山西省畜禽粪污年产生量估算及环境效应
|
摘要
为了解山西省畜禽粪便产生量及其环境效应,根据《山西统计年鉴2017》中畜禽养殖数据,估算了2016年山西省畜禽粪污产生量。结果表明,2016年山西省畜禽粪便总排放量约为3 410.97万t,按年粪便产生量排序,依次为牛>羊>猪>鸡>兔。畜禽粪污的总氮、总磷、总化学需氧量、总生化需氧量、总氨氮产生量分别为23.54、7.56、75.97、70.85万t和7.72万t。畜禽粪便发酵可产沼气总量约为21.33亿m~3,畜禽粪便产沼气潜力相当于山西省天然气年消费量的25.42%。2016年山西省平均单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮、磷养分负荷分别为63.28、20.32 kg·hm~(-2),均未超过欧盟粪肥年施氮和年施磷限量标准,畜禽粪便耕地负荷预警值为0.38,为Ⅰ级。然而从区域分布的角度来看,太原,晋城和晋中三市的单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿磷负荷超过了欧盟粪肥年施磷限量标准,除了临汾和运城,山西省其他地市的畜禽粪便农田负荷量对环境有不同程度的威胁。因此,迫切需要对部分重点区域进行畜禽养殖粪便综合管理。
In order to understand the pollution status of livestock and poultry breeding in Shanxi Province, according to the animal breeding data from Shanxi Statistical Yearbook of 2017, the production amount of livestock and poultry manure was estimated in Shanxi Province in 2016. The results showed that the amount of livestock and poultry manure was 34.109 7 million tons. For the annual amounts of livestock manure excrements, the rank was cattle>sheep>pig>chicken>rabbit. The amount of TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5 and NH_3~-N were 0.235 4、0.075 6、0.759 7、0.708 5 million tons and 0.077 2 million tons, respectively. The biogas potential production from the animal manure in the year 2016 totaled 2.133 billion cubic meters, which was 25.42% of natural gas consumption in Shanxi Province. Nitrogen and phosphorus cropland load of livestock manure were 63.28 kg·hm~(-2) and 20.32 kg·hm~(-2), which did not exceed the limits of annual nitrogen and phosphorus application of European Union. The alarm value of livestock manure load was 0.38, at Ⅰ level. However, from the perspective of regional distribution, phosphorus cropland load of livestock manure exceeded the standard of annual phosphorus application for manure in Taiyuan, Jincheng and Jinzhong City. In addition to Linfen and Yuncheng City, the farmland load of livestock manure posed a threat to the environment at certain degree in other areas of Shanxi Province. It was concluded that it was urgent to take comprehensive management for livestock manure in some special areas.
In order to understand the pollution status of livestock and poultry breeding in Shanxi Province, according to the animal breeding data from Shanxi Statistical Yearbook of 2017, the production amount of livestock and poultry manure was estimated in Shanxi Province in 2016. The results showed that the amount of livestock and poultry manure was 34.109 7 million tons. For the annual amounts of livestock manure excrements, the rank was cattle>sheep>pig>chicken>rabbit. The amount of TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5 and NH_3~-N were 0.235 4、0.075 6、0.759 7、0.708 5 million tons and 0.077 2 million tons, respectively. The biogas potential production from the animal manure in the year 2016 totaled 2.133 billion cubic meters, which was 25.42% of natural gas consumption in Shanxi Province. Nitrogen and phosphorus cropland load of livestock manure were 63.28 kg·hm~(-2) and 20.32 kg·hm~(-2), which did not exceed the limits of annual nitrogen and phosphorus application of European Union. The alarm value of livestock manure load was 0.38, at Ⅰ level. However, from the perspective of regional distribution, phosphorus cropland load of livestock manure exceeded the standard of annual phosphorus application for manure in Taiyuan, Jincheng and Jinzhong City. In addition to Linfen and Yuncheng City, the farmland load of livestock manure posed a threat to the environment at certain degree in other areas of Shanxi Province. It was concluded that it was urgent to take comprehensive management for livestock manure in some special areas.
引文
[1]赵元文.发展沼气是治理畜禽粪便污染的捷径[J].农业工程技术,2011(12):20-21.ZHAO Yuan-wen.Developing biogas is a shortcut to control livestock and poultry manure pollution[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology,2011(12):20-21.
[2]翁伯琦,雷锦桂,江枝和,等.集约化畜牧业污染现状分析及资源化循环利用对策思考[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(增刊):294-299.WENG Bo-qi,LEI Jin-gui,JIANG Zhi-he,et al.Present situation analysis of intensive livestock pollution and countermeasures consideration of resource recycling[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(Suppl):294-299.
[3]张敏,刘庆玉,李金洋,等.沈阳地区畜禽粪便资源量概算及沼气潜力分析[J].中国沼气,2012,30(5):55-57.ZHANG Min,LIU Qing-yu,LI Jin-yang,et al.Resource estimation of livestock and poultry manure and its biogas potentiality in Shenyang[J].China Biogas,2012,30(5):55-57.
[4]王洋.山西省对外开放发展阶段研究[J].时代金融,2016,21(7):74.WANG Yang.Research on the development stage of Shanxi′s opening to the outside world[J].Times Finance,2016,21(7):74.
[5]崔新宇,刘艳萍.山西省畜牧业生产状况评价研究[J].山西农经,2017(16):46-51.CUI Xin-yu,LIU Yan-ping.Research on evaluation of animal husbandry production status in Shanxi Province[J].Shanxi Agricultural Economy,2017(16):46-51.
[6]中国畜牧兽医年鉴编辑委员会.中国畜牧兽医年鉴2017[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.Editorial committee of China animal husbandry and veterinary yearbook.China animal husbandry and veterinary yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2017.
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国农村统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.National Bureau of Statistics of China.China rural statistical yearbook2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[8]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Shanxi Bureauof Statistics.Shanxi statistical yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[9]易秀,叶凌枫,刘意竹,等.陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(3):205-210.YI Xiu,YE Ling-feng,LIU Yi-zhu,et al.Estimations of livestock manure load and risk assessment of environmental tolerance in Shaanxi Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(3):205-210.
[10]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.Department of Nature Environmental Conservation,Ministry of Environment Protection of the People′s Republic of China.The pollution investigation and prevention countermeasures on national large-scale livestock and poultry breeding[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[11]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617.WANG Fang-hao,MA Wen-qi,DOU Zheng-xia,et al.The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(5):614-617.
[12]白明刚,马长海.河北省畜禽粪尿污染现状分析及对策[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(2):161-164.BAI Ming-gang,MA Chang-hai.Analysis on present conditions and strategies of livestock excrement and urine pollution in Hebei Province[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010,37(2):161-164.
[13]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.GENG Wei,HU Lin,CUI Jian-yu,et al.Biogas energy potential for livestock manure and gross control of animal feeding in region level of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(1):171-179.
[14]郭冬生,王文龙,彭小兰,等.湖南省畜禽粪污排放量估算与环境效应[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(12):199-204.GUO Dong-sheng,WANG Wen-long,PENG Xiao-lan,et al.The estimation of the production amount of livestock and poultry manure and its environmental effect in Hunan Province[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2012,39(12):199-204.
[15]陈燕.大连金州新区畜禽粪便污染及产沼气潜力分析[J].辽宁农业科学,2014(2):11-14.CHEN Yan.Analysis of pollution from livestock and poultry fecal and potential of marsh gas product in Jinzhou new district Dalian City[J].Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,2014(2):11-14.
[16]Henkens P L C M,Van Keulen H.Mineral policy in the Netherlands and nitrate policy within the European Community[J].Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,2001,49(2/3):117-134.
[17]Oenema O,Van Liere E,Plette S,et al.Environmental effects of manure policy options in the Netherlands[J].Water Science Technology,2004,49(3):101-108.
[18]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):435-445.ZHU Jian-chun,ZHANG Zeng-qiang,FAN Zhi-min,et al.Biogas potential,cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(3):435-445.
[19]MAFF.Code of good agricultural practice for the protection of water,air and soil:Summary[R].London:MAFF Welsh Office,2003.
[20]黄凤霞,田红,邓也.成都市畜禽粪便年排放量估算及耕地负荷量分析[J].现代农业科技,2016(24):183-184.HUANG Feng-xia,TIAN Hong,DENG Ye.Analysis on total amount of domestic animal excrement and farmland load capacity in Chengdu City[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(24):183-184.
[21]沈根祥,汪雅谷,袁大伟.上海市郊农田畜禽粪便负荷量及其警报与分级[J].上海农业学报,1994,10(增刊):6-11.SHEN Gen-xiang,WANG Ya-gu,YUAN Da-wei.Loading amounts of animal feces and their alarming values and classification grades in Shanghai suburbs[J].Acta Agriculturae Shanghai,1994,10(Suppl):6-11.
[22]陈康林,李江涛,钟晓兰,等.广东省畜禽粪便时空变化特征及耕地负荷分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(12):7177-7181,7185.CHEN Kang-lin,LI Jiang-tao,ZHONG Xiao-lan,et al.Analysis on spatial-temporal variation characteristics and farmland load of poultry and livestock excrement in Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(12):7177-7181,7185.
[23]马林,王方浩,马文奇,等.中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8):170-174.MA Lin,WANG Fang-hao,MA Wen-qi,et al.Assessments of the production of animal manure and its contribution to eutrophication in northeast China for middle and long period[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(8):170-174.
[24]张燕.长治地区畜禽粪便能源化利用的初探[J].山西能源与节能,2010(4):59-60.ZHANG Yan.A study on energy-oriented use of animal manure in Changzhi region[J].Shanxi Energy and Conservation,2010(4):59-60.
[25]杨飞,杨世琦,诸云强,等.中国近30年畜禽养殖量及其耕地氮污染负荷分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):1-11.YANG Fei,YANG Shi-qi,ZHU Yun-qiang,et al.Analysis on livestock and poultry production and nitrogen pollution load of cultivated land during last 30 years in China[J].Transactions of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(5):1-11.
[26]张建杰,郭彩霞,覃伟,等.山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):207-214.ZHANG Jian-jie,GUO Cai-xia,QIN Wei,et al.Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):207-214.
[27]刘诗柱,丰培.中小型养殖场畜禽粪便处理技术[J].湖北畜牧兽医,2017,38(9):35-37.LIU Shi-zhu,FENG Pei.Livestock and poultry manure treatment technology in small and medium-sized farm[J].Hubei Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2017,38(9):35-37.
[2]翁伯琦,雷锦桂,江枝和,等.集约化畜牧业污染现状分析及资源化循环利用对策思考[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(增刊):294-299.WENG Bo-qi,LEI Jin-gui,JIANG Zhi-he,et al.Present situation analysis of intensive livestock pollution and countermeasures consideration of resource recycling[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(Suppl):294-299.
[3]张敏,刘庆玉,李金洋,等.沈阳地区畜禽粪便资源量概算及沼气潜力分析[J].中国沼气,2012,30(5):55-57.ZHANG Min,LIU Qing-yu,LI Jin-yang,et al.Resource estimation of livestock and poultry manure and its biogas potentiality in Shenyang[J].China Biogas,2012,30(5):55-57.
[4]王洋.山西省对外开放发展阶段研究[J].时代金融,2016,21(7):74.WANG Yang.Research on the development stage of Shanxi′s opening to the outside world[J].Times Finance,2016,21(7):74.
[5]崔新宇,刘艳萍.山西省畜牧业生产状况评价研究[J].山西农经,2017(16):46-51.CUI Xin-yu,LIU Yan-ping.Research on evaluation of animal husbandry production status in Shanxi Province[J].Shanxi Agricultural Economy,2017(16):46-51.
[6]中国畜牧兽医年鉴编辑委员会.中国畜牧兽医年鉴2017[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.Editorial committee of China animal husbandry and veterinary yearbook.China animal husbandry and veterinary yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2017.
[7]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国农村统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.National Bureau of Statistics of China.China rural statistical yearbook2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[8]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Shanxi Bureauof Statistics.Shanxi statistical yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[9]易秀,叶凌枫,刘意竹,等.陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(3):205-210.YI Xiu,YE Ling-feng,LIU Yi-zhu,et al.Estimations of livestock manure load and risk assessment of environmental tolerance in Shaanxi Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(3):205-210.
[10]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.Department of Nature Environmental Conservation,Ministry of Environment Protection of the People′s Republic of China.The pollution investigation and prevention countermeasures on national large-scale livestock and poultry breeding[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[11]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617.WANG Fang-hao,MA Wen-qi,DOU Zheng-xia,et al.The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(5):614-617.
[12]白明刚,马长海.河北省畜禽粪尿污染现状分析及对策[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(2):161-164.BAI Ming-gang,MA Chang-hai.Analysis on present conditions and strategies of livestock excrement and urine pollution in Hebei Province[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010,37(2):161-164.
[13]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.GENG Wei,HU Lin,CUI Jian-yu,et al.Biogas energy potential for livestock manure and gross control of animal feeding in region level of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(1):171-179.
[14]郭冬生,王文龙,彭小兰,等.湖南省畜禽粪污排放量估算与环境效应[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(12):199-204.GUO Dong-sheng,WANG Wen-long,PENG Xiao-lan,et al.The estimation of the production amount of livestock and poultry manure and its environmental effect in Hunan Province[J].China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2012,39(12):199-204.
[15]陈燕.大连金州新区畜禽粪便污染及产沼气潜力分析[J].辽宁农业科学,2014(2):11-14.CHEN Yan.Analysis of pollution from livestock and poultry fecal and potential of marsh gas product in Jinzhou new district Dalian City[J].Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,2014(2):11-14.
[16]Henkens P L C M,Van Keulen H.Mineral policy in the Netherlands and nitrate policy within the European Community[J].Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,2001,49(2/3):117-134.
[17]Oenema O,Van Liere E,Plette S,et al.Environmental effects of manure policy options in the Netherlands[J].Water Science Technology,2004,49(3):101-108.
[18]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):435-445.ZHU Jian-chun,ZHANG Zeng-qiang,FAN Zhi-min,et al.Biogas potential,cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(3):435-445.
[19]MAFF.Code of good agricultural practice for the protection of water,air and soil:Summary[R].London:MAFF Welsh Office,2003.
[20]黄凤霞,田红,邓也.成都市畜禽粪便年排放量估算及耕地负荷量分析[J].现代农业科技,2016(24):183-184.HUANG Feng-xia,TIAN Hong,DENG Ye.Analysis on total amount of domestic animal excrement and farmland load capacity in Chengdu City[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(24):183-184.
[21]沈根祥,汪雅谷,袁大伟.上海市郊农田畜禽粪便负荷量及其警报与分级[J].上海农业学报,1994,10(增刊):6-11.SHEN Gen-xiang,WANG Ya-gu,YUAN Da-wei.Loading amounts of animal feces and their alarming values and classification grades in Shanghai suburbs[J].Acta Agriculturae Shanghai,1994,10(Suppl):6-11.
[22]陈康林,李江涛,钟晓兰,等.广东省畜禽粪便时空变化特征及耕地负荷分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(12):7177-7181,7185.CHEN Kang-lin,LI Jiang-tao,ZHONG Xiao-lan,et al.Analysis on spatial-temporal variation characteristics and farmland load of poultry and livestock excrement in Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(12):7177-7181,7185.
[23]马林,王方浩,马文奇,等.中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8):170-174.MA Lin,WANG Fang-hao,MA Wen-qi,et al.Assessments of the production of animal manure and its contribution to eutrophication in northeast China for middle and long period[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(8):170-174.
[24]张燕.长治地区畜禽粪便能源化利用的初探[J].山西能源与节能,2010(4):59-60.ZHANG Yan.A study on energy-oriented use of animal manure in Changzhi region[J].Shanxi Energy and Conservation,2010(4):59-60.
[25]杨飞,杨世琦,诸云强,等.中国近30年畜禽养殖量及其耕地氮污染负荷分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):1-11.YANG Fei,YANG Shi-qi,ZHU Yun-qiang,et al.Analysis on livestock and poultry production and nitrogen pollution load of cultivated land during last 30 years in China[J].Transactions of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(5):1-11.
[26]张建杰,郭彩霞,覃伟,等.山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):207-214.ZHANG Jian-jie,GUO Cai-xia,QIN Wei,et al.Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):207-214.
[27]刘诗柱,丰培.中小型养殖场畜禽粪便处理技术[J].湖北畜牧兽医,2017,38(9):35-37.LIU Shi-zhu,FENG Pei.Livestock and poultry manure treatment technology in small and medium-sized farm[J].Hubei Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2017,38(9):35-37.