纳米路面混凝土的全寿命性能
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摘要
近年来,随着国民经济的发展,公路交通运输呈现出“大流量、重型化”特点,而沥青路面的质量和数量难以满足要求,从而为混凝土路面的发展提供了良好机遇。目前,混凝土路面在我国高等级公路中的应用越来越广泛,故对其性能进行深入系统的研究具有重要的意义。根据可持续发展的理念,混凝土路面结构设计要以路面全寿命周期的性能与成本作为衡量路面性能和经济性优劣的指标,即要体现“全寿命设计”的思想。
纳米材料是一门新兴的并正在迅速发展的材料学科。由于其小尺寸,纳米材料在结构、物理和化学等方面具有许多独特的性质,已经成为当今材料科学领域研究的热点,被科学家们誉为“21世纪最有前途的材料”。纳米材料为发展多功能土木工程材料和改善传统土木工程材料的性能开辟了一条崭新的途径。然而,目前纳米材料在土木工程材料领域的研究与应用还很少。
本文利用纳米材料的特殊性能,提出在普通路面混凝土中掺入适量的纳米材料,研制具有良好力学性能和耐久性能的纳米路面混凝土,并对其全寿命性能进行深入系统的研究。同时对PP纤维混凝土以及纳米材料与PP纤维混掺混凝土的相关性能进行了对比研究。主要研究内容如下:
首先,通过试验分析确定掺加纳米材料、PP纤维以及两者混掺时混凝土的制备工艺;在普通路面混凝土配合比的基础上,确定纳米混凝土、PP纤维混凝土、纳米材料与PP纤维混掺混凝土的配合比;对各种混凝土的力学性能进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土强度的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土强度的改善机理,进一步对混凝土的抗折强度与抗压强度的关系进行分析。
其次,采用滚珠轴承法对各种混凝土的耐磨性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土耐磨性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土耐磨性的改善机理;建立混凝土的耐磨性与其强度之间的关系。
第三,分别采用压汞法和NEL法对各种混凝土的孔结构和抗渗性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土孔结构和抗渗性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土孔结构和抗渗性的改善机理;建立混凝土的抗渗性与其强度以及孔结构之间的关系。
第四,采用快冻法对各种混凝土的抗冻性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土抗冻性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土抗冻性的改善机理;建立混凝土的冻融累积损伤模型,并采用该模型计算各种混凝土的使用寿命。
第五,采用三分点法对各种混凝土的弯曲疲劳性能进行试验研究,建立各种混凝土的疲劳方程,并由此计算混凝土的理论疲劳寿命和理论应力水平;分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土弯曲疲劳性能的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土弯曲疲劳性能的改善机理;研究PZT阵列对纳米混凝土梁的弯曲疲劳累积损伤的监测,分析PZT信号在疲劳损伤过程中不同阶段的规律,发现了PZT信号中的声发射现象;采用落球法对各种混凝土的抗冲击性能进行试验研究。
最后,综合路面结构全寿命周期费用分析、路面使用性能评价和预测、路面结构可靠度和耐久性设计等方面构建了混凝土路面结构的全寿命设计理论框架,提出了混凝土路面结构全寿命设计流程;给出了普通混凝土路面和纳米混凝土路面板厚的可靠度和耐久性设计示例。
In recent years, so long highway has been constructed to meet the requirement of economy development in Mainland China. Most of highway was constructed using asphalt materials. However, asphalt materials are so expensive. Concrete pavement will play an important role in construction of pavement in the future, like that in the USA. Additionally, life-cycle design method is very critical for pavement because the maintenance action leads to increase in cost in many aspects, such as materials, labors, cars and drivers.
Nano-materials attract more and more attention due to their unique characteristics. It has been proven that nano-particles can improve the performance of many materials. However, the research and application of nano-materials in civil engineering is so limited at present.
This thesis proposes the concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Its mechanical properties, durability and fatigue resistance are experimentally studied. For comparison, plain concrete, the concrete containing polypropylene (PP) fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are also involved in this thesis. Finally, life-cycle performance design for pavement structure using concrete containing nano-particles is also conducted. The main contents are listed as follows.
First, the fabrication techniques of concretes only containing either nano-particles or PP fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are studied. Based on the mix proportion of plain pavement concrete, the mix proportion of concretes only containing either nano-particles or PP fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are investigated. Then the compressive and flexural strengths are experimentally studied, and the micro-structure of nano-concrete is also experimentally obtained using SEM technique. The influence of variety and amount of nano-particles on concrete strength is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving concrete strength is interpreted. The relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete is analyzed.
Second, the abrasion resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using ball bearing method. The effect of various nano-particles with different contents on abrasion resistance of concrete is analyzed, and the improvement mechanism of abrasion resistance of nano-concrete is discussed. The relationship between abrasion resistance and the strength of concrete is obtained.
Third, the impermeability and pore structure of various concretes are experimentally studied using NEL method and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The influence of type and amount of nano-particles on impermeability and pore structure of concrete is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving impermeability and pore structure of concrete is explained. The relationships of impermeability with the strength and pore structure of concrete are obtained.
Fourth, the frost resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using fast freezing/thawing method. The effect of various nano-particles with different contents on frost resistance of concrete is analyzed, and the improvement mechanism of frost resistance of nano-concrete is discussed. The freezing/thawing cumulative damage model of concrete is obtained, and the service lives of various concretes are calculated using this model.
Fifth, the flexural fatigue performance of various concretes is experimentally studied using four-point bending method. The fatigue equations of various concretes are proposed, and the theoretical fatigue lives and theoretical stress level of various concretes are calculated using the fatigue equations. The influence of kind and amount of nano-particles on flexural fatigue performance of concrete is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving flexural fatigue performance of concrete is interpreted. Furthermore, the flexural fatigue accumulative damage of concrete beam containing nano-particles is monitored using PZT array. The PZT signals at different stage in the whole fatigue damage evolution process are analyzed, and the acoustic emission events are observed. The impact resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using drop weight method.
Finally, the theoretical frame of life-cycle design of concrete pavement structure is proposed, in which life-cycle cost analysis of pavement structure, evaluation and prediction of pavement performance, and reliability and durability design of pavement structure are involved. The flow chart of life-cycle design of concrete pavement structure is proposed. An example for designing a pavement slab thickness of plain concrete and nano-concrete is demonstrated based on reliability and durability indices, respectively.
纳米材料是一门新兴的并正在迅速发展的材料学科。由于其小尺寸,纳米材料在结构、物理和化学等方面具有许多独特的性质,已经成为当今材料科学领域研究的热点,被科学家们誉为“21世纪最有前途的材料”。纳米材料为发展多功能土木工程材料和改善传统土木工程材料的性能开辟了一条崭新的途径。然而,目前纳米材料在土木工程材料领域的研究与应用还很少。
本文利用纳米材料的特殊性能,提出在普通路面混凝土中掺入适量的纳米材料,研制具有良好力学性能和耐久性能的纳米路面混凝土,并对其全寿命性能进行深入系统的研究。同时对PP纤维混凝土以及纳米材料与PP纤维混掺混凝土的相关性能进行了对比研究。主要研究内容如下:
首先,通过试验分析确定掺加纳米材料、PP纤维以及两者混掺时混凝土的制备工艺;在普通路面混凝土配合比的基础上,确定纳米混凝土、PP纤维混凝土、纳米材料与PP纤维混掺混凝土的配合比;对各种混凝土的力学性能进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土强度的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土强度的改善机理,进一步对混凝土的抗折强度与抗压强度的关系进行分析。
其次,采用滚珠轴承法对各种混凝土的耐磨性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土耐磨性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土耐磨性的改善机理;建立混凝土的耐磨性与其强度之间的关系。
第三,分别采用压汞法和NEL法对各种混凝土的孔结构和抗渗性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土孔结构和抗渗性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土孔结构和抗渗性的改善机理;建立混凝土的抗渗性与其强度以及孔结构之间的关系。
第四,采用快冻法对各种混凝土的抗冻性进行试验研究,分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土抗冻性的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土抗冻性的改善机理;建立混凝土的冻融累积损伤模型,并采用该模型计算各种混凝土的使用寿命。
第五,采用三分点法对各种混凝土的弯曲疲劳性能进行试验研究,建立各种混凝土的疲劳方程,并由此计算混凝土的理论疲劳寿命和理论应力水平;分析纳米材料的种类和掺量对混凝土弯曲疲劳性能的影响规律,揭示纳米材料对混凝土弯曲疲劳性能的改善机理;研究PZT阵列对纳米混凝土梁的弯曲疲劳累积损伤的监测,分析PZT信号在疲劳损伤过程中不同阶段的规律,发现了PZT信号中的声发射现象;采用落球法对各种混凝土的抗冲击性能进行试验研究。
最后,综合路面结构全寿命周期费用分析、路面使用性能评价和预测、路面结构可靠度和耐久性设计等方面构建了混凝土路面结构的全寿命设计理论框架,提出了混凝土路面结构全寿命设计流程;给出了普通混凝土路面和纳米混凝土路面板厚的可靠度和耐久性设计示例。
In recent years, so long highway has been constructed to meet the requirement of economy development in Mainland China. Most of highway was constructed using asphalt materials. However, asphalt materials are so expensive. Concrete pavement will play an important role in construction of pavement in the future, like that in the USA. Additionally, life-cycle design method is very critical for pavement because the maintenance action leads to increase in cost in many aspects, such as materials, labors, cars and drivers.
Nano-materials attract more and more attention due to their unique characteristics. It has been proven that nano-particles can improve the performance of many materials. However, the research and application of nano-materials in civil engineering is so limited at present.
This thesis proposes the concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Its mechanical properties, durability and fatigue resistance are experimentally studied. For comparison, plain concrete, the concrete containing polypropylene (PP) fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are also involved in this thesis. Finally, life-cycle performance design for pavement structure using concrete containing nano-particles is also conducted. The main contents are listed as follows.
First, the fabrication techniques of concretes only containing either nano-particles or PP fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are studied. Based on the mix proportion of plain pavement concrete, the mix proportion of concretes only containing either nano-particles or PP fibers and the concrete containing both nano-particles and PP fibers are investigated. Then the compressive and flexural strengths are experimentally studied, and the micro-structure of nano-concrete is also experimentally obtained using SEM technique. The influence of variety and amount of nano-particles on concrete strength is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving concrete strength is interpreted. The relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete is analyzed.
Second, the abrasion resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using ball bearing method. The effect of various nano-particles with different contents on abrasion resistance of concrete is analyzed, and the improvement mechanism of abrasion resistance of nano-concrete is discussed. The relationship between abrasion resistance and the strength of concrete is obtained.
Third, the impermeability and pore structure of various concretes are experimentally studied using NEL method and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The influence of type and amount of nano-particles on impermeability and pore structure of concrete is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving impermeability and pore structure of concrete is explained. The relationships of impermeability with the strength and pore structure of concrete are obtained.
Fourth, the frost resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using fast freezing/thawing method. The effect of various nano-particles with different contents on frost resistance of concrete is analyzed, and the improvement mechanism of frost resistance of nano-concrete is discussed. The freezing/thawing cumulative damage model of concrete is obtained, and the service lives of various concretes are calculated using this model.
Fifth, the flexural fatigue performance of various concretes is experimentally studied using four-point bending method. The fatigue equations of various concretes are proposed, and the theoretical fatigue lives and theoretical stress level of various concretes are calculated using the fatigue equations. The influence of kind and amount of nano-particles on flexural fatigue performance of concrete is analyzed, and the mechanism of nano-particles improving flexural fatigue performance of concrete is interpreted. Furthermore, the flexural fatigue accumulative damage of concrete beam containing nano-particles is monitored using PZT array. The PZT signals at different stage in the whole fatigue damage evolution process are analyzed, and the acoustic emission events are observed. The impact resistance of various concretes is experimentally investigated using drop weight method.
Finally, the theoretical frame of life-cycle design of concrete pavement structure is proposed, in which life-cycle cost analysis of pavement structure, evaluation and prediction of pavement performance, and reliability and durability design of pavement structure are involved. The flow chart of life-cycle design of concrete pavement structure is proposed. An example for designing a pavement slab thickness of plain concrete and nano-concrete is demonstrated based on reliability and durability indices, respectively.
引文
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