类淋巴系统功能及其影响因素
摘要
<正>在外周组织中,淋巴系统发挥着非常重要的作用。它们通过将有害的代谢废物回收进入体循环,起到维持内环境稳态的功能。通常情况下,淋巴管的分布密度与组织的代谢率成正比~([1])。传统观念认为中枢神经系统内缺乏淋巴系统,并认为脑脊液是脑内代谢废物清除的途径~([2])。而近些年相关研究证实,脑内存在类似于外周淋巴系统功能的结构,被称为类淋巴系统。这一系统通过血管周围间隙以及血管周围星形胶质细胞,实现脑脊液与组织液的交换,从而清除组织液中的溶质,包括一些有害
引文
[1] Loukas M,Bellary SS,Kuklinski M,et al.The lymphatic system:a historical perspective.Clin Anat,2011,24(7):807-816.
[2] Nedergaard M.Garbage truck of the brain.Science,2013,340(6140):1529-1530.
[3] Aspelund A,Antila S,Proulx ST,et al.A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules.J Exp Med,2015,212(7):991-999.
[4] Louveau A,Smirnov I,Keyes TJ,et al.Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.Nature,2015,523(7560):337-341.
[5] Absinta M,Ha SK,Nair G,et al.Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI.ELife,2017,6:e29738.
[6] Iliff JJ,Wang MH,Liao YH,et al.A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes,including amyloid beta.Sci Transl Med,2012,4(147):111r-147r.
[7] Nakada T.Virchow-Robin space and aquaporin-4:new insights on an old friend.Croatian Medical Journal,2014,55(4):328-336.
[8] He G,Lü T,Lu B,et al.Perivascular and perineural extension of formed and soluble blood elements in an intracerebral hemorrhage rat model.Brain Res,2012,1451:10-18.
[9] Papadopoulos MC,Verkman AS.Aquaporin water channels in the nervous system.Nat Rev Neurosci,2013,14(4):265-277.
[10] Nagelhus EA,Ottersen OP.Physiological roles of Aquaporin-4 in brain.Physiol Rev,2013,93(4):1543-1562.
[11] Iliff JJ,Nedergaard M.Is there a cerebral lymphatic system?Stroke,2013,44(6 Suppl 1):S93-95.
[12] Ren Z,Iliff JJ,Yang L,et al.‘Hit & Run’ model of closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) reveals complex patterns of post-traumatic AQP4 dysregulation.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2013,33(6):834-845.
[13] Iliff JJ,Chen MJ,Plog BA,et al.Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury.J Neurosci,2014,34(49):16180-16193.
[14] Plog BA,Nedergaard M.The glymphatic system in central nervous system health and disease:past,present,and future.Annu Rev Pathol,2018,13:379-394.
[15] Lee H,Xie L,Yu M,et al.The effect of body posture on brain glymphatic transport.J Neurosci,2015,35(31):11034-11044.
[16] Iliff JJ,Lee H,Yu M,et al.Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI.J Clin Invest,2013,123(3):1299-1309.
[17] Raper D,Louveau A,Kipnis J.How do meningeal lymphatic vessels drain the CNS?Trends Neurosci,2016,39(9):581-586.
[18] Louveau A,Plog BA,Antila S,et al.Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics.J Clin Invest,2017,127(9):3210-3219.
[19] Iliff JJ,Wang M,Zeppenfeld DM,et al.Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain.J Neurosci,2013,33(46):18190-18199.
[20] Kress BT,Iliff JJ,Xia M,et al.Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain.Ann Neurol,2014,76(6):845-861.
[21] Xie L,Kang H,Xu Q,et al.Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.Science,2013,342(6156):373-377.
[22] Lundgaard I,Li B,Xie L,et al.Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism.Nat Commun,2015,6(1):6807.
[23] Murlidharan G,Crowther A,Reardon RA,et al.Glymphatic fluid transport controls paravascular clearance of AAV vectors from the brain.JCI Insight,2016,1(14):e88034.
[24] Rangroo Thrane V,Thrane AS,Plog BA,et al.Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain.Sci Rep,2013,3:2582.
[25] Siegel JM.Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity.Nat Rev Neurosci,2009,10(10):747-753.
[26] Ju YE,Lucey BP,Holtzman DM.Sleep and alzheimer disease pathology-a bidirectional relationship.Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(2):115-119.
[27] Benveniste H,Lee H,Ding F,et al.Anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and low-dose isoflurane increases solute transport via the glymphatic pathway in rat brain when compared with high-dose isoflurane.Anesthesiology,2017,127(6):976-988.
[28] Lundgaard I,Lu ML,Yang E,et al.Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2016,37(6):2112-2124.
[29] Gakuba C,Gaberel T,Goursaud S,et al.General anesthesia inhibits the activity of the “glymphatic system”.Theranostics,2018,8(3):710-722.
[30] Smith AJ,Yao X,Dix JA,et al.Test of the ‘glymphatic’ hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma.Elife,2017,6:e27679.
[31] Jin BJ,Smith AJ,Verkman AS.Spatial model of convective solute transport in brain extracellular space does not support a “glymphatic” mechanism.J Gen Physiol,2016,148(6):489-501.
[32] Asgari M,de Zélicourt D,Kurtcuoglu V.Glymphatic solute transport does not require bulk flow.Sci Rep,2016,6:38635.
[33] 纪木火,雷蕾,杨建军.术后认知功能障碍研究现状.临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(9):918-920.
[2] Nedergaard M.Garbage truck of the brain.Science,2013,340(6140):1529-1530.
[3] Aspelund A,Antila S,Proulx ST,et al.A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules.J Exp Med,2015,212(7):991-999.
[4] Louveau A,Smirnov I,Keyes TJ,et al.Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.Nature,2015,523(7560):337-341.
[5] Absinta M,Ha SK,Nair G,et al.Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI.ELife,2017,6:e29738.
[6] Iliff JJ,Wang MH,Liao YH,et al.A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes,including amyloid beta.Sci Transl Med,2012,4(147):111r-147r.
[7] Nakada T.Virchow-Robin space and aquaporin-4:new insights on an old friend.Croatian Medical Journal,2014,55(4):328-336.
[8] He G,Lü T,Lu B,et al.Perivascular and perineural extension of formed and soluble blood elements in an intracerebral hemorrhage rat model.Brain Res,2012,1451:10-18.
[9] Papadopoulos MC,Verkman AS.Aquaporin water channels in the nervous system.Nat Rev Neurosci,2013,14(4):265-277.
[10] Nagelhus EA,Ottersen OP.Physiological roles of Aquaporin-4 in brain.Physiol Rev,2013,93(4):1543-1562.
[11] Iliff JJ,Nedergaard M.Is there a cerebral lymphatic system?Stroke,2013,44(6 Suppl 1):S93-95.
[12] Ren Z,Iliff JJ,Yang L,et al.‘Hit & Run’ model of closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) reveals complex patterns of post-traumatic AQP4 dysregulation.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2013,33(6):834-845.
[13] Iliff JJ,Chen MJ,Plog BA,et al.Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury.J Neurosci,2014,34(49):16180-16193.
[14] Plog BA,Nedergaard M.The glymphatic system in central nervous system health and disease:past,present,and future.Annu Rev Pathol,2018,13:379-394.
[15] Lee H,Xie L,Yu M,et al.The effect of body posture on brain glymphatic transport.J Neurosci,2015,35(31):11034-11044.
[16] Iliff JJ,Lee H,Yu M,et al.Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI.J Clin Invest,2013,123(3):1299-1309.
[17] Raper D,Louveau A,Kipnis J.How do meningeal lymphatic vessels drain the CNS?Trends Neurosci,2016,39(9):581-586.
[18] Louveau A,Plog BA,Antila S,et al.Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics.J Clin Invest,2017,127(9):3210-3219.
[19] Iliff JJ,Wang M,Zeppenfeld DM,et al.Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain.J Neurosci,2013,33(46):18190-18199.
[20] Kress BT,Iliff JJ,Xia M,et al.Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain.Ann Neurol,2014,76(6):845-861.
[21] Xie L,Kang H,Xu Q,et al.Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.Science,2013,342(6156):373-377.
[22] Lundgaard I,Li B,Xie L,et al.Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism.Nat Commun,2015,6(1):6807.
[23] Murlidharan G,Crowther A,Reardon RA,et al.Glymphatic fluid transport controls paravascular clearance of AAV vectors from the brain.JCI Insight,2016,1(14):e88034.
[24] Rangroo Thrane V,Thrane AS,Plog BA,et al.Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain.Sci Rep,2013,3:2582.
[25] Siegel JM.Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity.Nat Rev Neurosci,2009,10(10):747-753.
[26] Ju YE,Lucey BP,Holtzman DM.Sleep and alzheimer disease pathology-a bidirectional relationship.Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(2):115-119.
[27] Benveniste H,Lee H,Ding F,et al.Anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and low-dose isoflurane increases solute transport via the glymphatic pathway in rat brain when compared with high-dose isoflurane.Anesthesiology,2017,127(6):976-988.
[28] Lundgaard I,Lu ML,Yang E,et al.Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2016,37(6):2112-2124.
[29] Gakuba C,Gaberel T,Goursaud S,et al.General anesthesia inhibits the activity of the “glymphatic system”.Theranostics,2018,8(3):710-722.
[30] Smith AJ,Yao X,Dix JA,et al.Test of the ‘glymphatic’ hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma.Elife,2017,6:e27679.
[31] Jin BJ,Smith AJ,Verkman AS.Spatial model of convective solute transport in brain extracellular space does not support a “glymphatic” mechanism.J Gen Physiol,2016,148(6):489-501.
[32] Asgari M,de Zélicourt D,Kurtcuoglu V.Glymphatic solute transport does not require bulk flow.Sci Rep,2016,6:38635.
[33] 纪木火,雷蕾,杨建军.术后认知功能障碍研究现状.临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(9):918-920.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |