人际关系的语用学研究
|
摘要
人际关系是人际语用学的核心议题。基于大量前沿性研究文献,本文梳理语用学研究中的人际关系问题,目的在于呈现其日益受到人际语用学重视的变化过程。首先,本文探讨了传统语用学所触及的人际关系研究,包括面子、礼貌、身份等研究中的关系问题;然后聚焦于人际语用学视角下的人际关系研究,分析了人际关系的概念化及相关的研究路径;最后讨论了人际关系研究所涉理论基础、研究方法、语料来源等多样化问题,以期引导读者更好地把握与推进新时代背景下的人际语用学研究。
Interpersonal relationship is a core issue in interpersonal pragmatics. Based on the latest studies about the relational aspects of interaction in pragmatics, this paper disentangles the issue of interpersonal relationship, with the aim to uncover the changing process in which relational issues have been paid increasing attention in research. This paper first survyes interpersonal relationship-related studies in pragmatics, including those related to face, politeness and identity; then it focuses on the conceptualization of interpersonal relationship and its approaches from the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics; finally it discusses some of the theoretical and methodological issues, and data collection as well for exploring interpersonal relationship, in order to offer a better understanding of interpersonal pragmatics in the New Era and further its future research.
Interpersonal relationship is a core issue in interpersonal pragmatics. Based on the latest studies about the relational aspects of interaction in pragmatics, this paper disentangles the issue of interpersonal relationship, with the aim to uncover the changing process in which relational issues have been paid increasing attention in research. This paper first survyes interpersonal relationship-related studies in pragmatics, including those related to face, politeness and identity; then it focuses on the conceptualization of interpersonal relationship and its approaches from the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics; finally it discusses some of the theoretical and methodological issues, and data collection as well for exploring interpersonal relationship, in order to offer a better understanding of interpersonal pragmatics in the New Era and further its future research.
引文
[1] Arundale, R. B. Face as relational and interactional: A communication framework for research on face, facework, and politeness[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2006(2): 193-216.
[2] Arundale, R. B. Face as emergent in interpersonal communication: An alternative to Goffman[A]. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. & M. Haugh(eds.). Face, Communication and Social inTeraction[C]. London: Equinox Publishing, 2009: 33-51.
[3] Arundale, R. B. Relating[A]. In Locher, M. A. & S. L. Graham(eds.). Interpersonal Pragmatics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2010: 137-165.
[4] Arundale, R. B. Face, relating, and dialectics: A response to Spencer-Oatey[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013a(58): 138-142.
[5] Arundale, R. B. Face as a research focus in interpersonal pragmatics: Relational and emic perspectives[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013b(58): 108-120.
[6] Aslan, E. The impact of face systems on the pragmalinguistic features of academic e-mail requests[J]. Pragmatics and Society, 2017(8): 61-84.
[7] Bargiela-Chiappini, F. Face and politeness: New (insights) for old (concepts)[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2003(35): 1453-1469.
[8] Barker, C. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis: A Dialogue on Language and Identity[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.
[9] Baxter, L. A. & B. M. Montgomery. Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics[M]. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.
[10]Bourdieu, P. Outline of a Theory of Practice[M]. Cambirdge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
[11]Brewer, M. B. & W. Gardner. Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996(71): 83-93.
[12]Brown, P. & S. C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[13]Bühler, K. Theory of Language: The Representational Function of Language[M]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 1990.
[14]Burke, P. J. & J. E. Stets. Identity Theory[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
[15]Culpeper, J. Towards an anatomy of impoliteness[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1996 (25): 349-367.
[16]Culpeper, J. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011a.
[17]Culpeper, J. Politeness and impoliteness[A]. In Aijmer, K. & G. Andersen(eds.). Sociopragmatics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2011b: 391-436.
[18]Eelen, G. A Critique of Politeness Theories[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2001(35): 811-818.
[19]Enfield, N. J. Relationship thinking and human pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2009(41): 60-78.
[20]Fletcher, J. K. Disappearing Acts: Gender, Power, and Relational Practice at Work[M]. Cambridge: Mit Press, 2001.
[21]Foucault, M. Orders of discourse[J]. Information (International Social Science Council), 1971(10): 7-30.
[22]Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: The “Culture Wars”[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language Behaviour Culture, 2009(5): 273-303.
[23]Goffman, E. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Interaction[M]. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.
[24]Grainger, K. Of babies and bath water: Is there any place for Austin and Grice in interpersonal pragmatics?[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 27-38.
[25]Gu, Y. Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese[J]. Journal of pragmatics, 1990(14): 237-257.
[26]Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1978.
[27]Haugh, M. Emic conceptualisations of (im) politeness and face in Japanese: Implications for the discursive negotiation of second language learner identities[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2007a(39): 657-680.
[28]Haugh, M. The discursive challenge to politeness research: An interactional alternative[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2007b(3): 295-317.
[29]Haugh, M. Face and interaction[A]. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. & M. Haugh(eds.). Face, Communication and Social Interaction[C]. London: Equinox Publishing, 2009: 1-16.
[30]Haugh, M. Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 52-72.
[31]Haugh, M. et al. Interpersonal pragmatics: Issues and debates[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 1-11.
[32]Heritage, J. A Galilean Moment in social theory? Language, culture and their emergent properties[J]. Qualitative Sociology, 2011(34): 263-270.
[33]Holmes, J. & M. Marra. Relational practice in the workplace: Women’s talk or gendered discourse?[J]. Language in Society, 2004(33): 377-398.
[34]Holmes, J. & S. Schnurr. Politeness, humor and gender in the workplace: Negotiating norms and identifying contestation[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language Behaviour Culture, 2005(1): 121-149.
[35]Kádár, D. Z. & M. Haugh. Understanding Politeness[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[36]Lakoff, R. T. The logic of politeness, or: Minding your p’s and q’s[J]. Papers from the Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, 1973(9): 292-305.
[37]Lakoff, R. T. The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse[J]. Multilingua-Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 1989(8): 101-130.
[38]Langlotz, A. & M. A. Locher. The role of emotions in relational work[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 87-107.
[39]Leech, G. N. The Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[40]Locher, M. A. Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication[M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: Walter de Gruyter, 2004.
[41]Locher, M. A. & R. J. Watts. Politeness theory and relational work[J]. Journal of Politeness Research, 2005(1): 9-33.
[42]Locher, M. A. Relational work, politeness and identity construction[A]. In Antos, G. & E. Ventola & T. Weber(eds.). Handbooks of Applied Linguistics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008: 509-540.
[43]Locher, M. A. & R. J. Watts. Relational Work and Impoliteness: Negotiating Norms of Linguistic Behaviour[M].Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.
[44]Locher, M. A. & S. L. Graham. Interpersonal Pragmatics[M]. De Gruyter Mouton, 2010.
[45]Locher, M. A. Situated impoliteness: The interface between relational work and identity construction[J]. Situated Politeness, 2011: 187-208.
[46]Locher, M. A. Relational work and interpersonal pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 145-149.
[47]Locher, M. A. Interpersonal pragmatics and its link to (im)politeness research[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2015(86): 5-10.
[48]Malinowski, B. Coral Gardens and Their Magic: Soil-tilling and Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands[M].Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965.
[49]Mao, L. R. Beyond politeness theory:‘Face’revisited and renewed[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1994(21): 451-486.
[50]Matsumoto, Y. Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1988(12): 403-426.
[51]Meredith, J. Analysing technological affordances of online interactions using conversation analysis[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2017(115): 42-55.
[52]Moody, S. J. “Well, I’ma Gaijin”: Constructing identity through English and humor in the international workplace[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2014(60): 75-88.
[53]O’driscoll, J. The role of language in interpersonal pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 170-181.
[54]Sifianou, M. Disagreements, face and politeness[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2012(44): 1554-1564.
[55]Skewis, M. Mitigated directness in Honglou meng: Directive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth century Chinese[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2003(35): 161-189.
[56]Spencer-Oatey, H. Rapport management: A framework for analysis[A]. In Spencer-Oatey, H. (eds.). Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport Through Talk Across Cultures[C]. London: Continnum, 2000: 11-46.
[57]Spencer-Oatey, H. Managing rapport in talk: Using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2002(34): 529-545.
[58]Spencer-Oatey, H. Theories of identity and the analysis of face[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2007(39): 639-656.
[59]Spencer-Oatey, H. & P. Franklin. Intercultural Interaction Competence (ICIC)[M]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009.
[60]Spencer-Oatey, H. Conceptualising ‘the relational’ in pragmatics: Insights from metapragmatic emotion and (im)politeness comments[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2011(43): 3565-3578.
[61]Terkourafi, M. From Politeness 1 to Politeness 2: Tracking norms of im/politeness across time and space[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2011(7): 159-185.
[62]Ting-Toomey, S. & A. Kurogi. Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1998(22): 187-225.
[63]Walkinshaw, I. & A. Kirkpatrick. Mutual face preservation among Asian speakers of English as a Lingua Franca[J]. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 2014(3): 269-291.
[64]Watts, R. J. Politeness[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[65]Watzlawick, P. et al. Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes[J]. Acta Medica Martiniana, 1967(12): 38-44.
[66]Wolfers, S. et al. “Just because he’s black”: Identity construction and racial humour in a German U-19 football team[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2017(112): 83-96.
[67]陈新仁. 语用学视角下的身份研究——关键问题与主要路径[J]. 现代外语, 2014(5): 702-710.
[68]何自然, 冉永平. 新编语用学概论[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2010.
[69]冉永平. 当代语用学研究的跨学科多维视野[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2011(5): 763-771.
[70]冉永平,宫丽丽,杨青. 从“现实世界中的语用学”看研究的前沿态势[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2018(1): 133-141.
① 第二波礼貌研究远不止这些,在人际语用学部分会继续讨论。
[2] Arundale, R. B. Face as emergent in interpersonal communication: An alternative to Goffman[A]. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. & M. Haugh(eds.). Face, Communication and Social inTeraction[C]. London: Equinox Publishing, 2009: 33-51.
[3] Arundale, R. B. Relating[A]. In Locher, M. A. & S. L. Graham(eds.). Interpersonal Pragmatics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2010: 137-165.
[4] Arundale, R. B. Face, relating, and dialectics: A response to Spencer-Oatey[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013a(58): 138-142.
[5] Arundale, R. B. Face as a research focus in interpersonal pragmatics: Relational and emic perspectives[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013b(58): 108-120.
[6] Aslan, E. The impact of face systems on the pragmalinguistic features of academic e-mail requests[J]. Pragmatics and Society, 2017(8): 61-84.
[7] Bargiela-Chiappini, F. Face and politeness: New (insights) for old (concepts)[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2003(35): 1453-1469.
[8] Barker, C. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis: A Dialogue on Language and Identity[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.
[9] Baxter, L. A. & B. M. Montgomery. Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics[M]. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.
[10]Bourdieu, P. Outline of a Theory of Practice[M]. Cambirdge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
[11]Brewer, M. B. & W. Gardner. Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996(71): 83-93.
[12]Brown, P. & S. C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[13]Bühler, K. Theory of Language: The Representational Function of Language[M]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 1990.
[14]Burke, P. J. & J. E. Stets. Identity Theory[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
[15]Culpeper, J. Towards an anatomy of impoliteness[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1996 (25): 349-367.
[16]Culpeper, J. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011a.
[17]Culpeper, J. Politeness and impoliteness[A]. In Aijmer, K. & G. Andersen(eds.). Sociopragmatics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2011b: 391-436.
[18]Eelen, G. A Critique of Politeness Theories[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2001(35): 811-818.
[19]Enfield, N. J. Relationship thinking and human pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2009(41): 60-78.
[20]Fletcher, J. K. Disappearing Acts: Gender, Power, and Relational Practice at Work[M]. Cambridge: Mit Press, 2001.
[21]Foucault, M. Orders of discourse[J]. Information (International Social Science Council), 1971(10): 7-30.
[22]Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: The “Culture Wars”[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language Behaviour Culture, 2009(5): 273-303.
[23]Goffman, E. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Interaction[M]. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.
[24]Grainger, K. Of babies and bath water: Is there any place for Austin and Grice in interpersonal pragmatics?[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 27-38.
[25]Gu, Y. Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese[J]. Journal of pragmatics, 1990(14): 237-257.
[26]Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1978.
[27]Haugh, M. Emic conceptualisations of (im) politeness and face in Japanese: Implications for the discursive negotiation of second language learner identities[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2007a(39): 657-680.
[28]Haugh, M. The discursive challenge to politeness research: An interactional alternative[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2007b(3): 295-317.
[29]Haugh, M. Face and interaction[A]. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. & M. Haugh(eds.). Face, Communication and Social Interaction[C]. London: Equinox Publishing, 2009: 1-16.
[30]Haugh, M. Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 52-72.
[31]Haugh, M. et al. Interpersonal pragmatics: Issues and debates[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 1-11.
[32]Heritage, J. A Galilean Moment in social theory? Language, culture and their emergent properties[J]. Qualitative Sociology, 2011(34): 263-270.
[33]Holmes, J. & M. Marra. Relational practice in the workplace: Women’s talk or gendered discourse?[J]. Language in Society, 2004(33): 377-398.
[34]Holmes, J. & S. Schnurr. Politeness, humor and gender in the workplace: Negotiating norms and identifying contestation[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language Behaviour Culture, 2005(1): 121-149.
[35]Kádár, D. Z. & M. Haugh. Understanding Politeness[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[36]Lakoff, R. T. The logic of politeness, or: Minding your p’s and q’s[J]. Papers from the Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, 1973(9): 292-305.
[37]Lakoff, R. T. The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse[J]. Multilingua-Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 1989(8): 101-130.
[38]Langlotz, A. & M. A. Locher. The role of emotions in relational work[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 87-107.
[39]Leech, G. N. The Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[40]Locher, M. A. Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication[M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: Walter de Gruyter, 2004.
[41]Locher, M. A. & R. J. Watts. Politeness theory and relational work[J]. Journal of Politeness Research, 2005(1): 9-33.
[42]Locher, M. A. Relational work, politeness and identity construction[A]. In Antos, G. & E. Ventola & T. Weber(eds.). Handbooks of Applied Linguistics[C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008: 509-540.
[43]Locher, M. A. & R. J. Watts. Relational Work and Impoliteness: Negotiating Norms of Linguistic Behaviour[M].Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.
[44]Locher, M. A. & S. L. Graham. Interpersonal Pragmatics[M]. De Gruyter Mouton, 2010.
[45]Locher, M. A. Situated impoliteness: The interface between relational work and identity construction[J]. Situated Politeness, 2011: 187-208.
[46]Locher, M. A. Relational work and interpersonal pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 145-149.
[47]Locher, M. A. Interpersonal pragmatics and its link to (im)politeness research[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2015(86): 5-10.
[48]Malinowski, B. Coral Gardens and Their Magic: Soil-tilling and Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands[M].Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965.
[49]Mao, L. R. Beyond politeness theory:‘Face’revisited and renewed[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1994(21): 451-486.
[50]Matsumoto, Y. Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1988(12): 403-426.
[51]Meredith, J. Analysing technological affordances of online interactions using conversation analysis[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2017(115): 42-55.
[52]Moody, S. J. “Well, I’ma Gaijin”: Constructing identity through English and humor in the international workplace[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2014(60): 75-88.
[53]O’driscoll, J. The role of language in interpersonal pragmatics[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2013(58): 170-181.
[54]Sifianou, M. Disagreements, face and politeness[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2012(44): 1554-1564.
[55]Skewis, M. Mitigated directness in Honglou meng: Directive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth century Chinese[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2003(35): 161-189.
[56]Spencer-Oatey, H. Rapport management: A framework for analysis[A]. In Spencer-Oatey, H. (eds.). Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport Through Talk Across Cultures[C]. London: Continnum, 2000: 11-46.
[57]Spencer-Oatey, H. Managing rapport in talk: Using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2002(34): 529-545.
[58]Spencer-Oatey, H. Theories of identity and the analysis of face[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2007(39): 639-656.
[59]Spencer-Oatey, H. & P. Franklin. Intercultural Interaction Competence (ICIC)[M]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009.
[60]Spencer-Oatey, H. Conceptualising ‘the relational’ in pragmatics: Insights from metapragmatic emotion and (im)politeness comments[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2011(43): 3565-3578.
[61]Terkourafi, M. From Politeness 1 to Politeness 2: Tracking norms of im/politeness across time and space[J]. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2011(7): 159-185.
[62]Ting-Toomey, S. & A. Kurogi. Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1998(22): 187-225.
[63]Walkinshaw, I. & A. Kirkpatrick. Mutual face preservation among Asian speakers of English as a Lingua Franca[J]. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 2014(3): 269-291.
[64]Watts, R. J. Politeness[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[65]Watzlawick, P. et al. Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes[J]. Acta Medica Martiniana, 1967(12): 38-44.
[66]Wolfers, S. et al. “Just because he’s black”: Identity construction and racial humour in a German U-19 football team[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2017(112): 83-96.
[67]陈新仁. 语用学视角下的身份研究——关键问题与主要路径[J]. 现代外语, 2014(5): 702-710.
[68]何自然, 冉永平. 新编语用学概论[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2010.
[69]冉永平. 当代语用学研究的跨学科多维视野[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2011(5): 763-771.
[70]冉永平,宫丽丽,杨青. 从“现实世界中的语用学”看研究的前沿态势[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2018(1): 133-141.
① 第二波礼貌研究远不止这些,在人际语用学部分会继续讨论。