湛江湾红树林湿地表层沉积物重金属形态特征、生态风险评价及来源分析
|
摘要
随着工业化与城市化进程加快,湛江湾重金属污染物入海量逐年增加,沿岸红树林湿地承受着愈来愈大的环境压力。为了解湛江湾红树林表层(0-15 cm)沉积物重金属污染状况,对湾内沉积物中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)的质量分数、赋存形态特征及潜在生态风险进行了研究。采用改进BCR提取法分析重金属形态特征,运用基于总质量分数的潜在生态风险指数法和基于形态学的次生相与原生相分布比值法与风险评估编码法进行风险评价,并结合多元统计方法对重金属来源进行解析。结果表明,(1)沉积物中除Cr、Pb外,其余6种重金属的质量分数平均值均超过雷州半岛土壤环境背景值;8种重金属空间分布差异明显,变异系数在37.24%-108.19%之间。(2)As、Hg以残渣态为主要赋存形态,Cd、Zn以酸提取态为主要赋存形态,Cu、Ni、Pb以可还原态为主要赋存形态,Cr、Ni以可氧化态为主要赋存形态。(3)8种重金属元素非残渣态所占比例排序依次为Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cr>As>Hg,其中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cr的非残渣态所占比例均超过70%,说明重金属元素具有极强的迁移性和生物有效性,再次释放风险较大;非残渣态质量分数高值区出现在NHD和GHCL站位,说明这两个区域红树林沉积物重金属活性较高,重金属污染问题应引起重视。(4)湛江湾红树林表层沉积物中重金属RI均值为273.076,为中等潜在生态风险;而总体RSP值为5.79,表现为重度污染。从空间分布看,各站位重金属元素为中度至重度污染;其中NHD站位重金属污染程度最高,RSP值为11.97,与非残渣态空间分布特征一致。(5)多元统计结果表明,湾内红树林表层沉积物中重金属来源主要与生活排污、养殖排污和工业排污有关,其次为自然风化产物的输入。
With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, more and more heavy metal pollutants are discharged into Zhanjiang Bay, and mangrove wetlands along the coast are under increasing environmental pressure. To investigate the pollution condition of heavy metals in surface sediments(0-15 cm) of mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang Bay, the mass fraction, speciation characteristics and potential ecological risks of 8 heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the sediments were studied.The improved BCR extraction method was used to analyze the speciation characteristics of heavy metals. The potential ecological risk index based on total mass fraction, the ratio of secondary phase to primary phase distribution and risk assessment coding method based on morphology were used to evaluate the risk. Also, the sources of heavy metals were analyzed by multivariate statistical method. Five results were obtained. First, except for Cr and Pb, the average mass fraction of the other six heavy metals in sediments exceeded the background value of soil environment in Leizhou Peninsula. The spatial distributions of 8 heavy metals were significantly different, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 37.24% to 108.19%. Second, As and Hg were mainly in residual state, Cd and Zn were mainly in acid extractable state, Cu, Ni and Pb were mainly in reducible state, and Cr and Ni were mainly in oxidable state. Third, the proportion of non-residual state of the 8 heavy metals was Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cr>As>Hg, and the proportion of non-residual state of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr exceed 70%, indicating that the heavy metals had strong migration and bioavailability, and the risk of re-release was high. The high value area of non-residual mass fraction was mainly distributed in the NHD and GHCL stations, indicating that the heavy metal activity of mangrove sediments in these two areas was high, and heavy metal pollution problems should be paid attention. Forth, heavy metal pollution in the surface sediments of mangrove forests in Zhanjiang Bay was medium potential ecological risk, with the average RI value of 273.076. The total RSP value of heavy metals was5.79, which was a serious pollution. According to the spatial distribution characteristics, the heavy metal pollution in each station reached moderate to severe. Herein, the NHD station had the highest degree of heavy metal pollution, with a RSP value of 11.97,which was consistent with the spatial distribution characteristics of non-residual state. Fifth, the results of multivariate statistics showed that the heavy metals mainly sourced from sewage discharges from domestic pollutant, aquaculture and industry. Weathering also contributed to the input of heavy metals.
With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, more and more heavy metal pollutants are discharged into Zhanjiang Bay, and mangrove wetlands along the coast are under increasing environmental pressure. To investigate the pollution condition of heavy metals in surface sediments(0-15 cm) of mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang Bay, the mass fraction, speciation characteristics and potential ecological risks of 8 heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the sediments were studied.The improved BCR extraction method was used to analyze the speciation characteristics of heavy metals. The potential ecological risk index based on total mass fraction, the ratio of secondary phase to primary phase distribution and risk assessment coding method based on morphology were used to evaluate the risk. Also, the sources of heavy metals were analyzed by multivariate statistical method. Five results were obtained. First, except for Cr and Pb, the average mass fraction of the other six heavy metals in sediments exceeded the background value of soil environment in Leizhou Peninsula. The spatial distributions of 8 heavy metals were significantly different, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 37.24% to 108.19%. Second, As and Hg were mainly in residual state, Cd and Zn were mainly in acid extractable state, Cu, Ni and Pb were mainly in reducible state, and Cr and Ni were mainly in oxidable state. Third, the proportion of non-residual state of the 8 heavy metals was Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cr>As>Hg, and the proportion of non-residual state of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr exceed 70%, indicating that the heavy metals had strong migration and bioavailability, and the risk of re-release was high. The high value area of non-residual mass fraction was mainly distributed in the NHD and GHCL stations, indicating that the heavy metal activity of mangrove sediments in these two areas was high, and heavy metal pollution problems should be paid attention. Forth, heavy metal pollution in the surface sediments of mangrove forests in Zhanjiang Bay was medium potential ecological risk, with the average RI value of 273.076. The total RSP value of heavy metals was5.79, which was a serious pollution. According to the spatial distribution characteristics, the heavy metal pollution in each station reached moderate to severe. Herein, the NHD station had the highest degree of heavy metal pollution, with a RSP value of 11.97,which was consistent with the spatial distribution characteristics of non-residual state. Fifth, the results of multivariate statistics showed that the heavy metals mainly sourced from sewage discharges from domestic pollutant, aquaculture and industry. Weathering also contributed to the input of heavy metals.
引文
BOSIRE J O,DAHDOUH-GUEBAS F,KAIRO J G,et al.,2005.Litter degradation and CN dynamics in reforested mangrove plantations at Gazi Bay,Kenya[J].Biological Conservation,126(2):287-295.
DAVIDSON C M,THOMAS R P,MCVEY S E,et al.,1994.Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of heavy metals in sediments[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,291(3):277-286.
HU B Q,CUI R Y,LI J,et al.,2013.Occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Changhua River Estuary and adjacent shelf(Hainan Island)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,76(1-2):400-405.
LI R G,LI R L,CHAI M W,2015.Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay,South China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,101(1):448-456.
LIU J,MA K M,QU L Y,2015.Ecological risk assessments and context-dependence analysis of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of mangrove swamp in Leizhou Peninsula,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,100(1):224-230.
NATH B,BIRCH G,CHAUDHURI P,2013.Trace metal biogeochemistry in mangrove ecosystems:a comparative assessment of acidified(by acid sulfate soils)and non-acidified sites[J].Science of the Total Environment,463-464:667-674.
RAURET G,LOPEZ-SANCHEZ J F,SAHUQUILLO A,et al.,1999.Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,1(1):57-61.
TACK F M,CALLEWAERT O W,VERLOO M G,1996.Metal solubility as a function of pH in a contaminated dredged sediment affected by oxidation[J].Environmental Pollution,91(2):199-208.
WANG S S,CAO Z M,LAN D Z,et a1.,2008.Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of Pearl River Estuary[J].Environmental Geology,55(5):963-975.
YUAN C G,SHI J B,HE B,et al.,2004.Speciation of heavy metals inmarine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with se-quential extraction[J].Environment International,30(6):769-783.
ZHOU Y W,ZHAO B,PENG Y S,et al.,2010.Influence of mangrove reforestation on heavy metal accumulation and speciation in intertidal sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(8):1319-1324.
蔡继晗,李凯,郑向勇,等,2010.水产养殖重金属污染现状及治理技术研究进展[J].水产科学,29(12):749-752.CAI J H,LI K,ZHENG X Y,et al.,2010.Advancement in researches and treatment technology of heavy metals in aquaculture[J].Fisheries Science,29(12):749-752.
曹玲珑,王建华,黄楚光,等,2014.大亚湾表层沉积物重金属元素形态特征、控制因素及风险评价分析[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,44(6):1988-1999.CAO L L,WANG J W,HUANG C G,et al.,2014.Chemical Form,control actor and risk assessment of trace heavy metals in superficial sediment of Daya Bay[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,44(6):1988-1999.
陈碧珊,苏文华,罗松英,等,2017.湛江特呈岛红树林湿地土壤重金属含量特征及污染评价[J].生态环境学报,26(1):159-165.CHEN B S,SU W H,LUO S Y,et al.,2017.The features and the pollution assessments of heavy metals in the surface sediments of mangrove wetland in Techeng Island,Zhanjiang[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(1):159-165.
陈春霄,姜霞,战玉柱,等,2011.太湖表层沉积物中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,31(11):1842-1848.CHEN C X,JIANG X,ZHAN Y Z,et al.,2011.Speciation distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,31(11):1842-1848.
陈守莉,王平祖,秦明周,等,2007.太湖流域典型湖泊沉积物中重金属污染的分布特征[J].江苏农业学报,23(2):124-130.CHEN S L,WANG P Z,QIN M Z,et al.,2007.Distribution characterization of heavy metal pollution in typical sediment from Taihu Lake Region[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,23(2):124-130.
陈静生,周家义,1992.中国水环境重金属研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:171-188.CHEN J S,ZHOU J Y,1992.Study on Heavy Metals in Water Environment of China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Publishing House:171-188.
蹇丽,刘洁,李慧君,等,2016.东寨港海水及沉积物中Hg和As形态分布研究[J].环境科学与技术,39(6):33-38.JIAN L,LIU J,LI H J,et al.,2016.Speciation characteristics of mercury and arsenic in seawater and sediments from Dongzhai Harbor[J].Environmental Science&Technology,39(6):33-38.
邓利,张慧敏,劳大荣,等,2014.福田红树林自然保护区沉积物重金属污染现状及生态风险评价[J].海洋环境科学,33(6):947-953.DENG L,ZHANG H M,LAO D R,et al.,2014.Contamination and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve[J].Marine Environmental Science,33(6):947-953.
丁振华,刘金铃,李柳强,等,2009.中国主要红树林湿地沉积物中汞的分布特征[J].环境科学,30(8):2210-2215.DING Z H,LIU J L,LI L Q,et al.,2009.Distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments from main mangrove wetlands of China and their influence factors[J].Environmental Science,30(8):2210-2215.
高彦鑫,冯金国,唐磊,等,2012.密云水库上游金属矿区土壤中重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,33(5):1707-1717.GAO Y X,FENG J G,TANG L,et al.,2012.Fraction distribution and risk Assessment of heavy metals in iron and goldmine soil of Miyun Reservoir Upstream[J].Environmental Science,33(5):1707-1717.
关卉,万洪富,王冼民,等,2006.雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].环境污染与防治,28(10):757-760.GUAN H,WANG H F,WANG X M,et al.,2006.Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in soil samples of Leizhou Peninsula[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,28(10):757-760.
关天霞,何红波,张旭东,等,2011.土壤中重金属元素形态分析方法及形态分布的影响因素[J].土壤通报,42(2):503-512.GUAN T X,HE H B,ZHANG X D,et al.,2011.The methodology of fractionation analysis and the factors affecting the species of heavy metals in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,42(2):503-512.
黄莹,李永霞,高甫威,等,2015.小清河表层沉积物重污染区重金属赋存形态及风险评价[J].环境科学,36(6):2046-2053.HUANG Y,LI Y X,GAO P W,et al.,2015.Speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the heavily polluted area of Xiaoqing River[J].Environmental Science,36(6):2046-2053.
贺蓓,李瑞利,柴民伟,等,2015.深圳湾红树林沉积物-植物体系汞的分布规律和形态分配特征[J].生态环境学报,24(3):469-475.HE B,LI R L,CHAI M W,et al.,2015.Distribution and speciation of mercury(Hg)in mangrove wetland,Shenzhen Bay[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,24(3):469-475.
季一诺,赵志忠,吴丹,2015.东寨港红树林湿地沉积物和秋茄中重金属的富集特征[J].安全与环境工程,22(2):66-73.JI Y N,ZHAO Z Z,WU D,2015.Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in sediments of mangrove wetland and Kangdelia Candel in Dongzhai Harbor[J].Safe and Environmental Engineering,22(2):66-73.
柯盛,赵利容,孙省利,2014.湛江湾陆源入海排污口海域PAHs分布特征及来源[J].海洋环境科学,33(1):71-77.KE S,ZHAO L R,SUN S L,2014.Distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in seawater of the land-based outlet of Zhanjiang Bay[J].Marine environmental Science,33(1):71-77.
孔明,董增林,晁建颖,等,2015.巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,35(4):1223-1229.KONG M,DONG Z L,CHAO J Y,et al.,2015.Bioavailability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Chaohu[J].China Environmental Science,35(4):1223-1229.
雷凌明,喻大松,陈玉鹏,等,2014.陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源[J].农业工程学报,30(6):88-96.LEI L M,YU D S,CHEN Y P,et al.,2014.Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Jinghui Irrigated Area of Shaanxi,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(6):88-96.
李佳璐,姜霞,王书航,等,2016.丹江口水库沉积物重金属形态分布特征及其迁移能力[J].中国环境科学,36(4):1207-1217.LI J L,JIANG X,WANG S H,et al.,2016.Heavy metal in sediment of Danjiangkou Reservoir:chemical speciation and mobility[J].China Environmental Science,36(4):1207-1217.
李柳强,丁振华,刘金玲,等,2008.中国主要红树林表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其影响因素[J].海洋学报,30(5):159-164.LI L Q,DING Z H,LIU J L,et al.,2008.Distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments from main mangrove wetlands of China and their influence factors[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(5):159-164.
李瑞利,柴民伟,邱国玉,等,2012.近50年来深圳湾红树林湿地Hg、Cu累积及其生态危害评价[J].环境科学,33(12):4276-4283.LI R L,CHAI M W,QIU G W,et al.,2012.Mercury and copper accumulation during last fifty years and their potential ecological risk assessment in sediment of mangrove wetland of Shenzhen,China[J].Environmental Science,33(12):4276-4283.
刘群群,孟范平,王菲菲,等,2017.东营市北部海域沉积物中重金属的分布、来源及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,38(9):3635-3644.LIU Q Q,MENG F P,WANG F F,et al.,2017.Spatial distribution,source and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the coastal sediments of northern Dongying City[J].Environmental Science,38(9):3635-3644.
刘芳文,颜文,苗莉,2015.湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].海洋技术学报,4(2):74-82.LIU F W,YAN W,MIAO L,2015.Distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the seawater and surface sediments from the Zhanjiang Harbor[J].Ocean Technology,4(2):74-82.
罗松英,王嘉琦,周敏,等,2018.湛江东海岛红树林湿地表层土壤重金属空间分布特征及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1547-1555.LUO S Y,WANG J Q,ZHOU M,et al.,2018.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soils of mangrove wetland in Donghai Island,Zhanjiang[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1547-1555.
倪志鑫,张霞,蔡伟叙,等,2016.珠江口沉积物中重金属分布、形态特征及风险分析[J].海洋环境科学,35(3):321-328.NI Z X,ZHANG X,CAI W X,et al.,2016.Distribution,speciation and risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediment of the Zhujiang estuary[J].Marine environmental Science,35(3):321-328.
滕彦国,度先国,倪师军,等,2002.应用地质累积指数评价沉积物中重金属污染:选择地球化学背景的影响[J].环境科学与技术,25(2):7-9.TENG Y G,DU X G,NI S J,et al.,2002.Applying geo-accumulation index to assess heavy metal pollution in sediment:Influence of different geochemical background[J].Environmental Science&Technology,25(2):7-9.
王海,王春霞,王子健,2002.太湖表层沉积物中重金属的形态分析[J].环境化学,1(5):430-435.WANG H,WANG C X,WANG Z J,2002.Speciation of heavy metals in surface sediment of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,1(5):430-435.
银燕春,王莉淋,肖鸿,等,2015.成都市区、城郊和农村生活垃圾重金属污染特性及来源[J].环境工程学报,9(1):392-400.YIN C Y,WANG L L,XIAO H,et al.,2015.Characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in urban,suburban and rural domestic waste of Chengdu,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,9(1):392-400.
于瑞莲,胡恭任,刘越,等,2011.泉州湾红树林湿地沉积物中汞分布及形态特征[J].生态学杂志,30(5):1004-1007.YU R L,HU G R,LIU Y,et al.,2011.Mercury distribution and speciation in the sediments of mangrove wetland in Quanzhou Bay[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(5):1004-1007.
张际标,刘加飞,张才学,等,2012.湛江湾表层沉积物重金属分布及污染评价[J].海洋环境科学,31(5):644-647.ZHANG J B,LIU J F,ZHANG C X,et al.,2012.Distribution and pollution assessment on heavy metals in surface sediments of Zhanjiang Bay[J].Marine environmental Science,31(5):644-647.
张智慧,李宝,梁仁君,2015.南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1408-1416.ZHANG Z H,LI B,LIANG R J,2015.Comparison of sediment heavy metal fractions at estuary and center of Nanyang Zone from Nansi Lake,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,35(5):1408-1416.
DAVIDSON C M,THOMAS R P,MCVEY S E,et al.,1994.Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of heavy metals in sediments[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,291(3):277-286.
HU B Q,CUI R Y,LI J,et al.,2013.Occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Changhua River Estuary and adjacent shelf(Hainan Island)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,76(1-2):400-405.
LI R G,LI R L,CHAI M W,2015.Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay,South China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,101(1):448-456.
LIU J,MA K M,QU L Y,2015.Ecological risk assessments and context-dependence analysis of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of mangrove swamp in Leizhou Peninsula,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,100(1):224-230.
NATH B,BIRCH G,CHAUDHURI P,2013.Trace metal biogeochemistry in mangrove ecosystems:a comparative assessment of acidified(by acid sulfate soils)and non-acidified sites[J].Science of the Total Environment,463-464:667-674.
RAURET G,LOPEZ-SANCHEZ J F,SAHUQUILLO A,et al.,1999.Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,1(1):57-61.
TACK F M,CALLEWAERT O W,VERLOO M G,1996.Metal solubility as a function of pH in a contaminated dredged sediment affected by oxidation[J].Environmental Pollution,91(2):199-208.
WANG S S,CAO Z M,LAN D Z,et a1.,2008.Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of Pearl River Estuary[J].Environmental Geology,55(5):963-975.
YUAN C G,SHI J B,HE B,et al.,2004.Speciation of heavy metals inmarine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with se-quential extraction[J].Environment International,30(6):769-783.
ZHOU Y W,ZHAO B,PENG Y S,et al.,2010.Influence of mangrove reforestation on heavy metal accumulation and speciation in intertidal sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(8):1319-1324.
蔡继晗,李凯,郑向勇,等,2010.水产养殖重金属污染现状及治理技术研究进展[J].水产科学,29(12):749-752.CAI J H,LI K,ZHENG X Y,et al.,2010.Advancement in researches and treatment technology of heavy metals in aquaculture[J].Fisheries Science,29(12):749-752.
曹玲珑,王建华,黄楚光,等,2014.大亚湾表层沉积物重金属元素形态特征、控制因素及风险评价分析[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,44(6):1988-1999.CAO L L,WANG J W,HUANG C G,et al.,2014.Chemical Form,control actor and risk assessment of trace heavy metals in superficial sediment of Daya Bay[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,44(6):1988-1999.
陈碧珊,苏文华,罗松英,等,2017.湛江特呈岛红树林湿地土壤重金属含量特征及污染评价[J].生态环境学报,26(1):159-165.CHEN B S,SU W H,LUO S Y,et al.,2017.The features and the pollution assessments of heavy metals in the surface sediments of mangrove wetland in Techeng Island,Zhanjiang[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(1):159-165.
陈春霄,姜霞,战玉柱,等,2011.太湖表层沉积物中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,31(11):1842-1848.CHEN C X,JIANG X,ZHAN Y Z,et al.,2011.Speciation distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,31(11):1842-1848.
陈守莉,王平祖,秦明周,等,2007.太湖流域典型湖泊沉积物中重金属污染的分布特征[J].江苏农业学报,23(2):124-130.CHEN S L,WANG P Z,QIN M Z,et al.,2007.Distribution characterization of heavy metal pollution in typical sediment from Taihu Lake Region[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,23(2):124-130.
陈静生,周家义,1992.中国水环境重金属研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:171-188.CHEN J S,ZHOU J Y,1992.Study on Heavy Metals in Water Environment of China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Publishing House:171-188.
蹇丽,刘洁,李慧君,等,2016.东寨港海水及沉积物中Hg和As形态分布研究[J].环境科学与技术,39(6):33-38.JIAN L,LIU J,LI H J,et al.,2016.Speciation characteristics of mercury and arsenic in seawater and sediments from Dongzhai Harbor[J].Environmental Science&Technology,39(6):33-38.
邓利,张慧敏,劳大荣,等,2014.福田红树林自然保护区沉积物重金属污染现状及生态风险评价[J].海洋环境科学,33(6):947-953.DENG L,ZHANG H M,LAO D R,et al.,2014.Contamination and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve[J].Marine Environmental Science,33(6):947-953.
丁振华,刘金铃,李柳强,等,2009.中国主要红树林湿地沉积物中汞的分布特征[J].环境科学,30(8):2210-2215.DING Z H,LIU J L,LI L Q,et al.,2009.Distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments from main mangrove wetlands of China and their influence factors[J].Environmental Science,30(8):2210-2215.
高彦鑫,冯金国,唐磊,等,2012.密云水库上游金属矿区土壤中重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,33(5):1707-1717.GAO Y X,FENG J G,TANG L,et al.,2012.Fraction distribution and risk Assessment of heavy metals in iron and goldmine soil of Miyun Reservoir Upstream[J].Environmental Science,33(5):1707-1717.
关卉,万洪富,王冼民,等,2006.雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].环境污染与防治,28(10):757-760.GUAN H,WANG H F,WANG X M,et al.,2006.Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in soil samples of Leizhou Peninsula[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,28(10):757-760.
关天霞,何红波,张旭东,等,2011.土壤中重金属元素形态分析方法及形态分布的影响因素[J].土壤通报,42(2):503-512.GUAN T X,HE H B,ZHANG X D,et al.,2011.The methodology of fractionation analysis and the factors affecting the species of heavy metals in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,42(2):503-512.
黄莹,李永霞,高甫威,等,2015.小清河表层沉积物重污染区重金属赋存形态及风险评价[J].环境科学,36(6):2046-2053.HUANG Y,LI Y X,GAO P W,et al.,2015.Speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the heavily polluted area of Xiaoqing River[J].Environmental Science,36(6):2046-2053.
贺蓓,李瑞利,柴民伟,等,2015.深圳湾红树林沉积物-植物体系汞的分布规律和形态分配特征[J].生态环境学报,24(3):469-475.HE B,LI R L,CHAI M W,et al.,2015.Distribution and speciation of mercury(Hg)in mangrove wetland,Shenzhen Bay[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,24(3):469-475.
季一诺,赵志忠,吴丹,2015.东寨港红树林湿地沉积物和秋茄中重金属的富集特征[J].安全与环境工程,22(2):66-73.JI Y N,ZHAO Z Z,WU D,2015.Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in sediments of mangrove wetland and Kangdelia Candel in Dongzhai Harbor[J].Safe and Environmental Engineering,22(2):66-73.
柯盛,赵利容,孙省利,2014.湛江湾陆源入海排污口海域PAHs分布特征及来源[J].海洋环境科学,33(1):71-77.KE S,ZHAO L R,SUN S L,2014.Distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in seawater of the land-based outlet of Zhanjiang Bay[J].Marine environmental Science,33(1):71-77.
孔明,董增林,晁建颖,等,2015.巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,35(4):1223-1229.KONG M,DONG Z L,CHAO J Y,et al.,2015.Bioavailability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Chaohu[J].China Environmental Science,35(4):1223-1229.
雷凌明,喻大松,陈玉鹏,等,2014.陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源[J].农业工程学报,30(6):88-96.LEI L M,YU D S,CHEN Y P,et al.,2014.Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Jinghui Irrigated Area of Shaanxi,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(6):88-96.
李佳璐,姜霞,王书航,等,2016.丹江口水库沉积物重金属形态分布特征及其迁移能力[J].中国环境科学,36(4):1207-1217.LI J L,JIANG X,WANG S H,et al.,2016.Heavy metal in sediment of Danjiangkou Reservoir:chemical speciation and mobility[J].China Environmental Science,36(4):1207-1217.
李柳强,丁振华,刘金玲,等,2008.中国主要红树林表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其影响因素[J].海洋学报,30(5):159-164.LI L Q,DING Z H,LIU J L,et al.,2008.Distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments from main mangrove wetlands of China and their influence factors[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(5):159-164.
李瑞利,柴民伟,邱国玉,等,2012.近50年来深圳湾红树林湿地Hg、Cu累积及其生态危害评价[J].环境科学,33(12):4276-4283.LI R L,CHAI M W,QIU G W,et al.,2012.Mercury and copper accumulation during last fifty years and their potential ecological risk assessment in sediment of mangrove wetland of Shenzhen,China[J].Environmental Science,33(12):4276-4283.
刘群群,孟范平,王菲菲,等,2017.东营市北部海域沉积物中重金属的分布、来源及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,38(9):3635-3644.LIU Q Q,MENG F P,WANG F F,et al.,2017.Spatial distribution,source and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the coastal sediments of northern Dongying City[J].Environmental Science,38(9):3635-3644.
刘芳文,颜文,苗莉,2015.湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].海洋技术学报,4(2):74-82.LIU F W,YAN W,MIAO L,2015.Distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the seawater and surface sediments from the Zhanjiang Harbor[J].Ocean Technology,4(2):74-82.
罗松英,王嘉琦,周敏,等,2018.湛江东海岛红树林湿地表层土壤重金属空间分布特征及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1547-1555.LUO S Y,WANG J Q,ZHOU M,et al.,2018.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soils of mangrove wetland in Donghai Island,Zhanjiang[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1547-1555.
倪志鑫,张霞,蔡伟叙,等,2016.珠江口沉积物中重金属分布、形态特征及风险分析[J].海洋环境科学,35(3):321-328.NI Z X,ZHANG X,CAI W X,et al.,2016.Distribution,speciation and risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediment of the Zhujiang estuary[J].Marine environmental Science,35(3):321-328.
滕彦国,度先国,倪师军,等,2002.应用地质累积指数评价沉积物中重金属污染:选择地球化学背景的影响[J].环境科学与技术,25(2):7-9.TENG Y G,DU X G,NI S J,et al.,2002.Applying geo-accumulation index to assess heavy metal pollution in sediment:Influence of different geochemical background[J].Environmental Science&Technology,25(2):7-9.
王海,王春霞,王子健,2002.太湖表层沉积物中重金属的形态分析[J].环境化学,1(5):430-435.WANG H,WANG C X,WANG Z J,2002.Speciation of heavy metals in surface sediment of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,1(5):430-435.
银燕春,王莉淋,肖鸿,等,2015.成都市区、城郊和农村生活垃圾重金属污染特性及来源[J].环境工程学报,9(1):392-400.YIN C Y,WANG L L,XIAO H,et al.,2015.Characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in urban,suburban and rural domestic waste of Chengdu,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,9(1):392-400.
于瑞莲,胡恭任,刘越,等,2011.泉州湾红树林湿地沉积物中汞分布及形态特征[J].生态学杂志,30(5):1004-1007.YU R L,HU G R,LIU Y,et al.,2011.Mercury distribution and speciation in the sediments of mangrove wetland in Quanzhou Bay[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(5):1004-1007.
张际标,刘加飞,张才学,等,2012.湛江湾表层沉积物重金属分布及污染评价[J].海洋环境科学,31(5):644-647.ZHANG J B,LIU J F,ZHANG C X,et al.,2012.Distribution and pollution assessment on heavy metals in surface sediments of Zhanjiang Bay[J].Marine environmental Science,31(5):644-647.
张智慧,李宝,梁仁君,2015.南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1408-1416.ZHANG Z H,LI B,LIANG R J,2015.Comparison of sediment heavy metal fractions at estuary and center of Nanyang Zone from Nansi Lake,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,35(5):1408-1416.