重庆地区末次冰期以来石笋的微量元素及古气候记录研究
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摘要
全球气候变化及其影响是当今科学研究的热点之一。20世纪以来,全球气候和环境正以前所未有的速度发生变化,一系列全球性重大环境问题已经对人类的生存和发展构成严重威胁。科学地分析这些全球性环境问题的性质、形成的原因、变化的规律,预测其发展趋势,评估其社会经济影响,提出合理的适应对策,是21世纪全球变化研究必须回答的问题。要提高对未来气候变化的预测能力,人类必须充分认识和了解过去气候变化的历史,了解其变化的幅度、机制,作为制定应对全球变化策略的基础,最终实现人与自然协调可持续发展。
高分辨率洞穴石笋记录研究已成为当前国际古气候研究领域中重要发展方向之一。重庆地区地处东亚季风与西南季风系统交汇处,是探讨和研究西南季风演化的良好场所;再加上岩溶面积约占整个地区的40%,岩溶洞穴广泛发育,洞穴内沉积物丰富多样,为当地的研究提供了良好的物质基础。洞穴石笋中蕴藏了丰富的有可能记录古气候变化的物理和化学指标,由于时空差异性使得各种指标的解译存在较大分歧,目前以碳氧稳定同位素指标的研究较为成熟,利用这一指标进行重庆地区古气候重建工作已取得初步成果,在此基础上开展微量元素指标的研究工作,识别其受气候环境变化控制的影响,进一步筛选气候变化的替代指标,以便多种指标相互验证,为重建重庆地区的古气候和古环境提供新的思路。
本文研究的内容主要包括两个方面:洞穴滴水监测和石笋古气候记录。选取重庆武隆芙蓉洞和丰都雪玉洞作为长期监测点,按周或月采集大气降水、土壤、现代洞穴滴水、洞穴池水、洞顶泉水、基岩等,并同步测定洞温、水温建立起滴水中的微量元素指标与当地降水和气温的关系。通过多次野外考察采样,主要选取南川金佛山梁天湾洞、丰都水鸣洞以及奉节新崖洞的四根石笋作为研究对象,用高精度的TIMS—U系测年、沉积学特征和多种气候替代指标重建重庆及周边地区末次冰期及全新世以来气候变化的时标序列,捕捉环境变化的特殊事件,揭示在这一时期该区气候—环境的变化规律。经初步研究得出以下几点结论:
(1)受地下水干扰作用小,主要由大气降水较快渗入洞内形成的滴水所携带的地球化学信息能较好地响应外界气候条件变化,相应沉淀的洞穴次生沉积物才有可能记录准确的气候信息。雪玉洞滴水的元素变化就可以快速、准确地反映外界降水变化,因此其洞穴沉积物保存的古气候信息准确率较高;而芙蓉洞滴水对降水变化响应的时间较为滞后,并且多为当季雨水与古地下水的混合水,元素变化较为复杂,反映外界气候变化的精确性明显不如雪玉洞滴水。
(2)洞穴滴水的微量元素(Ba~(2+)除外)含量及比值都呈现出一定的季节性变化,主要与两方面因素有关:1)土壤淋漓和基岩溶蚀程度;2)水岩作用时间长短。这两种作用的结果是相互抵消的,但在不同的时段可能由其中一种因素作为主导作用,仍可以推断出微量元素含量变化所透漏的气候信息。芙蓉洞和雪玉洞洞穴沉积物的Mg/Ca比值应该可以直接反映滴水中Mg/Ca比值的变化,从而可以直接用于反映洞穴外界气候干湿条件的改变,即降水增多,岩溶水在母岩中滞留时间短,Mg/Ca比值降低;反之则升高。
(3)重庆地区石笋微量元素记录是可以作为反映气候环境变化的指标,Mg/Ca比值为首选,与碳氧稳定同位素的对比研究发现,Mg/Ca比值变化与δ~(13)C值的相关性更好,暗示Mg/Ca可能作为古降水变化的气候指标。与洞穴滴水的微量元素研究结果也相符。然而,温度变化对Mg的分配系数影响,以及地表植被、土壤微生物对母液中Mg~(2+)浓度的改变等干扰因素也是不可忽略的,因此在利用Mg/Ca比值恢复古气候变化应结合碳氧同位素进行对比验证,以摒除错误的气候信息。
(4)同一石笋不同元素比值之间的相关性可以反映控制元素比值的因素是否相同。总体来看,石笋中Mg/Ca与Ba/Ca值的相关性很弱,可以认为分别受到降水和土壤微生物作用的影响,而Sr/Ca比值却可以与两者同时保持一定的正相关关系,表明其至少受到以上两种因素共同制约。综合而言,Mg/Ca比值作为气候干湿变化的指标相对比较可靠,受外来干扰较小,而Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca值易受到植被、土壤微生物活动及降水等多重因素影响,作为某一气候替代指标的稳定性较差。
(5)当石笋中碳氧同位素出现同向变化时,微量元素变化(尤其是Mg/Ca比值)与δ~(18)O、δ~(13)C趋于一致,两者所反映的古气候信息也基本相符,如梁天湾洞石笋LT14、新崖洞石笋XY6;当碳氧同位素出现反向变化或是不同步变化时,两者所所反映的古气候信息差异较大,如水鸣洞石笋SM1、新崖洞石笋XY2。是否只有在“暖湿”“冷干”的水热组合模式条件下微量元素所记录的气候信息才是正确的?还需通过进一步研究工作来证实。
(6)重庆地区石笋中Mg/Sr与Mg/Ca比值变化一致,主要受Mg~(2+)变化的影响,可以作为古降水指标,而不能反映温度的变化。只有当石笋中的微量元素在岩溶水中的含量或者比值,在所研究时段内不变或者变化很小时,Mg/Sr变化才可能作为古温度变化的代用指标。否则,就需要综合考虑影响微量元素含量或者比值变化的各个因素,以确定其代表的真实环境信息。
(7)重庆地区石笋Mg/Ca比值可以作为气候干湿指标。然而当地的水热条件变化并不一定完全同步,在某些极端气候事件发生的降温过程中若未伴随降水条件的改变,那么Mg/Ca比值可能对极端气候事件的响应不太敏感。
The global climate change and its impact are the main concern of Quaternary research.The global climate and environment have changed of rapidly since the twentieth century,and a series of crucial environment problems have seriously endangerd to human living and development.So resolving its characters,formation, change mechanism of these environmental problems scientifically is an urgent issue of the entire world,in order to forecast their development trend,evaluate their social and economic impace and put forward some rational countermeasure.To improve the ability of forecasting cimate change in the future,we should have good knowledge of the history,range and mechanism of past global climate change as a foundation of enacting strategy to accommodate the global change.We can reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoenvironment change mode by studying speleothem records,which can provide the scientific foundation for sustainable development between human and nature in the Karst region.
High resolution cave speleothem study has become one of the most important development directions in international paleoclimate research currently.Chongqing is exactly located in the cross area of east-Asian monsoon and southwest monsoon system,which is a typical site to discuss and study of Asian monsoon.There are large distribution of carbonate rock and abundant speleothems in caves of Chongqing area. Cave stalagmite has contained plentiful physical and chemical proxies that have possibility of recording climate change,but the climate explaination based on each proxy may have some difference because of spatio-temporal diversity.The carbon and oxygen stable isotopes have been considered as a more mature proxy currently,by which paleoclimate reconstruction work in Chongqing has been obtained primary achievement.Subsequently we started to develop trace elements research and to recognise important factors which are controlled by climate and environment change so as to choose some fungible climate proxy of trace element.It has very important significance of trace elements research for validating each other among multi-proxies. It also can provide a new way for reconstructing paleoclimate and plaeoenvironment in Chongqing aera and also supply a gap of trace element research in Chongqing area.
The main contents in our research can be separated into two parts,including observation of Karst cave drip water and paleoclimate records achieved from stalagmite.Through the preliminary research in paper,we can get the following conclusions:
(1) Geochemistry informationhe from cave drip water which has less disturbance of groundwater and is mainly made of precipitation infiltrating karst cave can reflect climate change outside and cave speleothems formed by it have more possibility to record exact climate information.In this paper,elements change of drip water from Xueyu Cave can reflect rainfall condition change outside quickly and exactly.While drip waters from Furong Cave lagged and most of which were mixed with old groundwater.The element changes from Furong Cave water are more complex,and reflect climate change less exactly than that from Xueyu Cave.
(2) The content and ratio of trace elements from cave drip water have definite seasonal change.It is mainly ralated with two factors:(1) the degree of soil eluviation and rock erode;(2) the groundwater residence time.The effects of two factors are opposite,but one of them may become a leading factor at different time.According that we can also deduce climate information from trace elements change.Speleothems Mg/Ca composition from Furong Cave and Xueyu Cave are related to drip water Mg/Ca composition,which can be used to reflect rainfall condition change.
(3) The trace element records of stalagmite in Chongqing can be used as climate and environment proxy.Mg/Ca ratio may be the best one.Compared with carbon and oxygen stable isotope research,we find that Mg/Ca ratio has better correlation with carbon stable isotope,which indicate that it may be used as a climate proxy of the past rainfall.It also accord with the conclusion from trace element research of cave drip water.Whereas it is noticeable that any other factors can also affect Mg~(2+) content in original solution,just as D_(Mg)(distribution coefficient change by temperature), vegetation,soil microbe activity and so on.So we consider that when using Mg/Ca ratio to recover paleoclimate,we should collate it with carbon and oxygen stable isotope in order to avoid wrong information.
(4) The correlation among different trace element of one stalagmite can reflect whether the factors which control trace element change are the same.As a whole, Mg/Ca ratio has low relativity with Ba/Ca ratio,and we may consider that they are respectively controlled by rainfall and soil microbe.On the other hand,Sr/Ca ratio can keep positive relativity with the former two ratios,so it indicates that Sr/Ca ratio may be controlled by the former two factors.In a word,it is more credible to use Mg/Ca ratio as climate psychrometer which has less external influence and it is questionable to use Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios as one climate proxy because they are sensitive to many factors just like vegetation,soil microbe activity.
(5) When the oxygen isotope change is in consistent with carbon isotope,trace element change(Mg/Ca ratio) are also the same as stable istopes and paleoclimate information recorded by them are in accordance.Reversely,trace element and stable isotope record may have different paleoclimate information.We wonder that whether climate information of trace element record is true only in the condition of typical monsoon climate model? We still have more evidence to confirm it.
(6) Mg/Sr ratio change is in accord with Mg/Ca of stalagmite record in Chongqing,which mainly affected by Mg~(2+) content change and it can be used as an proxy of past rainfall not temperature.Only when the original trace element content or ratio in karst water has no or little change can Mg/Sr ratio be used as paleo-temperature proxy.Otherwise we should consider fully various factors which have an effect on trace element change in order to make sure that these climate information records of trace element are true.
(7) The Mg/Ca ratio of stalagmite record in Chongqing can be used as a proxy of past rainfall.However the precipitation and temperature conditions not always have isochronous change.If some extreme climate event happened in falling temperature but with on rainfall change,and it is possible that the Mg/Ca ratio may have no sensitive to these events.
高分辨率洞穴石笋记录研究已成为当前国际古气候研究领域中重要发展方向之一。重庆地区地处东亚季风与西南季风系统交汇处,是探讨和研究西南季风演化的良好场所;再加上岩溶面积约占整个地区的40%,岩溶洞穴广泛发育,洞穴内沉积物丰富多样,为当地的研究提供了良好的物质基础。洞穴石笋中蕴藏了丰富的有可能记录古气候变化的物理和化学指标,由于时空差异性使得各种指标的解译存在较大分歧,目前以碳氧稳定同位素指标的研究较为成熟,利用这一指标进行重庆地区古气候重建工作已取得初步成果,在此基础上开展微量元素指标的研究工作,识别其受气候环境变化控制的影响,进一步筛选气候变化的替代指标,以便多种指标相互验证,为重建重庆地区的古气候和古环境提供新的思路。
本文研究的内容主要包括两个方面:洞穴滴水监测和石笋古气候记录。选取重庆武隆芙蓉洞和丰都雪玉洞作为长期监测点,按周或月采集大气降水、土壤、现代洞穴滴水、洞穴池水、洞顶泉水、基岩等,并同步测定洞温、水温建立起滴水中的微量元素指标与当地降水和气温的关系。通过多次野外考察采样,主要选取南川金佛山梁天湾洞、丰都水鸣洞以及奉节新崖洞的四根石笋作为研究对象,用高精度的TIMS—U系测年、沉积学特征和多种气候替代指标重建重庆及周边地区末次冰期及全新世以来气候变化的时标序列,捕捉环境变化的特殊事件,揭示在这一时期该区气候—环境的变化规律。经初步研究得出以下几点结论:
(1)受地下水干扰作用小,主要由大气降水较快渗入洞内形成的滴水所携带的地球化学信息能较好地响应外界气候条件变化,相应沉淀的洞穴次生沉积物才有可能记录准确的气候信息。雪玉洞滴水的元素变化就可以快速、准确地反映外界降水变化,因此其洞穴沉积物保存的古气候信息准确率较高;而芙蓉洞滴水对降水变化响应的时间较为滞后,并且多为当季雨水与古地下水的混合水,元素变化较为复杂,反映外界气候变化的精确性明显不如雪玉洞滴水。
(2)洞穴滴水的微量元素(Ba~(2+)除外)含量及比值都呈现出一定的季节性变化,主要与两方面因素有关:1)土壤淋漓和基岩溶蚀程度;2)水岩作用时间长短。这两种作用的结果是相互抵消的,但在不同的时段可能由其中一种因素作为主导作用,仍可以推断出微量元素含量变化所透漏的气候信息。芙蓉洞和雪玉洞洞穴沉积物的Mg/Ca比值应该可以直接反映滴水中Mg/Ca比值的变化,从而可以直接用于反映洞穴外界气候干湿条件的改变,即降水增多,岩溶水在母岩中滞留时间短,Mg/Ca比值降低;反之则升高。
(3)重庆地区石笋微量元素记录是可以作为反映气候环境变化的指标,Mg/Ca比值为首选,与碳氧稳定同位素的对比研究发现,Mg/Ca比值变化与δ~(13)C值的相关性更好,暗示Mg/Ca可能作为古降水变化的气候指标。与洞穴滴水的微量元素研究结果也相符。然而,温度变化对Mg的分配系数影响,以及地表植被、土壤微生物对母液中Mg~(2+)浓度的改变等干扰因素也是不可忽略的,因此在利用Mg/Ca比值恢复古气候变化应结合碳氧同位素进行对比验证,以摒除错误的气候信息。
(4)同一石笋不同元素比值之间的相关性可以反映控制元素比值的因素是否相同。总体来看,石笋中Mg/Ca与Ba/Ca值的相关性很弱,可以认为分别受到降水和土壤微生物作用的影响,而Sr/Ca比值却可以与两者同时保持一定的正相关关系,表明其至少受到以上两种因素共同制约。综合而言,Mg/Ca比值作为气候干湿变化的指标相对比较可靠,受外来干扰较小,而Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca值易受到植被、土壤微生物活动及降水等多重因素影响,作为某一气候替代指标的稳定性较差。
(5)当石笋中碳氧同位素出现同向变化时,微量元素变化(尤其是Mg/Ca比值)与δ~(18)O、δ~(13)C趋于一致,两者所反映的古气候信息也基本相符,如梁天湾洞石笋LT14、新崖洞石笋XY6;当碳氧同位素出现反向变化或是不同步变化时,两者所所反映的古气候信息差异较大,如水鸣洞石笋SM1、新崖洞石笋XY2。是否只有在“暖湿”“冷干”的水热组合模式条件下微量元素所记录的气候信息才是正确的?还需通过进一步研究工作来证实。
(6)重庆地区石笋中Mg/Sr与Mg/Ca比值变化一致,主要受Mg~(2+)变化的影响,可以作为古降水指标,而不能反映温度的变化。只有当石笋中的微量元素在岩溶水中的含量或者比值,在所研究时段内不变或者变化很小时,Mg/Sr变化才可能作为古温度变化的代用指标。否则,就需要综合考虑影响微量元素含量或者比值变化的各个因素,以确定其代表的真实环境信息。
(7)重庆地区石笋Mg/Ca比值可以作为气候干湿指标。然而当地的水热条件变化并不一定完全同步,在某些极端气候事件发生的降温过程中若未伴随降水条件的改变,那么Mg/Ca比值可能对极端气候事件的响应不太敏感。
The global climate change and its impact are the main concern of Quaternary research.The global climate and environment have changed of rapidly since the twentieth century,and a series of crucial environment problems have seriously endangerd to human living and development.So resolving its characters,formation, change mechanism of these environmental problems scientifically is an urgent issue of the entire world,in order to forecast their development trend,evaluate their social and economic impace and put forward some rational countermeasure.To improve the ability of forecasting cimate change in the future,we should have good knowledge of the history,range and mechanism of past global climate change as a foundation of enacting strategy to accommodate the global change.We can reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoenvironment change mode by studying speleothem records,which can provide the scientific foundation for sustainable development between human and nature in the Karst region.
High resolution cave speleothem study has become one of the most important development directions in international paleoclimate research currently.Chongqing is exactly located in the cross area of east-Asian monsoon and southwest monsoon system,which is a typical site to discuss and study of Asian monsoon.There are large distribution of carbonate rock and abundant speleothems in caves of Chongqing area. Cave stalagmite has contained plentiful physical and chemical proxies that have possibility of recording climate change,but the climate explaination based on each proxy may have some difference because of spatio-temporal diversity.The carbon and oxygen stable isotopes have been considered as a more mature proxy currently,by which paleoclimate reconstruction work in Chongqing has been obtained primary achievement.Subsequently we started to develop trace elements research and to recognise important factors which are controlled by climate and environment change so as to choose some fungible climate proxy of trace element.It has very important significance of trace elements research for validating each other among multi-proxies. It also can provide a new way for reconstructing paleoclimate and plaeoenvironment in Chongqing aera and also supply a gap of trace element research in Chongqing area.
The main contents in our research can be separated into two parts,including observation of Karst cave drip water and paleoclimate records achieved from stalagmite.Through the preliminary research in paper,we can get the following conclusions:
(1) Geochemistry informationhe from cave drip water which has less disturbance of groundwater and is mainly made of precipitation infiltrating karst cave can reflect climate change outside and cave speleothems formed by it have more possibility to record exact climate information.In this paper,elements change of drip water from Xueyu Cave can reflect rainfall condition change outside quickly and exactly.While drip waters from Furong Cave lagged and most of which were mixed with old groundwater.The element changes from Furong Cave water are more complex,and reflect climate change less exactly than that from Xueyu Cave.
(2) The content and ratio of trace elements from cave drip water have definite seasonal change.It is mainly ralated with two factors:(1) the degree of soil eluviation and rock erode;(2) the groundwater residence time.The effects of two factors are opposite,but one of them may become a leading factor at different time.According that we can also deduce climate information from trace elements change.Speleothems Mg/Ca composition from Furong Cave and Xueyu Cave are related to drip water Mg/Ca composition,which can be used to reflect rainfall condition change.
(3) The trace element records of stalagmite in Chongqing can be used as climate and environment proxy.Mg/Ca ratio may be the best one.Compared with carbon and oxygen stable isotope research,we find that Mg/Ca ratio has better correlation with carbon stable isotope,which indicate that it may be used as a climate proxy of the past rainfall.It also accord with the conclusion from trace element research of cave drip water.Whereas it is noticeable that any other factors can also affect Mg~(2+) content in original solution,just as D_(Mg)(distribution coefficient change by temperature), vegetation,soil microbe activity and so on.So we consider that when using Mg/Ca ratio to recover paleoclimate,we should collate it with carbon and oxygen stable isotope in order to avoid wrong information.
(4) The correlation among different trace element of one stalagmite can reflect whether the factors which control trace element change are the same.As a whole, Mg/Ca ratio has low relativity with Ba/Ca ratio,and we may consider that they are respectively controlled by rainfall and soil microbe.On the other hand,Sr/Ca ratio can keep positive relativity with the former two ratios,so it indicates that Sr/Ca ratio may be controlled by the former two factors.In a word,it is more credible to use Mg/Ca ratio as climate psychrometer which has less external influence and it is questionable to use Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios as one climate proxy because they are sensitive to many factors just like vegetation,soil microbe activity.
(5) When the oxygen isotope change is in consistent with carbon isotope,trace element change(Mg/Ca ratio) are also the same as stable istopes and paleoclimate information recorded by them are in accordance.Reversely,trace element and stable isotope record may have different paleoclimate information.We wonder that whether climate information of trace element record is true only in the condition of typical monsoon climate model? We still have more evidence to confirm it.
(6) Mg/Sr ratio change is in accord with Mg/Ca of stalagmite record in Chongqing,which mainly affected by Mg~(2+) content change and it can be used as an proxy of past rainfall not temperature.Only when the original trace element content or ratio in karst water has no or little change can Mg/Sr ratio be used as paleo-temperature proxy.Otherwise we should consider fully various factors which have an effect on trace element change in order to make sure that these climate information records of trace element are true.
(7) The Mg/Ca ratio of stalagmite record in Chongqing can be used as a proxy of past rainfall.However the precipitation and temperature conditions not always have isochronous change.If some extreme climate event happened in falling temperature but with on rainfall change,and it is possible that the Mg/Ca ratio may have no sensitive to these events.
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