氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤腐殖质组分的影响
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摘要
以连续5a设施番茄栽培定位施肥田间试验为依托,选择施氮量0、187.5、375.0、562.5kg·hm~(-2)(N0、N1、N2、N3)及氮肥与有机肥(M:75000kg·hm~(-2))配施(MN0、MN1、MN2、 MN3) 8个处理,研究了不同施氮及氮肥与有机肥配施处理土壤总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)和水溶性有机碳(Water soluble organic carbon,WSOC)的含量及其剖面分布,土壤松/稳结态胡敏酸碳(Humic acid carbon,HA-C)和富里酸碳(Fulvic acid carbon,FA-C)含量、组成及其剖面分布。结果表明:各施肥处理TOC、WSOC、稳结态胡敏酸碳(HA_2-C)和稳结态富里酸碳(FA_2-C)含量均随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降趋势,而松结态胡敏酸碳(HA1-C)和松结态富里酸碳(FA_1-C)含量均随土层深度增加呈先增加后逐渐下降趋势。与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥与有机肥配施处理均使0～50 cm土壤TOC、WSOC、HA_1-C、FA_1-C和HA_2-C含量有所提高,其提高幅度分别为12.44%～87.38%、11.01%～168.32%、10.15%～235.54%、2.41%～205.21%和3.42%～92.61%;同时也显著提高了0～20 cm土层HA/FA及PQ(HA占(HA+FA)的比例)(P <0.05),使0～20 cm土层HA_1、HA_2和FA_1的C/N比增加,FA_2的C/N比略有下降,HA的E_4/E_6(在波长为465nm和665nm处吸光度的比值)降低,FA的E_4/E_6增加。本设施番茄栽培田间试验条件下,连续5 a氮肥与有机肥配施不仅显著提高了0～20 cm土壤有机碳数量,而且有利于FA向HA转化,促进胡敏酸的形成与累积,尤其是松结态胡敏酸的形成与累积,进而使土壤有机碳品质得到明显改善。
【Objective】 Composition and component ratio of soil humus are important indicators for assessing soil organic carbon quality, and also have important influences on soil structure and quality. Soil humus varies in combination form and hence in effect on soil structure and soil fertility as well. Therefore,it is of great significance to rational fertilization in facilitated vegetable production to study effect of application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer and organic manure on component contents, composition and profile distribution of soil humus under greenhouse.【Method】For this study a field fertilization experiment was conducted in a greenhouse growing tomato for five consecutive years. The experiment was designed to have four treatments(N0, N1, N2 and N3) of applying merely N fertilizer at a rate of 0, 187.5, 375.0, and562.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and four(MN0, MN1, MN2 and MN3) combined application of N fertilizer and organic manure that is, each of the four N treatments coupled with organic manure(M: 75 000 kg·hm~(-2)).Total organic carbon(TOC), water soluble organic carbon(WSOC), soil loosely and stably combined humic acid carbon(HA-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA-C) in all the eight treatments were monitored for content, composition and profile distribution in the greenhouse soil. Soil water soluble substance(WSS),loosely combined humus and stably combined humus were extracted with Fu Jiping, soil humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) separated with the modified humus component method, and organic carbon content of each determined. 【Result】 In all fertilization treatments, the contents of TOC, WSOC, stably combined humic acid carbon(HA2-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA2-C) gradually decreased with soil depth, whereas the contents of loosely combined humic acid carbon(HA1-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA1-C) increased first and then decreased with soil depth. But the contents of soil TOC, WSOC and humus components were the highest in the 0～20 cm soil layer. Compared with application of mere N fertilizer, combined fertilization increased the content of TOC, WSOC, HA_1-C, FA_1-C and HA_2-C by 12.44%～87.38%, 11.01%～168.32%,10.15%～235.54%, 2.41%～205.21% and 3.42%～92.61%, respectively, in the 0～50 cm soil layer. The effect was especially significant for TOC, WSOC, HA_1-C, FA_1-C and HA_2-C in the 0～20 cm soil layer(P <0.05) and for HA1-C, FA1-C and HA_2-C in the 40～50 cm soil layer(P < 0.05). Combined fertilization also significantly improved the ratio of HA1/FA_1, HA_2/FA_2, and HA/FA and PQ1(HA_1-C/(HA_1-C+ FA_1-C)), PQ_2(HA_2-C/(HA_2-C+ FA_2-C)), and PQ(HA-C/(HA-C+ FA-C)) in the 0～20 cm soil layer(P < 0.05), increased the C/N ratios of HA_1, HA_2 and FA1, but slightly decreased that of FA_2 in the 0～20 cm soil layer. Besides,combined fertilization also decreased E_4/E_6(The ratio of absorbance at 465 nm and 665 nm wavelengths) of the soil HA, but increased E_4/E_6 of the soil FA.【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of tomato cultivation in the greenhouse, combined fertilization for 5 consecutive years not only significantly increases the amount of soil organic carbon in the 0～20 cm soil layer, but also helps FA transform to HA, promotes formation and accumulation of humic acid, especially loosely combined humic acid, and consequently improves quality of the soil organic carbon significantly. It is, therefore, concluded that combined application of 187.5 kg·hm~(-2) N fertilizer and 75 000 kg·hm~(-2) organic manure is the best option to improve quantity and quality of soil organic carbon.
【Objective】 Composition and component ratio of soil humus are important indicators for assessing soil organic carbon quality, and also have important influences on soil structure and quality. Soil humus varies in combination form and hence in effect on soil structure and soil fertility as well. Therefore,it is of great significance to rational fertilization in facilitated vegetable production to study effect of application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer and organic manure on component contents, composition and profile distribution of soil humus under greenhouse.【Method】For this study a field fertilization experiment was conducted in a greenhouse growing tomato for five consecutive years. The experiment was designed to have four treatments(N0, N1, N2 and N3) of applying merely N fertilizer at a rate of 0, 187.5, 375.0, and562.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and four(MN0, MN1, MN2 and MN3) combined application of N fertilizer and organic manure that is, each of the four N treatments coupled with organic manure(M: 75 000 kg·hm~(-2)).Total organic carbon(TOC), water soluble organic carbon(WSOC), soil loosely and stably combined humic acid carbon(HA-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA-C) in all the eight treatments were monitored for content, composition and profile distribution in the greenhouse soil. Soil water soluble substance(WSS),loosely combined humus and stably combined humus were extracted with Fu Jiping, soil humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) separated with the modified humus component method, and organic carbon content of each determined. 【Result】 In all fertilization treatments, the contents of TOC, WSOC, stably combined humic acid carbon(HA2-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA2-C) gradually decreased with soil depth, whereas the contents of loosely combined humic acid carbon(HA1-C) and fulvic acid carbon(FA1-C) increased first and then decreased with soil depth. But the contents of soil TOC, WSOC and humus components were the highest in the 0～20 cm soil layer. Compared with application of mere N fertilizer, combined fertilization increased the content of TOC, WSOC, HA_1-C, FA_1-C and HA_2-C by 12.44%～87.38%, 11.01%～168.32%,10.15%～235.54%, 2.41%～205.21% and 3.42%～92.61%, respectively, in the 0～50 cm soil layer. The effect was especially significant for TOC, WSOC, HA_1-C, FA_1-C and HA_2-C in the 0～20 cm soil layer(P <0.05) and for HA1-C, FA1-C and HA_2-C in the 40～50 cm soil layer(P < 0.05). Combined fertilization also significantly improved the ratio of HA1/FA_1, HA_2/FA_2, and HA/FA and PQ1(HA_1-C/(HA_1-C+ FA_1-C)), PQ_2(HA_2-C/(HA_2-C+ FA_2-C)), and PQ(HA-C/(HA-C+ FA-C)) in the 0～20 cm soil layer(P < 0.05), increased the C/N ratios of HA_1, HA_2 and FA1, but slightly decreased that of FA_2 in the 0～20 cm soil layer. Besides,combined fertilization also decreased E_4/E_6(The ratio of absorbance at 465 nm and 665 nm wavelengths) of the soil HA, but increased E_4/E_6 of the soil FA.【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of tomato cultivation in the greenhouse, combined fertilization for 5 consecutive years not only significantly increases the amount of soil organic carbon in the 0～20 cm soil layer, but also helps FA transform to HA, promotes formation and accumulation of humic acid, especially loosely combined humic acid, and consequently improves quality of the soil organic carbon significantly. It is, therefore, concluded that combined application of 187.5 kg·hm~(-2) N fertilizer and 75 000 kg·hm~(-2) organic manure is the best option to improve quantity and quality of soil organic carbon.
引文
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[2]Yin Y,Liang C H,Pei Z J,et al.Effect of greenhouse soil management on soil aggregation and organic matter in northeast China.Catena,2015,133:412-419
[3]Duan P P,Zhang Y L,Cong Y H,et al.The dynamics of soil-soluble nitrogen and soil-retained nitrogen in greenhouse soil.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,2016,67(1):51—61
[4]王颖.辽宁省设施蔬菜施肥现状及建议.辽宁农业科学,2015(3):49—50Wang Y.Situation and recommendations of facility vegetable fertilizer in Liaoning Province(In Chinese).Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,201 5(3):49-50
[5]段鹏鹏.氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤供氮能力的影响.沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016Duan P P.Effect of combined application N fertilizer and manure on soil N supply capacity in greenhouse condition(In Chinese).Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2016
[6]Hua K,Wang D,Guo X,et al.Carbon sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in a long-term experiment on a vertisol in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China.PLoS One,2014,9:e108594
[7]Sandrine S.Changes in humus forms,soil invertebrate communities and soil functioning with forest dynamics.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,123:345-354
[8]褚慧,宗良纲,汪张懿,等.不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化.土壤学报,2013,50(5):931-939Chu H,Zong L G,Wang Z Y,et al.Dynamic changes in humus composition in vegetable soils different in cultivation mode(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(5):931—939
[9]董珊珊,窦森.玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土有机碳组成和结构特征的影响.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(2):322-328Dong S S,Dou S.Effect of different ways of corn stover application to soil on composition and structural characteristics of organic carbon in black soil(In Chinese).Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(2):322-328
[10]王维,吴景贵,李蕴慧,等.有机物料对不同作物根系土壤腐殖质组成和结构的影响.水土保持学报,2017,31(2):215-220Wang W,Wu J G,Li Y H,et al.Effects of organic materials on the composition and structure of humic substance in the rhizosphere soil of different crops(In Chinese).Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,2017,31(2):215-220
[11]Shen H,Xu Z H,Yan X L.Effect of fertilization on oxidizable carbon,microbial biomass carbon,and mineralizable carbon under different agro ecosystems.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2001,32(9-10):1575-1588
[12]王春新,于鹏,张玉玲,等.氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤呼吸的影响.土壤通报,2017,48(1):146-154Wang C X,Yu P. Zhang Y L,et al.Effect ofcombined application of nitrogen fertilizer and manure on soil respiration in greenhouse cultivation(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(1):146-154
[13]Tripolskaja L,Romanovskaja D,Slepetiene A,et al.Effect of the chemical composition of green manure crops on humus formation in soddy-podzolic soil.Eurasian Soil Science,2014,47(4):310—318
[14]任玲.覆膜滴灌有机培肥土壤有机碳的变化特征研究.长春:吉林农业大学,2016Ren L.Drip irrigation with plastic and organic fertilizer effect on change characteristics of soil organic carbon research(In Chinese).Changchun:Jilin Agricultural University,2016
[15]李阳,王继红.长期施肥土壤腐殖质变化及其与土壤酸度变化的关系.南京农业大学学报,2016,39(1):114-119Li Y,Wang J H.Variation of soil humus under long-term fertilization andits relation to soil acidity(In Chinese).Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2016,39(1):114—119
[16]Kisetu E,Heri P.Effects of poultry manure and NPK(23:10:5)fertilizer on tomato variety tanya grown on selected soil of morogoro region,tanzania.Asian Journal of Crop Science,2014,6(2):165—175
[17]段鹏鹏,丛耀辉,徐文静,等.氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤可溶性氮动态变化的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4717-4727Duan P P,Cong Y H,Xu W J,et al.Effect of combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and manure on the dynamic of soil soluble N in greenhouse cultivation(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4717—4727
[18]傅积平.土壤结合态腐殖质分组测定.土壤通报,1983,12(2):36-37Fu J P.Group determination of soil combined humus(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1983,12(2):36-37
[19]Kumada K,Sato O,Ohsumi Y,et al.Humus composition of mountain soils in Central Japan with special reference to the distribution of P type humic acid.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1967,13(5):151-158
[20]窦森,周桂玉,邵晨,等.土壤提取液中有机碳量测定方法的比较.东北林业大学学报,2013,41(2):99-101Dou S,Zhou G Y,Shao C,et al.Comparison on determination methods of organic carbon content in soil extracts(In Chinese).Journal of NortheastForestry University,2013,41(2):99—101
[21]Clercq T D,Heiling M,Dercon G,et al.Predicting soil organic matter stability in agricultural fields through carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,88:29—38
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