长江中下游水电开发对河流水文情势的影响研究
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摘要
为深入分析水电开发对河流水文情势的影响,以长江中下游江段为研究区域,选取宜昌站1956-2016年生态水文实测资料,以三峡、葛洲坝水利枢纽工程所控制的宜昌江段为研究对象,开展水电开发对河流水文情势影响研究,同时分析了下游水文情势变化对重要鱼类——中华鲟生境的影响,从而为保护中华鲟种群资源提供修复措施。结果表明:宜昌站1956-2016年的年均流量序列呈不显著下降趋势,年均水温序列呈显著上升趋势,年均含沙量序列呈极显著下降趋势;葛洲坝运行后三峡工程运行前和三峡工程运行后两个时间段内,筑坝对河段流量、水温、含沙量的改变方向均是一致的,且三峡工程的影响更为显著;流量的下降将直接导致中华鲟产卵场实际面积的缩小,水温的上升将会影响中华鲟的产卵信号,含沙量的减少一定程度上是有利于中华鲟产卵的。同时,从工程措施、非工程措施、管理措施3个方面提出来保护中华鲟栖息环境的具体修复方案。研究结果可为分析水电开发对河流水文情势的影响以及恢复或改善被破坏的河流生态系统提供具体指导和建议。
In order to analyze the impact of dam construction on river eco-hydrological effects deeply, this paper selects the mid-lower Yangtze River as the study area, the observed data on ecological hydrology of Yichang Station in 1956-2016 as the research data, the Yichang River section controlled by the Three Gorges Project and Gezhouba Project as the research object, carries out the research on hydro-ecological effect of damming rivers, analyzes the effect of hydrological regime's changes on Chinese sturgeon's habitat environment so as to provide the restoration measures for protection of the Chinese sturgeon population resources. The results show that the annual average discharge sequence of Yichang Station in 1956-2016 shows no significant downward trend, the annual average water temperature sequence shows a significant upward trend, and the annual average sediment concentration sequence shows a very significant downward trend. Before the operation of the Three Gorges Project and after the operation of the Three Gorges Project, the dam construction has changed the discharge, water temperature and sediment content of the reach. The change of direction is consistent, and the impact of the Three Gorges Project is more significant. The decrease in flow will directly lead to the reduction of the actual area of the spawning farm of Acipenser sinensis, and the rise in water temperature will affect the spawning signal of Acipenser sinensis, and the reduction of sediment content is beneficial to the spawning of Acipenser sinensis to a certain extent. At the same time, from three aspects of engineering measures, non-engineering measures, management measures to protect the habitat environment of Acipenser sinensis specific implementation plan. The results of this study serve as a specific guidance and suggestion for the analysis of the impact of water conservancy projects on river hydrological conditions and the restoration or improvement of damaged river ecosystems.
In order to analyze the impact of dam construction on river eco-hydrological effects deeply, this paper selects the mid-lower Yangtze River as the study area, the observed data on ecological hydrology of Yichang Station in 1956-2016 as the research data, the Yichang River section controlled by the Three Gorges Project and Gezhouba Project as the research object, carries out the research on hydro-ecological effect of damming rivers, analyzes the effect of hydrological regime's changes on Chinese sturgeon's habitat environment so as to provide the restoration measures for protection of the Chinese sturgeon population resources. The results show that the annual average discharge sequence of Yichang Station in 1956-2016 shows no significant downward trend, the annual average water temperature sequence shows a significant upward trend, and the annual average sediment concentration sequence shows a very significant downward trend. Before the operation of the Three Gorges Project and after the operation of the Three Gorges Project, the dam construction has changed the discharge, water temperature and sediment content of the reach. The change of direction is consistent, and the impact of the Three Gorges Project is more significant. The decrease in flow will directly lead to the reduction of the actual area of the spawning farm of Acipenser sinensis, and the rise in water temperature will affect the spawning signal of Acipenser sinensis, and the reduction of sediment content is beneficial to the spawning of Acipenser sinensis to a certain extent. At the same time, from three aspects of engineering measures, non-engineering measures, management measures to protect the habitat environment of Acipenser sinensis specific implementation plan. The results of this study serve as a specific guidance and suggestion for the analysis of the impact of water conservancy projects on river hydrological conditions and the restoration or improvement of damaged river ecosystems.
引文
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[2] Richter B D,Thomas G A.Restoring environmental flows by modifying dam operations[J].Ecology and Society,2007,12(1):50-56.
[3] 徐建新,赵尚飞,杜彦良,等.梧桐河生态流量分析[J].华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(6):78-83.
[4] 张为.水库下游水沙过程调整及对河流生态系统影响初步研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2006.
[5] 陈栋为,陈晓宏,李翀,等.基于RVA法的水利工程对河流水文情势改变的累积效应研究[J].水文,2011,31(2):54-57.
[6] 张鑫,丁志宏,谢国权,等.水库运用对河流水文情势影响的IHA法评价[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2012,10(2):79-83.
[7] 巩琳琳,黄强,孙清刚,等.刘家峡水库调度方式对黄河上游水文情势的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):143-148.
[8] 张洪波,顾磊,陈克宇,等.渭河生态水文联系变异分区研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2016,44(6):210-219.
[9] 鲁春霞,刘铭,曹学章,等.中国水利工程的生态效应与生态调度研究[J].资源科学,2011,33(8):1 418-1 421.
[10] 马荣.延安市45年降水变化趋势及突变特征分析[J].延安大学学报(自然科学版),2016,35(3):95-99.
[11] 林璐,刘金涛,甘升伟,等.基于TFPW-MK法的太湖流域湖西区降水时空变化分析[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(4):1-5.
[12] 张陵,郭文献.基于主成分分析法的中华鲟生态水文分析[J].中国水运(下半月),2014,14(12):169-170,173.
[13] 廖小林,朱滨,常剑波.中华鲟物种保护研究[J].人民长江,2017,48(11):16-20,35.
[14] 危起伟.中华鲟繁殖行为生态学与资源评估[D].北京:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2003.
[15] 郭文献,王鸿翔,徐建新,等.三峡水库对下游重要鱼类产卵期生态水文情势影响研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(3):22-26,38.
[16] 赵伟华,曹慧群,黄茁,等.向家坝蓄水前后长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区物理完整性评价[J].长江科学院院报,2015(6):76-80.
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