黄与绿:元阳梯田景观农业中的土地和农民关系研究
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摘要
近年来,世界文化遗产地元阳梯田逐渐出现替代耕种或抛荒现象。为维系梯田景观,旅游公司与地方政府合作,以农村合作社的形式对农民土地进行流转,再雇佣地方农业工人耕种梯田。本研究以梯田中呈现的黄、绿两种景观为线索,梳理了自耕农与农业工人耕作的异同,以阐释不同农民身份与土地的关系。农业劳动者的劳动技能除了生产技术,还包括据不同土地发展出的经验知识。人地关系是一个复杂的动态过程,脱离了基于地方社会、土地情结的职业耕作不是保护梯田的最佳选择。
In recent years,the replacement of farming or abandonment has gradually emerged in the Yuanyang Terraces of the world cultural heritage sites.In order to maintain the terraced landscape,the tourism company cooperates with the local government by transfering the peasant land into the form of rural cooperation,and then employs local agricultural workers to cultivate terraces.This study tries to sort out the similarities and differences between peasants and agricultural workers based on the yellow and green landscapes present in terraced fields in order to explain the relationship between different farmers' status and land.It focuses on agricultural workers and finds that the labor skills of agricultural laborers should include both production technology and empirical knowledge developed in different land situations.And the relationship between man and land is a complex and dynamic process.It is not the best choice to protect terraces from the occupational farming based on local society and topophilia.
In recent years,the replacement of farming or abandonment has gradually emerged in the Yuanyang Terraces of the world cultural heritage sites.In order to maintain the terraced landscape,the tourism company cooperates with the local government by transfering the peasant land into the form of rural cooperation,and then employs local agricultural workers to cultivate terraces.This study tries to sort out the similarities and differences between peasants and agricultural workers based on the yellow and green landscapes present in terraced fields in order to explain the relationship between different farmers' status and land.It focuses on agricultural workers and finds that the labor skills of agricultural laborers should include both production technology and empirical knowledge developed in different land situations.And the relationship between man and land is a complex and dynamic process.It is not the best choice to protect terraces from the occupational farming based on local society and topophilia.
引文
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[3] Parker Shipton. Land and culture in Tropical Africa:Soils,Symbols,and the Metaphysics of the Mundane[J]. Annual Review of Anthropology,1994(23).
[4] Bronislaw Malinowski. Coral Gardens and their Magic:A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Ritesin the Trobriand Islands[M]. London:Bronislaw Press,2013.
[5][俄]A·恰亚诺夫.农民经济组织[M].萧正洪,译.北京:中央编译出版社,1996.
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[8]周晓虹.传统与变迁:江浙农民的社会心理及其近代以来的嬗变[M].北京:三联书店,1998.
[9][法]H·孟德拉斯.农民的终结[M].李培林,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991.
[10] Eric R. Wolf. Types of Latin American Peasantry:A Preliminary Discussion[J]. American Anthropologist,1955(3).
[11] Douglas R. Holmes. A Peasant-Worker Model in a Northern Italian Context[J]. American Ethnologist,1983(4).
[12] Janet McLaughlin,Anelyse M. Weiler. Migrant Agricultural Workers in Local and Global Contexts:Toward a Better Life?[J].Journal of Agrarian Change,2016(3).
[13] Kerry Preibisch,Leigh Binford. Interrogating Racialized Global Labour Supply:An Exploration of the Racial/National Replaceme of Foreign Agricultural Workers in Canada[J]. Canadian Review of Sociology,2008(1).
[14]米松华,黄祖辉,朱奇彪.新型职业农民:现状特征、成长路径与政策需求——基于浙江、湖南、四川和安徽的调查[J].农村经济,2014(8).
[15]程伟,张红.国内有关职业农民研究综述[J].职业技术教育,2012(22).
[16]朱启臻.新型职业农民与家庭农场[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(2).
[17][美]罗伯特·雷德菲尔德.农民社会与文化:人类学对文明的一种诠释[M].王莹,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2013.
[18]钟真,齐介礼等.职业农民更有效吗——来自滇琼两省天然橡胶种植户的证据[J].农业技术经济,2018(5).
[19]马翀炜,戚剑玲.“索爬干玛”的隐喻与发展路径的反思[J].北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(5).
[20]云南元阳老虎嘴梯田片区发生山体滑坡170余亩梯田被毁[EB/OL].(2018-06-28)[2019-07-23].http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1604492205095058473&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[21]王清华.红河哈尼梯田生态及景观的现代修复[J].思想战线,2016(2).
[22] James Fairhead,Melissa Leach and Ian Scoones. Green Grabbing:a new appropriation of nature?[J]. The Journal of Peasant Studies,2012(2).
[23]姚洋.中国农地制度:一个分析框架[J].中国社会科学,2000(2).
[24] Genevieve Delbos. Leaving Agriculture,Remaining a Peasant[J]. Man(New Series),1982(17).
[25][英]理查德.H.托尼.中国的土地和劳动[M].安佳,译.北京:商务印书馆,2017.
(1)SH公司为云南省著名国有企业，是具有规模和品牌效应的旅游集团公司。
[2] Richard L.,Berg Jr. Land:An Extension of the Peasant's Ego[J]. Anthropological Quarterly,1975(1).
[3] Parker Shipton. Land and culture in Tropical Africa:Soils,Symbols,and the Metaphysics of the Mundane[J]. Annual Review of Anthropology,1994(23).
[4] Bronislaw Malinowski. Coral Gardens and their Magic:A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Ritesin the Trobriand Islands[M]. London:Bronislaw Press,2013.
[5][俄]A·恰亚诺夫.农民经济组织[M].萧正洪,译.北京:中央编译出版社,1996.
[6] Eric R. Wolf. Peasants[M]. Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1966.
[7]费孝通.乡土中国生育制度[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[8]周晓虹.传统与变迁:江浙农民的社会心理及其近代以来的嬗变[M].北京:三联书店,1998.
[9][法]H·孟德拉斯.农民的终结[M].李培林,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991.
[10] Eric R. Wolf. Types of Latin American Peasantry:A Preliminary Discussion[J]. American Anthropologist,1955(3).
[11] Douglas R. Holmes. A Peasant-Worker Model in a Northern Italian Context[J]. American Ethnologist,1983(4).
[12] Janet McLaughlin,Anelyse M. Weiler. Migrant Agricultural Workers in Local and Global Contexts:Toward a Better Life?[J].Journal of Agrarian Change,2016(3).
[13] Kerry Preibisch,Leigh Binford. Interrogating Racialized Global Labour Supply:An Exploration of the Racial/National Replaceme of Foreign Agricultural Workers in Canada[J]. Canadian Review of Sociology,2008(1).
[14]米松华,黄祖辉,朱奇彪.新型职业农民:现状特征、成长路径与政策需求——基于浙江、湖南、四川和安徽的调查[J].农村经济,2014(8).
[15]程伟,张红.国内有关职业农民研究综述[J].职业技术教育,2012(22).
[16]朱启臻.新型职业农民与家庭农场[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(2).
[17][美]罗伯特·雷德菲尔德.农民社会与文化:人类学对文明的一种诠释[M].王莹,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2013.
[18]钟真,齐介礼等.职业农民更有效吗——来自滇琼两省天然橡胶种植户的证据[J].农业技术经济,2018(5).
[19]马翀炜,戚剑玲.“索爬干玛”的隐喻与发展路径的反思[J].北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(5).
[20]云南元阳老虎嘴梯田片区发生山体滑坡170余亩梯田被毁[EB/OL].(2018-06-28)[2019-07-23].http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1604492205095058473&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[21]王清华.红河哈尼梯田生态及景观的现代修复[J].思想战线,2016(2).
[22] James Fairhead,Melissa Leach and Ian Scoones. Green Grabbing:a new appropriation of nature?[J]. The Journal of Peasant Studies,2012(2).
[23]姚洋.中国农地制度:一个分析框架[J].中国社会科学,2000(2).
[24] Genevieve Delbos. Leaving Agriculture,Remaining a Peasant[J]. Man(New Series),1982(17).
[25][英]理查德.H.托尼.中国的土地和劳动[M].安佳,译.北京:商务印书馆,2017.
(1)SH公司为云南省著名国有企业，是具有规模和品牌效应的旅游集团公司。