北欧五国难民问题及其处理的国际法分析
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摘要
难民的大量涌入给环北极地区的丹麦、瑞典、挪威、芬兰和冰岛五个国家带来重重困难与矛盾。考察北欧五国难民问题的历史与由来,分析北欧五国难民问题处理的现状与难点、矛盾与困惑,可以发现,北欧五国国家对待难民问题立场正在经历从人道主义到民族主义的变化,通过法案阻碍难民流动与限制难民权利,北欧五国难民问题处理的国际合作处于矛盾与困惑之中。北欧五国难民问题处理的国际法依据包括:坚持国际法的协商与合作精神,把新主权观适用于北欧五国难民问题的解决,建立以国际法为主、政治磋商谈判为补充的治理模式。
The influx of refugees has brought difficulties and problems to the five countries of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland in the Arctic region. Through reviewing history and origins of refugee problems in the five Nordic countries, we can find the status quo, difficulties, and confusions of refugees in the five countries of the Nordic countries and changes in their positions from the humanitarian to the nationalist treatment of refugee issues. Bills are made to impede the flow of refugees and restrictions on their rights, so international cooperation in the handling of refugee problems in the five Nordic countriesas is in confusion. The international law basis for the handling of refugee problems is as follows: first, we must adhere to the spirit of consultation and cooperation in international law; second, we must apply the new concept of sovereignty to the solution of the refugee problems in the five Nordic countries; third, we must establish international law as the main policy and political negotiation as the supplement.
The influx of refugees has brought difficulties and problems to the five countries of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland in the Arctic region. Through reviewing history and origins of refugee problems in the five Nordic countries, we can find the status quo, difficulties, and confusions of refugees in the five countries of the Nordic countries and changes in their positions from the humanitarian to the nationalist treatment of refugee issues. Bills are made to impede the flow of refugees and restrictions on their rights, so international cooperation in the handling of refugee problems in the five Nordic countriesas is in confusion. The international law basis for the handling of refugee problems is as follows: first, we must adhere to the spirit of consultation and cooperation in international law; second, we must apply the new concept of sovereignty to the solution of the refugee problems in the five Nordic countries; third, we must establish international law as the main policy and political negotiation as the supplement.
引文
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[2]The UN Refugee Agency.Statistic Yearbooks[EB/OL].http://www.unhcr.org/statistical-yearbooks.html.
[3]Lizzie Dearden.Refugee crisis:Number of asylum seekers arriving in Norway drops by 95%[EB/OL].BSThttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugee-crisis-number-of-asylum-seekers-arriving-in-norway-drops-by-95-a7114191.html.
[4]Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen、Helle Malmvig.The Ugly Duckling:Denmark’s Anti-Refugee Policies and Europe’s Race to the Bottom[EB/OL].http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-gammeltofthansen/denmark-refugee-europe_b_9574538.html.
[5]Caroline Bach.Statistics on refugees and asylum-seekers in the Northen Europe region[EB/OL].http://www.unhcr.org/neu/17855-statistics-refugees-asylum-seekers-northern-europe-region.html.
[6]Tobias Etzold.Refugee Policy in Northern Europe---Nordic Countries Grow Closer but Differences Remain[EB/OL].https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2017C01_etz.pdf.
[7]The Local news.Norway won't take any more refugees from EU[EB/OL].https://www.thelocal.no/20160408/norway-wonttake-any-more-refugees-from-eu.
[8]Nordic Co-operation[EB/OL].http://www.norden.org/en/theme/nordisk-samarbejde-om-integration/projects.
[9]刘惠荣,李浩梅.北极区域治理及其发展.北极发展报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016.
[10]Arctic Council.Sustainable Development Working Group(SD-WG)[EB/OL].http://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/working-groups/sdwg.
[11]Arctic Council.Projects 2017-2019[EB/OL].http://www.sdwg.org/activities/sdwg-projects-2017-2019/.
[12]伊恩·布朗利著,曾令良,余敏友等译.国际公法原理[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.
[13]陈海明.国际法本位之变迁:从主权本位到社会本位——兼论国际法的“主权平等”原则[J].时代法学,2014,(1):80-87
[14]余敏友.全球治理与中国[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2012.
[15]刘惠荣,董跃.海洋法视角下的北极法律问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2012.
[16](日)大沼保昭著,王志安译.人权、国家与文明[M].上海:三联书店,2003.
[17](美)熊玠著,无政府状态与世界秩序.余逊达,张铁军译[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2001.
[18]吴云龙.论国际政治与国际法的互动[J].江汉大学学报,2011,(5):77-82.