有机肥部分替代化肥对作物产量及土壤氮素迁移的影响
|
摘要
针对粮田大量施用化肥导致土壤质量下降以及不合理施用有机肥带来的环境污染问题,基于产量和环境条件探索有机肥部分替代无机肥的适宜配比,为科学施肥、减少氮素淋失、保护土壤环境提供理论依据。本研究在麦玉轮作区进行大田试验,设置不施氮肥(T1)、牛粪有机肥氮与化肥氮配比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4(简称T2、T3、T4、T5)和单施化肥(T6)6个处理,研究自然降水条件下不同有机肥化肥配施比例对作物产量、土壤剖面硝态氮累积分布的影响。结果表明,有机无机配比为1∶2时小麦、玉米平均总产量最高,为11.4 t·hm~(-2),比不施氮肥处理提高46.2%,比单施化肥处理提高3.6%。0～100 cm各土层硝态氮累积量随着牛粪有机肥所占比例降低而升高,以单施化肥处理土壤中硝态氮累积量最高,此趋势在小麦玉米收获期的80～100 cm土层表现更明显。表明该时期土壤硝态氮已存在迁移累积现象,对地下水带来潜在的污染风险。因此,在兼顾小麦玉米产量和环境双重条件下,小麦、玉米两季的结果均表现为有机与无机氮肥最佳配比为1∶2,在此比例下,有机肥的替代施用较纯化肥处理提高产量的同时,还能降低土壤中硝态氮的累积和迁移。
The overuse of chemical fertilizer in grain fields results in reduction of soil quality, whereas improper use of organic fertilizer leads to environmental pollution. In this study, based on food production and environmental conditions, the optimal ratio for partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer with organic manure fertilizer was explored to provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization, reduction of nitrate(NO~-_3) leaching, and protection of soil environment. The test was conducted under a wheat and maize rotation system. The treatments were set as T1 with no N application, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with the ratio of organic N to inorganic N as 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3 and 1∶4 respectively, and T6 with only inorganic fertilizer N. The influences of different proportions of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on crop yield and soil vertical distribution of NO~-_3-N were studied under natural rainfall. The results showed that the total yield of wheat and maize of T3 was the highest(11.4 t·hm~(-2)) at the ratio of organic N to chemical N as 1∶2,which was 46.2% higher than that of T1 and 3.6% higher than that of T6. The accumulation of NO~-_3-N in the 0～100-cm soil layer increased with the decrease of manure proportion, and the highest value was under T6. This trend was more obvious in 80～100-cm soil layer, which indicated that NO~-_3-N had accumulated and migrated, and the risk of groundwater pollution had increased. To compromise between yield and environmental conditions, the optimum ratio of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer for wheat and maize in both seasons was 1∶2. At this ratio, the use of organic manure could reduce the accumulation and migration of NO~-_3-N in soil but increase the crop yield compared to only chemical fertilizer treatment.
The overuse of chemical fertilizer in grain fields results in reduction of soil quality, whereas improper use of organic fertilizer leads to environmental pollution. In this study, based on food production and environmental conditions, the optimal ratio for partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer with organic manure fertilizer was explored to provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization, reduction of nitrate(NO~-_3) leaching, and protection of soil environment. The test was conducted under a wheat and maize rotation system. The treatments were set as T1 with no N application, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with the ratio of organic N to inorganic N as 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3 and 1∶4 respectively, and T6 with only inorganic fertilizer N. The influences of different proportions of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on crop yield and soil vertical distribution of NO~-_3-N were studied under natural rainfall. The results showed that the total yield of wheat and maize of T3 was the highest(11.4 t·hm~(-2)) at the ratio of organic N to chemical N as 1∶2,which was 46.2% higher than that of T1 and 3.6% higher than that of T6. The accumulation of NO~-_3-N in the 0～100-cm soil layer increased with the decrease of manure proportion, and the highest value was under T6. This trend was more obvious in 80～100-cm soil layer, which indicated that NO~-_3-N had accumulated and migrated, and the risk of groundwater pollution had increased. To compromise between yield and environmental conditions, the optimum ratio of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer for wheat and maize in both seasons was 1∶2. At this ratio, the use of organic manure could reduce the accumulation and migration of NO~-_3-N in soil but increase the crop yield compared to only chemical fertilizer treatment.
引文
[1] 孟琳,张小莉,蒋小芳,等.有机肥料氮替代部分无机氮对水稻产量的影响及替代率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):290-296.
[2] 唐继伟,林治安,许建新,等.有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(3):44-47.
[3] 索东让.长期定位试验中化肥与有机肥结合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):71-75.
[4] 戴明宏,陶洪斌,王利纳,等.华北平原春玉米种植体系中土壤无机氮的时空变化及盈亏[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):417-423.
[5] Rodriguez M A,Continuo J,Martins F.Efficacy and limitationsof triticale as a nitrogen catch crop in a Mediterranean environment[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2002,17(3):155-160.
[6] 杨学云,张树兰,袁新民,等.长期施肥对土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(2):134-138.
[7] 习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):326-335.
[8] 高洪军,朱平,彭畅,等.等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响[J].物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):318-325.
[9] 高忠霞,杨学云,周建斌,等.小麦-玉米轮作期间不同施肥处理氮素的淋溶形态及数量[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(8):1624-1632.
[10] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11] 徐阳春,沈其荣,冉炜.长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):89-96.
[12] 郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(3):538-547.
[13] 朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.
[14] 黄东风,王果,李卫华,等.不同施肥模式对蔬菜生长、氮肥利用及菜地氮流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):631-638.
[15] 吴成龙,沈其荣,夏昭远,等.麦-稻轮作系统有机无机肥料配施协同氮素转化的机制研究Ⅰ.小麦季15N去向分析[J].土壤学报,2010,47(5):905-912.
[16] 张玉平,荣湘民,刘强,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):44-49.
[17] 吉艳芝,冯万忠,郝晓然,等.不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1725-1731.
[18] 庞凤梅.有机无机肥料配施对麦田土壤氨挥发和硝态氮含量的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[19] 王志勇,红梅,杨殿林,等.供氮水平和有机无机配施对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008(6):11-14.
[20] 叶优良,李隆,孙建好.3 种豆科作物与玉米间作对土壤硝态氮累积和分布的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):818-823.
[21] 孙美,蒙格平,张晓琳,等.集约化种植区硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布与累积特征[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(4):902-908.
[22] 张建国,晋京串,肖宁月.山西旱地农业降水高效利用技术探讨[J].山西农业科学,2009,37(1):52-54.
[23] 袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.有机肥对土壤NO-N累积的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):197-200.
[2] 唐继伟,林治安,许建新,等.有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(3):44-47.
[3] 索东让.长期定位试验中化肥与有机肥结合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):71-75.
[4] 戴明宏,陶洪斌,王利纳,等.华北平原春玉米种植体系中土壤无机氮的时空变化及盈亏[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):417-423.
[5] Rodriguez M A,Continuo J,Martins F.Efficacy and limitationsof triticale as a nitrogen catch crop in a Mediterranean environment[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2002,17(3):155-160.
[6] 杨学云,张树兰,袁新民,等.长期施肥对土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(2):134-138.
[7] 习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):326-335.
[8] 高洪军,朱平,彭畅,等.等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响[J].物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):318-325.
[9] 高忠霞,杨学云,周建斌,等.小麦-玉米轮作期间不同施肥处理氮素的淋溶形态及数量[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(8):1624-1632.
[10] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11] 徐阳春,沈其荣,冉炜.长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):89-96.
[12] 郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(3):538-547.
[13] 朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.
[14] 黄东风,王果,李卫华,等.不同施肥模式对蔬菜生长、氮肥利用及菜地氮流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):631-638.
[15] 吴成龙,沈其荣,夏昭远,等.麦-稻轮作系统有机无机肥料配施协同氮素转化的机制研究Ⅰ.小麦季15N去向分析[J].土壤学报,2010,47(5):905-912.
[16] 张玉平,荣湘民,刘强,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):44-49.
[17] 吉艳芝,冯万忠,郝晓然,等.不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1725-1731.
[18] 庞凤梅.有机无机肥料配施对麦田土壤氨挥发和硝态氮含量的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[19] 王志勇,红梅,杨殿林,等.供氮水平和有机无机配施对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008(6):11-14.
[20] 叶优良,李隆,孙建好.3 种豆科作物与玉米间作对土壤硝态氮累积和分布的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):818-823.
[21] 孙美,蒙格平,张晓琳,等.集约化种植区硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布与累积特征[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(4):902-908.
[22] 张建国,晋京串,肖宁月.山西旱地农业降水高效利用技术探讨[J].山西农业科学,2009,37(1):52-54.
[23] 袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.有机肥对土壤NO-N累积的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):197-200.