石家庄市秋季道路积尘化学组分分析
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摘要
以石家庄市铺装道路积尘为研究对象,用样方采样法收集秋季道路积尘样品,处理后用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定样品中的Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、V、Ni、Co、Sc、Cr、Cd共10种特征元素,同时用离子色谱仪测定样品中的SO~(2-)_4和NO~-_3 2种水溶性离子,得到PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中化学组分的浓度,并使用富集因子法和主成分分析法探索其富集程度和来源。结果表明:SO~(2-)_4、Cr、NO~-_3和Zn这4种化学组分的质量浓度在PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中的含量较高,分别占被测化学组分的95.80%和94.72%,且更易附着在细颗粒物上;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb富集程度强,主要受人为来源的影响;主成分分析结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)化学组分主要来源于地壳土壤、机动车尾气的排放、机动车轮胎和刹车片的磨损和工业排放的沉降。综上所述,石家庄市道路积尘的化学组分主要与机动车行驶有关。
Road dust samples were collected from paved roads of Shijiazhuang in autumn by quadrat sampling method. The concentrations of 10 elements(Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, V, Ni, Co, Sc, Cr and Cd) of the samples were detected by ICP-MS technique; at the same time, concentrations of SO~(2-)_4 and NO~-_3 in the samples were analyzed using ion chromatography to obtain concentrations of chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), and its enrichment degree and source were analyzed by enrichment factor(EF) method and the principal component analysis(PCA) method respectively. Results showed that SO~(2-)_4, Cr, NO~-_3 and Zn were the dominant chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), accounting for 95.80% and 94.72% of the tested chemical compositions in mass concentration respectively, and they were enriched in fine particles more easily; Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were of high enrichment extent in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), which were mainly influenced by artificial sources; and analysis of main compositions showed that the main sources of chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were soil dust, vehicle exhaust, tire wear particles, brake wear particles and settlement of industrial emissions. Therefore, the chemical compositions in road dusts of Shijiazhuang City were mainly related with vehicle driving.
Road dust samples were collected from paved roads of Shijiazhuang in autumn by quadrat sampling method. The concentrations of 10 elements(Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, V, Ni, Co, Sc, Cr and Cd) of the samples were detected by ICP-MS technique; at the same time, concentrations of SO~(2-)_4 and NO~-_3 in the samples were analyzed using ion chromatography to obtain concentrations of chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), and its enrichment degree and source were analyzed by enrichment factor(EF) method and the principal component analysis(PCA) method respectively. Results showed that SO~(2-)_4, Cr, NO~-_3 and Zn were the dominant chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), accounting for 95.80% and 94.72% of the tested chemical compositions in mass concentration respectively, and they were enriched in fine particles more easily; Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were of high enrichment extent in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), which were mainly influenced by artificial sources; and analysis of main compositions showed that the main sources of chemical compositions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were soil dust, vehicle exhaust, tire wear particles, brake wear particles and settlement of industrial emissions. Therefore, the chemical compositions in road dusts of Shijiazhuang City were mainly related with vehicle driving.
引文
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[4] 杨耀, 邰阳, 张燕. 大气颗粒物的危害及其解析技术研究综述[J]. 环境与发展, 2010, 22(5):82-87.
[5] Okubo A, Takeda S, Obata H. Atmospheric deposition of trace metals to the western North Pacific Ocean observed at coastal station in Japan[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2013, 129/130:20-32.
[6] Pan Y P, Wang Y S. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at ten sites in Northern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2015, 15(2):951-972.
[7] 熊秋林,赵文吉,郭逍宇,等. 北京城区冬季降尘微量元素分布特征及来源分析[J]. 环境科学,2015,36(8):2735-2742.
[8] 陈莹,赵剑强,汤丹娜,等. 西安市大气降尘重金属污染特征与生态风险[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2017(6):154-159.
[9] 王燕,彭林,李丽娟,等. 晋城城市扬尘化学组成特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学,2016,37(1):82-87.
[10] 郑桉,杨冰玉,吴水平,等. 福建省重点城市路面尘负荷及化学组成研究[J]. 环境科学,2013,34(5):1901-1907.
[11] Chen Y, Zou S C, Lee S C, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of PM 1, emissions at a roadside station[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 195(1):82-91.
[12] Chow J C, Watson J G, Lowenthal D H, et al. Sources and chemistry of PM10 aerosol in Santa Barbara County, CA[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(9):1489-1499.
[13] Pant P, Baker S J, Shukla A, et al. The PM10, fraction of road dust in the UK and India: characterization, source profiles and oxidative potential[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 530/531:445-452.
[14] Samiksha S, Raman R S, Nirmalkar J, et al. PM10 and PM2.5, chemical source profiles with optical attenuation and health risk indicators of paved and unpaved road dust in Bhopal, India[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 222:477-485.
[15] Aminiyan M M, Baalousha M, Mousavi R, et al. The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: a case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran[J]. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2017(2):1-14.
[16] 北京市市政设计研究院. CJJ 37—2012城市道路设计规范[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2012.
[17] 中国环境监测总站主编.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[18] 栾孟孝, 姬亚芹, 王伟,等. 鞍山市秋季大气PM2.5中元素污染特征和来源分析[J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(10):2197-2203.
[19] 焦姣,姬亚芹,白志鹏,等. 重庆市颗粒物中元素分布特征及来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(3):60-66.
[20] 廖碧婷,吴兑,常越,等. 广州地区SO、NO-3、NH+4与相关气体污染特征研究[J]. 环境科学学报,2014,34(6):1551-1559.
[21] Viana M, Kuhlbusch T A J, Querol X, et al. Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: a review of methods and results[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2008, 39(10):827-849.
[22] 李佳琦,吴烨,宋少洁,等. 北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析[J]. 环境科学学报,2015,35(1):49-55.
[23] Ogugbuaja V O, Barminas J T. Analysis of street dust for heavy metal pollutants in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria[J]. International Journal of Physicalences, 2007, 2(11):290-293.
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