蒙古黄芪的化学成分研究
|
摘要
蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge. var. mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao)为豆科(Leguminosae)黄芪属(Astragalus)植物，性温，味甘，有补气固表，利尿托毒，敛疮生肌，益气补中之功效。主要用于食少便溏，中气下陷，久泻脱肛，便血崩漏，表虚自汗，气虚水肿，子宫脱垂，慢性肾炎蛋白尿，糖尿病，创口久不愈合。为《中国药典》2000年版一部收载的正品黄芪，在《神农本草经》中列为上品。对黄芪的化学成分已有较多研究，但对其活性成分及体内药物学则研究较少。为了进一步阐明蒙古黄芪的活性成分及体内代谢，为黄芪资源的深层次开发利用及质量控制提供依据，本论文对蒙古黄芪的化学成分、生物活性和活性成分体内药物学进行了较为系统的研究。
本文采用多种色谱方法从蒙古黄芪的根中分离得到30个化合物，并应用化学方法和现代波谱学技术鉴定了它们的结构，包括异黄酮类似物10个，分别为：芒柄花素(formononetin)、毛蕊异黄酮(calycosin)、(3R)-8，2’-二羟基-7，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷、毛蕊异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(calycosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、芒柄花素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(formononetin-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、(6aR，11aR)9，10-二甲氧基紫檀烷-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷((6aR，11aR)9，10-Dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside)、7，2’-二羟基-3’，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7，2’-dihydroxy-3’，4’-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、3’，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷7，2’-2 O-β-D葡萄糖苷(isomucronulatol-7，2’-di-O-β-D-glycoside)、染料木苷(genistein)、红车轴草异黄酮-7-O-β-D-萄糖苷(pratensein-7-O-β-D-glycoside)；杂环化合物10个，分别为：5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲酸(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid)、吡咯-2-乙酮(1-(1H-pyrrol-2-y1)-ethanone)、5-甲氧基-2-呋喃甲醛(5-methoxy-furan-2-carbaldehyde)、2-呋喃甲酸(furan-2-carbonic acid)、黄芪碱A(astragaline A)、黄芪碱B(astragaline B)、黄芪碱C(astragaline C)、黄芪碱D(astragaline D)、黄芪碱E(astragaline E)、黄芪碱F
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文中文摘要
(astragalineF);芳香族化合物2个:对轻基苯甲酸(4一hydr0Xy一benzoie aeid)、香草
酸(vanillie aeid);核昔2个:尿嗜陡核昔(uridine)、腺普(adenosine);有机酸2个:
壬二酸(azelaie aeid)、2，4一二烯一己二酸(hexa一2，4一dienedioie aeid);踢醇类2个:p
一谷街醇(p一sitosterol)、p一胡萝卜普(p一daueosterol);皂昔类1个:黄茂甲昔
(astragalosideIV);肌醇l个:3一甲基一肌醇(D一3一O一methyl一ehiro一inositol)。其中有
6个为新化合物，n个化合物为首次从黄茂属植物中分离得到，1个化合物为首
次从该植物中获得。
根据蒙古黄茂具有抗衰老、抗真菌功效，本文首次对从该植物中提取分离的
异黄酮类化合物的抗衰老及抗真菌活性进行了研究，研究结果表明黄茂中的异黄
酮类化合物具有细胞增殖活性，同时证实异黄酮类化合物不是黄芭中抗真菌的活
性成分。
为了优化异黄酮类化合物的分离方法，本文首次应用高速逆流色谱技术，对
蒙古黄茂中含量最大的6种异黄酮类化合物实现了快速、简便的分离。并分别确
立了3个可以实现快速分离的溶剂系统。结果表明:高速逆流色谱法分离异黄酮
类化合物具有快速、简便、制备量大、样品分离度高、损失小等优点，经高效液
相色谱检验，分离的化合物纯度可达到95%以上。
异黄酮类化合物是蒙古黄蔑中的主要有效成分，为了探讨其体内变化规律，
本文首次对毛蕊异黄酮普进行了体内代谢研究，从服用毛蕊异黄酮昔的大鼠尿样
中分离出4个代谢产物，并通过理化性质和波谱技术鉴定了其中3个代谢产物的
结构，分别为毛蕊异黄酮昔的水解、脱甲基、脱经基产物。此结果为研究异黄酮
昔化合物的体内代谢规律奠定了基础。
研究结果丰富了蒙古黄茂的化学成分、生物活性研究的内容，建立了快速、
简洁的分离、纯化异黄酮类化合物的色谱技术，首次对黄茂中的异黄酮化合物体
内代谢产物进行了分析和分离，填补了作为黄茂正品药材的蒙古黄蔑在体内药物
学方面的研究空白，为其临床用药和进一步开发利用提供了科学依据。
本文还查阅了黄蔑属植物国内外化学成分和药理作用研究文献，对近年来的
研究成果进行了比较全面的综述，为黄茂属植物的研究提供了参考和依据。查阅、
整理了近10年来高速逆流色谱技术在植物有效成分分离中的应用的文献，进行
了系统的综述，并对分离不同类型化合物时，HSCCC两相溶剂系统的选择进行
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文中文摘要
了归纳和总结，对今后从事高速逆流色谱研究提供了参考。
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, one species of Astragalus, which belong to Family Leguminosae, is a perennial herb growing in the northeast, northwest and southwest of China. The roots of A. mongholicus, known as Huangqi in China, is the most important tonic in the Traditional Chinese Medicine to reinforce "qi" (vital egergy), to strengthen the superficial resistance, and to promote the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue. It has long been used as an anti-perspirant, adiuretic of atonic, and it has been recorded in many Chinese Herb books. However the studies on the chemical constituents, bioactivities and biopharmacy have seldom been reported before. This doctoral dissertation deals with the studies on the chemical constituents, bioactivities and biopharmacy of A. mongholicus.
From the roots of Astragalus mongholicus, thirty compounds were isolated by solvent and chromatography methods, the structures of these compounds were identified, which include isoflavonoids, heterocyclic compounds, benzoid compounds, organic acids and so on. Six compounds are new. They are astragaline A, astragline B, astragaline C, astragaline D, astragaline E, astragaline F. Eleven compounds were isolated from Astragalus for the first time and one compound was isolated from this plant for the first time.
The activities of antisenile action and antifungal activity of isoflavonoids from A. mongholicus were studied. The result indicated that the isoflavonoids of A. mongholicus have cell multiplication activity. And we also found that the isoflavonoids was not the active constituents for antifungal activity.
To optimize the method of separating isoflavonoids, we separated and purified six isoflavonoids from A. mongholicus by using high-speed counter-current chromatography for the first time. And set up three solvent systems which were suitable to separate isoflavonoids. The result indicate that HSCCC is a rapid, convenient method for separating isoflavonoids. The isoflavonoids obtained by using HSCCC were over 95% purity as determined by HPLC analysis.
Isoflavone compounds are the main effective constitutes in A. mongholicus. To explore the metabolism regularity in vivo, we studied the metabolic products of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside in vivo. From the urine of rats who had taken the calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside, we isolated 4 metabolic products and 3 of them were identified on the basis of the physical and chemical property and the spectral data, which were the products of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside through hydrolysis, demethyl and dehydroxyl reaction. The results provide the basis for the regularity of the transformation of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside in vivo.
We consulted in the literature of chemical constitutes and pharmacological activities in and abroad in recent years, overviewed the research result all-around, and, provide the references for the researches on the plants of Astragalus. At the same time, we consulted and arranged the literature of application of HSCCC in the isolation of effective constituents in plants; moreover, we summarized the methods to choose the two-phase systems in HSCCC.
本文采用多种色谱方法从蒙古黄芪的根中分离得到30个化合物，并应用化学方法和现代波谱学技术鉴定了它们的结构，包括异黄酮类似物10个，分别为：芒柄花素(formononetin)、毛蕊异黄酮(calycosin)、(3R)-8，2’-二羟基-7，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷、毛蕊异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(calycosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、芒柄花素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(formononetin-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、(6aR，11aR)9，10-二甲氧基紫檀烷-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷((6aR，11aR)9，10-Dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside)、7，2’-二羟基-3’，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7，2’-dihydroxy-3’，4’-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-β-D-glycoside)、3’，4’-二甲氧基异黄烷7，2’-2 O-β-D葡萄糖苷(isomucronulatol-7，2’-di-O-β-D-glycoside)、染料木苷(genistein)、红车轴草异黄酮-7-O-β-D-萄糖苷(pratensein-7-O-β-D-glycoside)；杂环化合物10个，分别为：5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲酸(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid)、吡咯-2-乙酮(1-(1H-pyrrol-2-y1)-ethanone)、5-甲氧基-2-呋喃甲醛(5-methoxy-furan-2-carbaldehyde)、2-呋喃甲酸(furan-2-carbonic acid)、黄芪碱A(astragaline A)、黄芪碱B(astragaline B)、黄芪碱C(astragaline C)、黄芪碱D(astragaline D)、黄芪碱E(astragaline E)、黄芪碱F
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文中文摘要
(astragalineF);芳香族化合物2个:对轻基苯甲酸(4一hydr0Xy一benzoie aeid)、香草
酸(vanillie aeid);核昔2个:尿嗜陡核昔(uridine)、腺普(adenosine);有机酸2个:
壬二酸(azelaie aeid)、2，4一二烯一己二酸(hexa一2，4一dienedioie aeid);踢醇类2个:p
一谷街醇(p一sitosterol)、p一胡萝卜普(p一daueosterol);皂昔类1个:黄茂甲昔
(astragalosideIV);肌醇l个:3一甲基一肌醇(D一3一O一methyl一ehiro一inositol)。其中有
6个为新化合物，n个化合物为首次从黄茂属植物中分离得到，1个化合物为首
次从该植物中获得。
根据蒙古黄茂具有抗衰老、抗真菌功效，本文首次对从该植物中提取分离的
异黄酮类化合物的抗衰老及抗真菌活性进行了研究，研究结果表明黄茂中的异黄
酮类化合物具有细胞增殖活性，同时证实异黄酮类化合物不是黄芭中抗真菌的活
性成分。
为了优化异黄酮类化合物的分离方法，本文首次应用高速逆流色谱技术，对
蒙古黄茂中含量最大的6种异黄酮类化合物实现了快速、简便的分离。并分别确
立了3个可以实现快速分离的溶剂系统。结果表明:高速逆流色谱法分离异黄酮
类化合物具有快速、简便、制备量大、样品分离度高、损失小等优点，经高效液
相色谱检验，分离的化合物纯度可达到95%以上。
异黄酮类化合物是蒙古黄蔑中的主要有效成分，为了探讨其体内变化规律，
本文首次对毛蕊异黄酮普进行了体内代谢研究，从服用毛蕊异黄酮昔的大鼠尿样
中分离出4个代谢产物，并通过理化性质和波谱技术鉴定了其中3个代谢产物的
结构，分别为毛蕊异黄酮昔的水解、脱甲基、脱经基产物。此结果为研究异黄酮
昔化合物的体内代谢规律奠定了基础。
研究结果丰富了蒙古黄茂的化学成分、生物活性研究的内容，建立了快速、
简洁的分离、纯化异黄酮类化合物的色谱技术，首次对黄茂中的异黄酮化合物体
内代谢产物进行了分析和分离，填补了作为黄茂正品药材的蒙古黄蔑在体内药物
学方面的研究空白，为其临床用药和进一步开发利用提供了科学依据。
本文还查阅了黄蔑属植物国内外化学成分和药理作用研究文献，对近年来的
研究成果进行了比较全面的综述，为黄茂属植物的研究提供了参考和依据。查阅、
整理了近10年来高速逆流色谱技术在植物有效成分分离中的应用的文献，进行
了系统的综述，并对分离不同类型化合物时，HSCCC两相溶剂系统的选择进行
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文中文摘要
了归纳和总结，对今后从事高速逆流色谱研究提供了参考。
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, one species of Astragalus, which belong to Family Leguminosae, is a perennial herb growing in the northeast, northwest and southwest of China. The roots of A. mongholicus, known as Huangqi in China, is the most important tonic in the Traditional Chinese Medicine to reinforce "qi" (vital egergy), to strengthen the superficial resistance, and to promote the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue. It has long been used as an anti-perspirant, adiuretic of atonic, and it has been recorded in many Chinese Herb books. However the studies on the chemical constituents, bioactivities and biopharmacy have seldom been reported before. This doctoral dissertation deals with the studies on the chemical constituents, bioactivities and biopharmacy of A. mongholicus.
From the roots of Astragalus mongholicus, thirty compounds were isolated by solvent and chromatography methods, the structures of these compounds were identified, which include isoflavonoids, heterocyclic compounds, benzoid compounds, organic acids and so on. Six compounds are new. They are astragaline A, astragline B, astragaline C, astragaline D, astragaline E, astragaline F. Eleven compounds were isolated from Astragalus for the first time and one compound was isolated from this plant for the first time.
The activities of antisenile action and antifungal activity of isoflavonoids from A. mongholicus were studied. The result indicated that the isoflavonoids of A. mongholicus have cell multiplication activity. And we also found that the isoflavonoids was not the active constituents for antifungal activity.
To optimize the method of separating isoflavonoids, we separated and purified six isoflavonoids from A. mongholicus by using high-speed counter-current chromatography for the first time. And set up three solvent systems which were suitable to separate isoflavonoids. The result indicate that HSCCC is a rapid, convenient method for separating isoflavonoids. The isoflavonoids obtained by using HSCCC were over 95% purity as determined by HPLC analysis.
Isoflavone compounds are the main effective constitutes in A. mongholicus. To explore the metabolism regularity in vivo, we studied the metabolic products of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside in vivo. From the urine of rats who had taken the calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside, we isolated 4 metabolic products and 3 of them were identified on the basis of the physical and chemical property and the spectral data, which were the products of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside through hydrolysis, demethyl and dehydroxyl reaction. The results provide the basis for the regularity of the transformation of calycosin-7-O-B-D-glycoside in vivo.
We consulted in the literature of chemical constitutes and pharmacological activities in and abroad in recent years, overviewed the research result all-around, and, provide the references for the researches on the plants of Astragalus. At the same time, we consulted and arranged the literature of application of HSCCC in the isolation of effective constituents in plants; moreover, we summarized the methods to choose the two-phase systems in HSCCC.
引文
[1] Hou Shao-kuan. Chinese Dictionary of Ministrative Section of Seed Plant(中国种子植物科属词典)[M], Press: Science Publisher, 1982:49
[2] Chen Keji, Sun Yan, Chu Datong, et al. The clinic application and study of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine(中西医结合杂志),1989, 9(6): 327-330
[3] Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Public Health of PRC. Chinese Pharmacopeia I [M]. Beijing: Press of Chemical Industry, 2000. 271-272
[4] He Kan, Wang Hui-kang. Recent development on the study of chemical compounds of Astragalus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1988, 23(11): 873-880
[5] Jiangsu New Medical College. Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(中药大辞典)[M], Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Publishers, 1997. 2036-2040
[6] 北川勋．日本药学会第101次年会讲演要旨集[M].熊本. 1981:504
[7] Cao Zhengzhong, Yu Jiahua, Gan Lixian, et al. The structure of Astragalus membranceus glycosides[J]., Acta Chimica Sinaca(化学学报), 1985, 43(6): 581-584
[8] Zhengquan He, John Findlay. Constituents of Astragalus membranaceus[J], J.Natur.Prod, 1991,54(3): 810-815
[9] Ma Yingli, Tian Zhenkun, Kuang Haixue, et al. A study on the constituents of stems and leaves of
Astragalus membranaceus[J], Acta Botanica Sinica(植物学报), 1993, 35(6): 480-482
[10] Hirotani Masao, Zhou Yu, Hekai Rui; et al. Astragaloside from root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(3): 665-670
[11] Hirotani Masao, Zhou Yu, Hekai Rui, et al. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemsitry, 1994,37(5): 1403-1407
[12] Zhou Yu, Hirotani Masao, Hekai Rui, et al. Two triglycosidic triterpene astragalosides from hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemsitry, 1994,38(6): 1407-1410
[13] Zhu Y.Z, Lu S.H., Yoshihito. O. Two new cycloartanetype glycosides, mongholicoside Ⅰ and Ⅱ from the aerial part ofAstragalus mongholicus Bunge[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 1992, 40(8): 2230-2232
[14] Gan LX, Han X.B., Chen Y.Q. Astrasieversianins Ⅸ, Ⅹ andⅩ Ⅴ, cycloartane derived saponins from Astragalus sieversianus[J]. Phytochemistry, 1986, 25:1437-1441
[15] Gan LX, Han X.B., Chen Y.Q. The structure of thirteen astrasieversianins from Astragalus sieversianus[J], Phytochemistry, 1986, 25:2389-2393
[16] Bedir, E.; Calis, I.; Dunbar, C.; Sharan, R; Buolamwini, J.K.; Khan, I.A. Two novel cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides from the roots of Astragalus prusianus[J], Tetrahedron, 2001, 57(28): 5961-5966
[17] Bedir, Erdal; Calis, Ihsan; Zerbe, Oliver; Sticher, Otto. Cyclocephaloside Ⅰ : a novel cycloartane-type glycoside from Astragalus mierocephalus[J], J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61(4): 503-505
[18] Bedir, Erdal; Calis, Ihsan; Aquino, Rita; Piacente, Sonia; Pizza, Cosimo. Cycloartane triterpene glycoside from the roots of Astragalus braehypterus and AstragaIus microcephalus[J], J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61(12): 1469-1472
[19] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LIX. Structure of cyclocanthoside F[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1999,35(3): 314-319
[20] Gan Lixian, Chen Yuqun, Han Xiaobing. Triterpenoid glycosides from Astragalus sieversianus Pall[J], Youji Huaxue(有机化学), 1986, 1:37-40
[21] Chen Hui-fang. Dictionary of Plant Active Constituents(植物活性成分辞典) [M]. Press: Chinese Medicine Technology.
[22] Pan Fei, Yang Junshan, Feng Yuxiu. Studies on triterpenoids of Astragalus flridus[J], Acta Botanic Sinica(植物学报), 1996, 38(10): 836-838
[23] Karimov R., Umarova R.U., Saatov. Z., et al. Cyclosiversigenin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Astragalus kuhitangi[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(6): 672-675
[24] Agzamova M.A., Isaev M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LⅫ. Glycosides of Astragalus stipulosus[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 2000,36(6): 626-628
[25] Uteniyazov K.K, Saatov. Z., Levkovich M.G., et al. The structure of cycloglobiceposide B from Astragalus globiceps[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1999, 35(2): 192-195
[26] Yahara Shoji, Kohjyouma Mareshige, Kohoda Hiroshi. Flavonoid glycosides and saponins from Astragalus shikokianus[J], Phytochemistry, 2000, 53(4): 469-471
[27] Uteniyazov, K.K.; Saatov, Z.; Abdullaev, N.D.; Levkovich, M.G. Structure of cycloglobiceposide A from Astragalus globiceps[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(4): 469-473
[28] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides of Astragalus and their genins.LⅦ.The structure of cyclopycnanthogenin[J], Chem Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(4): 474-476
[29] Bedir, Erdal, Calis Ihsan, Aquino Rita, et al. Trojanoside H: a cycloartane-type glycoside from the aerial parts of Astragalus trojanus[J], Phytochemistry, 1999, 51(8): 1017-1020
[30] Pistelli, Luisa; Pardossi, Stefania; Bertoli, Alessandra; Potenza, Donatella. Cycloastragenol glycosides from Astragalus verrucosus[ J], Phytochemistry, 1998,49(8):2467-2471
[31] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LVI. Cyclopycnanthoside-a new cycloartane glycoside[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998,34(2):155-159
[32] Verotta, Luisella; Tato, Marco; El-Sebakhy, Nadia A.; Toaima, Soad M. Cycloartane triterpene glycoside from Astragalus sieberi[J], Phytochemistry, 1998,48(8):1403-1409
[33] Baretta, Maria Tiziana; Ruberto, Guiseppe. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Astragalus siculus[J], Planta Med. 1997, 63(3): 280-282
[34] Pistelli, Luisa; Pardossi, Stefania; Flamini, Guido; Bertoli, Alessandra; Manunta, Antonio. Three cycloastragenol glucosides from Astragalus verrucosus. [J], Phytochemistry, 1997,45(3):585-587
[35] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.ⅩⅩⅩⅧ. Cycloalpigenin D and cycloalpioside D from Astragalus alopecurus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991,(3):377-384
[36] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.XLⅦ. Structure of cycloalpigenin A and cycloalpioside A [J], Khim. Prir.Soedin. 1994, (3): 379-385
[37] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.XLⅧ Structure of cycloalpigenin B and cycloalpioside B[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1994, (4): 515-521
[38] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅨ.
Cycloaraloside D from Astragalus amarus[J].. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991, (4): 526-528
[39] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅦ. Cycloaraloside F from Astragalus amarus and Astragalus villosissimus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991, (3):374-377
[40] Isaev, M.I.; Gorovits, M.B.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. XXX. Cycloaraloside A from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1989, (6): 806-809
[41] Isaev, M.I.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅤ. Cycloaraloside C from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(6):783-787
[42] Isaev, M.I.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅥ. Cycloaraloside E from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(5):656-659
[43] Zheng Shangzhen, Sun Liping, Shen Xuwei. Studies on two new triterpenoids from Astragalus adsurgens Pall[J], Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities(高等学校化学学报), 1992, 13(8): 1090-1091
[44] Wang Zhixue, Ma Qifeng, He Qun, et al. Studies on the constituents of Astragalus mongholicus[J], Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1983, 14(3): 97-99
[45] Qi Zongshao. Summarize of the studies on the constituents of Astragalus mongholicus[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1987, 18(5): 233-235
[46] He Zhengquan, Wang Baoqin. Isolation and identification of chemical constituents of Astragalus root[J]., Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1990, 25(9): 694-698
[47] Cao Zhengzhong, Cao Yuan, Yi Yijun, et al. A new isoflavone glucoside from Astmgalus membranaceus [J]. Acre Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报),1999, 34(5): 392-394
[48] Baoliang Cui, Motoyuki Nakamura, Junei Kinjo, et al. Chemical constituents of Astragali Semen[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(1): 178-182
[49] Fulvia Orsini, L. V.; Luciano Barboni,N.A.; El-Sebakhy, A.M.; Asaad, R.M.; Soad M, T. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Astragalus alexandrinus[J], Phytochemistry, 1994,35(3):745-749
[50] Lu Guibao, Lu Shuhua, Zhang Guoqing, et al. Isolation and .identification of flavonoids from Astragalus root[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1984, 15(10): 452-454
[51] Anas Subarnas, Yoshiteru Oshima, Hiroshi Hikino. Isoflavans and a pterocarpan from Astragalus mongholicus[J].. Phytochemistry, 1991,30(8): 2777-2780
[52] Lu Shuhua, Zhu Yongzhi, Wu Shoujin. A study on flavonoids of stems and leaves of Astragalus mongholicus[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1990, 21(6): 249-250, 265
[53] Ma Yingli, Tian Zhenkun, Yuan Chunsheng, et al. A study on the constituents of stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus[J]., Journal of Shenyang College of Pharmacy(沈阳药学院学报)，1991, 8(2):121-123
[54] Song Chunqing, Zheng Zhiren, Liu Di, et al. Antimicrobial isoflavans from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica(植物学报), 1997, 39(5): 486-488
[55] Chen Miaohua, Liu Fengshan. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R, Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1988, 23(3): 218-220
[56] Cui Baoliang, Lu Yunru, Wei Luxue. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1989, 24(3): 189-193
[57] Gu Ying, Huang Zhongda, Liu Yonghe. Studies on effective constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1997, 32(1): 59-61
[58] Baoliang Cui, Motoyuki Nakamura, Junei Kinjo. Structures of three new acylated flavonol glycosides from Astragalus complanatus R.Br. [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41 (1): 178-182
[59] Sukhina I.A., Isaev M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.LI. Isoprenoids of Astragalus dissectus, Astragalus ephemerotorum and Astragalus kulabensis[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1995,(5): 759-761
[60] Gupta R.K, Singh Jagdev, Santini D.D. Polycanthine a new indolizidine alkaloid from Astragalus polycanthus[J], Indian Drugs. 1993, 30(12): 651-652
[61] Gupta RoK., Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. A new secophenan throindolizidine alkaloid polycanthidine from Astragalus polycanthus[J], Indian Drugs. 1993, 30(11): 595
[62] Gupta RoK, Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. Polycanthisine, a new indolizidine alkaloid from Astragalus polycanthus Royle (Leguminoseae). Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl[J]. Med. Chem. 1995, 34B(1): 76-77
[63] Gupta RoK, Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. Zygadenine glucoside from Astragalus polycanthus (Royle). Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl[J]. Med. Chem. 1995, 34B(11): 1021-1022
[64] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅡⅡ Cycloorbicoside A from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986,(6): 719-726
[65] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Abubakirov N. K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅡⅢ Cycloorbicoside B from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990, (5):699-701
[66] Agzamova M. A, Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅣ Cycloorbicoside G from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (6):837-842
[67] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅪ Cycloorbigenin B from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1989, (6):809-812
[68] Ihsan C, Hasan Y., Oliver Z., et al. Cephalotoside A: a tridesmosidic cycloartane type glycoside from Astragalus cephalotes var. brevicatyx[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, (50): 843-847
[69] 仓林正明．日本药学第89年会讲演集[M]，1969，322(医学中央杂志1971：271，273)
[70] 曳野宏．黄芪的成分与生理活性[J]．现代东洋医学，1982，31(2)：46
[71] El-Sebakhy Nadia A. Asaad, Asaad Aya M., Abdallah Rokia M., et al. Frank R. Antimicrobial isoflavans from Astragalus species[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994,36(6): 1387-1389
[72] Guzhva, N. N.; Ushakov, V. B.; Luk'yanchikov, M.S.; Sarkisov, L. S. Flavonoids of Astragalus captiosus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986, (6): 783-784
[73] Luk'yanchikov, M.S.; Guzhva, N. N.; Elisevich, D.M. Kaempferol glycosides of Astragalus dipelta[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (3): 453-454
[74] Yasinov, R.K.; Aripova, Z,T. Flavonoids of Astragalus coluteocarpus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin.1987,(3): 455
[75] Guzhva N. N., Luk'yanchikov, M.S., Dranik L.I. Phenolic compounds of Astragalus subrobustus[J]. Khirn. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (3): 455
[76] Yasinov R.K., Syrovezhko N.V., Yakovlev G.P. Flavonoids of Astragalus bornmullerianus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986, (6): 781-782
[77] Komissarenko N.F., Polyakova L.V. Flavonoids of Astragalus adsurgens[J]. Khim. Prir.Soedin.1987, (2): 302-304
[78] Yamaki Masae, Kashihara Mikiko; Takagi, Shuzo. Flavone glucosides from seeds of Astragalus complanatus (Sha Yuan Zi) [J]. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 1991,45(3):261-262
[79] Gupta, R.K.; Singh, Jagdev; Santani, D.D. Non alkaloidal constituents of some Astragalus species[J].
Fitoterapia, 1995, 66(4): 376
[80] Benbassat Niko, Nikolov Stefan. Flavonoids from Astragalus onobrychis[J]. Planta. Med. 1995,61(1):100
[81] Marashi Tomoda, Noriko Shimizu, Naoko Ohara, et al. A reticuloendothelial system-activating glycan from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(1): 63-66
[82] Fang Sheng-ding, Chen Yan, Xu Xiao-yi, et al. Studies on the active principles of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge Ⅰ : Isolation, characterization and biological effect of its polysaccharides[J]. Youji Huaxue(有机化学), 1982, (1): 26-31
[83] Huang Qiao-shu, Lu Gui-bao, Li Ya-Chen. Studies of the polysaccharides of Astragalus mongholicus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1982, 17(3): 200-206
[84] Noriko S. et al. An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 1991, 39(11): 2969-2972
[85] Katsura Eiji. Report of the Hokkaido Institut of Public Health. 1983, (33): 136
[86] Chen Miao-hua, Liu Feng-shan. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br,[J]. Zhong-yao Tong-bao(中药通报), 1987,(2):42-45
[2] Chen Keji, Sun Yan, Chu Datong, et al. The clinic application and study of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine(中西医结合杂志),1989, 9(6): 327-330
[3] Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Public Health of PRC. Chinese Pharmacopeia I [M]. Beijing: Press of Chemical Industry, 2000. 271-272
[4] He Kan, Wang Hui-kang. Recent development on the study of chemical compounds of Astragalus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1988, 23(11): 873-880
[5] Jiangsu New Medical College. Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(中药大辞典)[M], Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Publishers, 1997. 2036-2040
[6] 北川勋．日本药学会第101次年会讲演要旨集[M].熊本. 1981:504
[7] Cao Zhengzhong, Yu Jiahua, Gan Lixian, et al. The structure of Astragalus membranceus glycosides[J]., Acta Chimica Sinaca(化学学报), 1985, 43(6): 581-584
[8] Zhengquan He, John Findlay. Constituents of Astragalus membranaceus[J], J.Natur.Prod, 1991,54(3): 810-815
[9] Ma Yingli, Tian Zhenkun, Kuang Haixue, et al. A study on the constituents of stems and leaves of
Astragalus membranaceus[J], Acta Botanica Sinica(植物学报), 1993, 35(6): 480-482
[10] Hirotani Masao, Zhou Yu, Hekai Rui; et al. Astragaloside from root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(3): 665-670
[11] Hirotani Masao, Zhou Yu, Hekai Rui, et al. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemsitry, 1994,37(5): 1403-1407
[12] Zhou Yu, Hirotani Masao, Hekai Rui, et al. Two triglycosidic triterpene astragalosides from hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J], Phytochemsitry, 1994,38(6): 1407-1410
[13] Zhu Y.Z, Lu S.H., Yoshihito. O. Two new cycloartanetype glycosides, mongholicoside Ⅰ and Ⅱ from the aerial part ofAstragalus mongholicus Bunge[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 1992, 40(8): 2230-2232
[14] Gan LX, Han X.B., Chen Y.Q. Astrasieversianins Ⅸ, Ⅹ andⅩ Ⅴ, cycloartane derived saponins from Astragalus sieversianus[J]. Phytochemistry, 1986, 25:1437-1441
[15] Gan LX, Han X.B., Chen Y.Q. The structure of thirteen astrasieversianins from Astragalus sieversianus[J], Phytochemistry, 1986, 25:2389-2393
[16] Bedir, E.; Calis, I.; Dunbar, C.; Sharan, R; Buolamwini, J.K.; Khan, I.A. Two novel cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides from the roots of Astragalus prusianus[J], Tetrahedron, 2001, 57(28): 5961-5966
[17] Bedir, Erdal; Calis, Ihsan; Zerbe, Oliver; Sticher, Otto. Cyclocephaloside Ⅰ : a novel cycloartane-type glycoside from Astragalus mierocephalus[J], J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61(4): 503-505
[18] Bedir, Erdal; Calis, Ihsan; Aquino, Rita; Piacente, Sonia; Pizza, Cosimo. Cycloartane triterpene glycoside from the roots of Astragalus braehypterus and AstragaIus microcephalus[J], J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61(12): 1469-1472
[19] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LIX. Structure of cyclocanthoside F[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1999,35(3): 314-319
[20] Gan Lixian, Chen Yuqun, Han Xiaobing. Triterpenoid glycosides from Astragalus sieversianus Pall[J], Youji Huaxue(有机化学), 1986, 1:37-40
[21] Chen Hui-fang. Dictionary of Plant Active Constituents(植物活性成分辞典) [M]. Press: Chinese Medicine Technology.
[22] Pan Fei, Yang Junshan, Feng Yuxiu. Studies on triterpenoids of Astragalus flridus[J], Acta Botanic Sinica(植物学报), 1996, 38(10): 836-838
[23] Karimov R., Umarova R.U., Saatov. Z., et al. Cyclosiversigenin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Astragalus kuhitangi[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(6): 672-675
[24] Agzamova M.A., Isaev M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LⅫ. Glycosides of Astragalus stipulosus[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 2000,36(6): 626-628
[25] Uteniyazov K.K, Saatov. Z., Levkovich M.G., et al. The structure of cycloglobiceposide B from Astragalus globiceps[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1999, 35(2): 192-195
[26] Yahara Shoji, Kohjyouma Mareshige, Kohoda Hiroshi. Flavonoid glycosides and saponins from Astragalus shikokianus[J], Phytochemistry, 2000, 53(4): 469-471
[27] Uteniyazov, K.K.; Saatov, Z.; Abdullaev, N.D.; Levkovich, M.G. Structure of cycloglobiceposide A from Astragalus globiceps[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(4): 469-473
[28] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides of Astragalus and their genins.LⅦ.The structure of cyclopycnanthogenin[J], Chem Nat. Compd. 1998, 34(4): 474-476
[29] Bedir, Erdal, Calis Ihsan, Aquino Rita, et al. Trojanoside H: a cycloartane-type glycoside from the aerial parts of Astragalus trojanus[J], Phytochemistry, 1999, 51(8): 1017-1020
[30] Pistelli, Luisa; Pardossi, Stefania; Bertoli, Alessandra; Potenza, Donatella. Cycloastragenol glycosides from Astragalus verrucosus[ J], Phytochemistry, 1998,49(8):2467-2471
[31] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycoside of Astragalus and their genins.LVI. Cyclopycnanthoside-a new cycloartane glycoside[J], Chem. Nat. Compd. 1998,34(2):155-159
[32] Verotta, Luisella; Tato, Marco; El-Sebakhy, Nadia A.; Toaima, Soad M. Cycloartane triterpene glycoside from Astragalus sieberi[J], Phytochemistry, 1998,48(8):1403-1409
[33] Baretta, Maria Tiziana; Ruberto, Guiseppe. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Astragalus siculus[J], Planta Med. 1997, 63(3): 280-282
[34] Pistelli, Luisa; Pardossi, Stefania; Flamini, Guido; Bertoli, Alessandra; Manunta, Antonio. Three cycloastragenol glucosides from Astragalus verrucosus. [J], Phytochemistry, 1997,45(3):585-587
[35] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.ⅩⅩⅩⅧ. Cycloalpigenin D and cycloalpioside D from Astragalus alopecurus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991,(3):377-384
[36] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.XLⅦ. Structure of cycloalpigenin A and cycloalpioside A [J], Khim. Prir.Soedin. 1994, (3): 379-385
[37] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.XLⅧ Structure of cycloalpigenin B and cycloalpioside B[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1994, (4): 515-521
[38] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅨ.
Cycloaraloside D from Astragalus amarus[J].. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991, (4): 526-528
[39] Agzamova, M.A.; Isaev, M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅦ. Cycloaraloside F from Astragalus amarus and Astragalus villosissimus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1991, (3):374-377
[40] Isaev, M.I.; Gorovits, M.B.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. XXX. Cycloaraloside A from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1989, (6): 806-809
[41] Isaev, M.I.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅤ. Cycloaraloside C from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(6):783-787
[42] Isaev, M.I.; Abubakirov, N.K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus. ⅩⅩⅩⅥ. Cycloaraloside E from Astragalus amarus[J], Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(5):656-659
[43] Zheng Shangzhen, Sun Liping, Shen Xuwei. Studies on two new triterpenoids from Astragalus adsurgens Pall[J], Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities(高等学校化学学报), 1992, 13(8): 1090-1091
[44] Wang Zhixue, Ma Qifeng, He Qun, et al. Studies on the constituents of Astragalus mongholicus[J], Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1983, 14(3): 97-99
[45] Qi Zongshao. Summarize of the studies on the constituents of Astragalus mongholicus[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1987, 18(5): 233-235
[46] He Zhengquan, Wang Baoqin. Isolation and identification of chemical constituents of Astragalus root[J]., Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1990, 25(9): 694-698
[47] Cao Zhengzhong, Cao Yuan, Yi Yijun, et al. A new isoflavone glucoside from Astmgalus membranaceus [J]. Acre Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报),1999, 34(5): 392-394
[48] Baoliang Cui, Motoyuki Nakamura, Junei Kinjo, et al. Chemical constituents of Astragali Semen[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(1): 178-182
[49] Fulvia Orsini, L. V.; Luciano Barboni,N.A.; El-Sebakhy, A.M.; Asaad, R.M.; Soad M, T. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Astragalus alexandrinus[J], Phytochemistry, 1994,35(3):745-749
[50] Lu Guibao, Lu Shuhua, Zhang Guoqing, et al. Isolation and .identification of flavonoids from Astragalus root[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1984, 15(10): 452-454
[51] Anas Subarnas, Yoshiteru Oshima, Hiroshi Hikino. Isoflavans and a pterocarpan from Astragalus mongholicus[J].. Phytochemistry, 1991,30(8): 2777-2780
[52] Lu Shuhua, Zhu Yongzhi, Wu Shoujin. A study on flavonoids of stems and leaves of Astragalus mongholicus[J]., Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs(中草药), 1990, 21(6): 249-250, 265
[53] Ma Yingli, Tian Zhenkun, Yuan Chunsheng, et al. A study on the constituents of stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus[J]., Journal of Shenyang College of Pharmacy(沈阳药学院学报)，1991, 8(2):121-123
[54] Song Chunqing, Zheng Zhiren, Liu Di, et al. Antimicrobial isoflavans from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica(植物学报), 1997, 39(5): 486-488
[55] Chen Miaohua, Liu Fengshan. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R, Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1988, 23(3): 218-220
[56] Cui Baoliang, Lu Yunru, Wei Luxue. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1989, 24(3): 189-193
[57] Gu Ying, Huang Zhongda, Liu Yonghe. Studies on effective constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br. [J], Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1997, 32(1): 59-61
[58] Baoliang Cui, Motoyuki Nakamura, Junei Kinjo. Structures of three new acylated flavonol glycosides from Astragalus complanatus R.Br. [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41 (1): 178-182
[59] Sukhina I.A., Isaev M.I. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus.LI. Isoprenoids of Astragalus dissectus, Astragalus ephemerotorum and Astragalus kulabensis[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1995,(5): 759-761
[60] Gupta R.K, Singh Jagdev, Santini D.D. Polycanthine a new indolizidine alkaloid from Astragalus polycanthus[J], Indian Drugs. 1993, 30(12): 651-652
[61] Gupta RoK., Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. A new secophenan throindolizidine alkaloid polycanthidine from Astragalus polycanthus[J], Indian Drugs. 1993, 30(11): 595
[62] Gupta RoK, Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. Polycanthisine, a new indolizidine alkaloid from Astragalus polycanthus Royle (Leguminoseae). Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl[J]. Med. Chem. 1995, 34B(1): 76-77
[63] Gupta RoK, Singh Jagdev, Santani D. D. Zygadenine glucoside from Astragalus polycanthus (Royle). Indian J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl[J]. Med. Chem. 1995, 34B(11): 1021-1022
[64] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅡⅡ Cycloorbicoside A from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986,(6): 719-726
[65] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Abubakirov N. K. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅡⅢ Cycloorbicoside B from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990, (5):699-701
[66] Agzamova M. A, Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅣ Cycloorbicoside G from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (6):837-842
[67] Agzamova M. A., Isaev M. I., Gorovits M. B., et al. Triterpene glycosides and their genins from Astragalus ⅩⅩⅪ Cycloorbigenin B from Astragalus orbiculatus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1989, (6):809-812
[68] Ihsan C, Hasan Y., Oliver Z., et al. Cephalotoside A: a tridesmosidic cycloartane type glycoside from Astragalus cephalotes var. brevicatyx[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, (50): 843-847
[69] 仓林正明．日本药学第89年会讲演集[M]，1969，322(医学中央杂志1971：271，273)
[70] 曳野宏．黄芪的成分与生理活性[J]．现代东洋医学，1982，31(2)：46
[71] El-Sebakhy Nadia A. Asaad, Asaad Aya M., Abdallah Rokia M., et al. Frank R. Antimicrobial isoflavans from Astragalus species[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994,36(6): 1387-1389
[72] Guzhva, N. N.; Ushakov, V. B.; Luk'yanchikov, M.S.; Sarkisov, L. S. Flavonoids of Astragalus captiosus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986, (6): 783-784
[73] Luk'yanchikov, M.S.; Guzhva, N. N.; Elisevich, D.M. Kaempferol glycosides of Astragalus dipelta[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (3): 453-454
[74] Yasinov, R.K.; Aripova, Z,T. Flavonoids of Astragalus coluteocarpus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin.1987,(3): 455
[75] Guzhva N. N., Luk'yanchikov, M.S., Dranik L.I. Phenolic compounds of Astragalus subrobustus[J]. Khirn. Prir. Soedin. 1987, (3): 455
[76] Yasinov R.K., Syrovezhko N.V., Yakovlev G.P. Flavonoids of Astragalus bornmullerianus[J]. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1986, (6): 781-782
[77] Komissarenko N.F., Polyakova L.V. Flavonoids of Astragalus adsurgens[J]. Khim. Prir.Soedin.1987, (2): 302-304
[78] Yamaki Masae, Kashihara Mikiko; Takagi, Shuzo. Flavone glucosides from seeds of Astragalus complanatus (Sha Yuan Zi) [J]. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 1991,45(3):261-262
[79] Gupta, R.K.; Singh, Jagdev; Santani, D.D. Non alkaloidal constituents of some Astragalus species[J].
Fitoterapia, 1995, 66(4): 376
[80] Benbassat Niko, Nikolov Stefan. Flavonoids from Astragalus onobrychis[J]. Planta. Med. 1995,61(1):100
[81] Marashi Tomoda, Noriko Shimizu, Naoko Ohara, et al. A reticuloendothelial system-activating glycan from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(1): 63-66
[82] Fang Sheng-ding, Chen Yan, Xu Xiao-yi, et al. Studies on the active principles of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge Ⅰ : Isolation, characterization and biological effect of its polysaccharides[J]. Youji Huaxue(有机化学), 1982, (1): 26-31
[83] Huang Qiao-shu, Lu Gui-bao, Li Ya-Chen. Studies of the polysaccharides of Astragalus mongholicus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica(药学学报), 1982, 17(3): 200-206
[84] Noriko S. et al. An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 1991, 39(11): 2969-2972
[85] Katsura Eiji. Report of the Hokkaido Institut of Public Health. 1983, (33): 136
[86] Chen Miao-hua, Liu Feng-shan. Studies on chemical constituents of Astraglus complanatus R. Br,[J]. Zhong-yao Tong-bao(中药通报), 1987,(2):42-45