西平的试验研究[J].水处理技术,2011,37(4):109-111.ZHOU N J,XUE G,BU D,et al.Investigation on the degradation of carbamazepine in water supply system by ozonization[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2011,37(4):109-111(in Chinese).