嫩江平原防护林资源循环再生技术研究
|
摘要
防护林体系是一个林业生态系统,它是应用生态系统中物种共生、物质循环再生、结构与功能协调原则,结合系统工程的最优化方法,设计分层多级利用的生产工艺系统。其目标就是在促进物质良性循环的前提下,充分发挥资源的生产潜力,防止环境污染,达到经济效益与生态效益同步发展。因此防护林体系建设和经营管理也必须走循环经济发展之路,进而提出“嫩江平原防护林资源循环再生技术”这一新的研究课题。
通过农防林接班林配置技术、农防林萌孽更新技术、薪炭林资源循环再生技术、胡枝子经济林循环再生技术等研究,最终提出防护林资源循环再生技术。
研究表明:
1.采用带外更新保持原网格大小不变,在林带一侧进行带外更新。以樟子松为主,落叶松、红皮云杉为辅,营造窄林带(1-3行)、小网格(500m×200m)农防林接班林。
2.待萌蘖更新的树木采伐后,要在来年的一月份,将伐根刨入地下10-15cm,然后,在伐根上埋一个20cm高的土堆,4月份解冻前要浇一场大水,以利萌蘖。萌蘖的第一年秋,留3-4棵健壮的萌条,其余剪掉。第二年秋,留1-2棵健壮的。第三年秋全部定植。
3.柳树薪炭林造林适宜密度为每公顷1.8万丛。插条造林,以穗长25cm左右,上端外露1cm为宜。柳树薪炭林以2a轮伐1次为宜。
4.选择不宜耕作的地段作为胡枝子造林地。穴径40cm,深30cm,每穴植1-2株截干苗,栽后覆土踏实。土壤干燥地段栽后要及时浇水。收割季节宜在11-12月份。对造林条件好的地段也可采用直播造林,每穴10-15粒种子,种子散开,穴径30cm,穴距1m,最后每穴留3-5株苗木,以后可2a平茬收割一次。齐齐哈尔地区,最佳刈割频度为la刈割3次,每6周刈割1次。
Shelterbelts system is a forest ecosystem,it is the application of the ecosystem of symbiotic species,recycled material,the principle of structure and function coordination, combined with optimization of systems engineering,design stratified multi-stage production process using the system.Its goal is to promote a virtuous circle of material under the premise of giving full play to the productive potential of resources and prevent environmental pollution,to achieve economic efficiency and ecological benefits of development.Therefore the construction of shelterbelts and management must take the development of circular economy,and the new study " Reserch on Circulation and Regeneration of Shelterbelts Resource in Nenjiang Plain".
Study shows that:1.Adopt method of out-belt reproduction and maintain the size of the original grid unchanged,carry out out-belt regeneration in one side of forest belt.2. According to the requirements of Protective Benefits and the wood species,determine the reproduction by technical maturity age,mature age of protective maturity age and natural maturity age 3.Adopt advance reproduction,the original-belt reproduction,half- belt reproduction and roll-belt reproduction.4.The time for coppice shoot regeneration is November or December in Qiqihar areas.
通过农防林接班林配置技术、农防林萌孽更新技术、薪炭林资源循环再生技术、胡枝子经济林循环再生技术等研究,最终提出防护林资源循环再生技术。
研究表明:
1.采用带外更新保持原网格大小不变,在林带一侧进行带外更新。以樟子松为主,落叶松、红皮云杉为辅,营造窄林带(1-3行)、小网格(500m×200m)农防林接班林。
2.待萌蘖更新的树木采伐后,要在来年的一月份,将伐根刨入地下10-15cm,然后,在伐根上埋一个20cm高的土堆,4月份解冻前要浇一场大水,以利萌蘖。萌蘖的第一年秋,留3-4棵健壮的萌条,其余剪掉。第二年秋,留1-2棵健壮的。第三年秋全部定植。
3.柳树薪炭林造林适宜密度为每公顷1.8万丛。插条造林,以穗长25cm左右,上端外露1cm为宜。柳树薪炭林以2a轮伐1次为宜。
4.选择不宜耕作的地段作为胡枝子造林地。穴径40cm,深30cm,每穴植1-2株截干苗,栽后覆土踏实。土壤干燥地段栽后要及时浇水。收割季节宜在11-12月份。对造林条件好的地段也可采用直播造林,每穴10-15粒种子,种子散开,穴径30cm,穴距1m,最后每穴留3-5株苗木,以后可2a平茬收割一次。齐齐哈尔地区,最佳刈割频度为la刈割3次,每6周刈割1次。
Shelterbelts system is a forest ecosystem,it is the application of the ecosystem of symbiotic species,recycled material,the principle of structure and function coordination, combined with optimization of systems engineering,design stratified multi-stage production process using the system.Its goal is to promote a virtuous circle of material under the premise of giving full play to the productive potential of resources and prevent environmental pollution,to achieve economic efficiency and ecological benefits of development.Therefore the construction of shelterbelts and management must take the development of circular economy,and the new study " Reserch on Circulation and Regeneration of Shelterbelts Resource in Nenjiang Plain".
Study shows that:1.Adopt method of out-belt reproduction and maintain the size of the original grid unchanged,carry out out-belt regeneration in one side of forest belt.2. According to the requirements of Protective Benefits and the wood species,determine the reproduction by technical maturity age,mature age of protective maturity age and natural maturity age 3.Adopt advance reproduction,the original-belt reproduction,half- belt reproduction and roll-belt reproduction.4.The time for coppice shoot regeneration is November or December in Qiqihar areas.
引文
[1]胡文力.长白山过伐林区云冷杉针阔混交林分结构的研究[D].硕士论文.北京林业大学.
[2]李毅,孙雪新,康向阳.甘肃胡杨林分结构的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(3):88-95.
[3]陈东来,秦淑英.山杨天然林林分结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1994,17(1):36-43.
[4]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[5]黄清麟.福建青冈萌芽林分结构及生产力的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2):107-111.
[6]解丹丹.陈和洞自然保护区常绿阔叶林结构多样性研究[J],华南农业大学学报,2007,28(4):71-74.
[7]张喜,贵州省长江流域天然林分区和主要树种结构[J],山地学报,2001,19(4):312-320.
[8]杨彦承,张炜银.海南霸王岭陆均松类热带山地雨林伐后林结构与物种多样性研究[J],林业科学研究,21(1):37-43.
[9]Takuo Nagaike,etc Plant species diversity in abandoned cop-pice forests in a.temperate deciduous forest area of central Ja-pan Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[10]N.LUST,ete Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scotspine stands by an ecologically diversified management biodi-versity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[11]T.Manabe,etc Population structure and spatial patterns fortrees in a temperate old growth evergreen broad-leaved forestin Japan Plant Ecology,2000,151:181-197.
[12]吴延熊,周国模.区域森林资源可持续发展的预警分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1999,16(1):55-60
[13]张鼎华,林卿.近自然林业与林业的可持续发展[J].生态经济,2000(7):23-26.
[14]张光坤.柳衫平均高与胸径平均模型的研究[J].福建林业科技,1995,22(3):55-58.
[15]危廷林.近自然林业与水土保持[J].福建水土保持,2001,13(1):20-22.
[16]张硕新,雷瑞德.“近自然林”--一种有发展前景的“人工天然林”[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):157-162.
[17]王树力.红松人工用材林近自然经营技术的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(3):22-25.
[18]李水根,吴纪桃.分形与小波[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[19]李亚春,孙涵.计盒维数法在云雾遥感监测中的应用研究[J].科技通报,2003,19(1):29-31.
[20]Christoph Leuschner,etc Stand fine root biomass and fine rootmorphology in old-growth beech forests as a function of precip-itation and soil fertility Plant and Soil,2004,258:43-56.
[21]Manuel R.etc Structure and floristics of secon.dary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica Plant Ecology,1997,132:107-120.
[22]Takuo Nagaike,etc Plant species diversity in abandoned cop-pice forests in a temperate deciduous forest area of central Ja-pan Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[23]郑景明,赵秀海.北京百花山森林群落的结构多样性研究[J],北京林业大学学报,2007,29(1):7-13.
[24]常杰,陈刚,葛滢.植物结构的分形特征及模拟[J].杭州大学出版社,1995.12-14.
[25]王治,李向荣.植物分枝模型[J],武汉植物学研究,1999,17(1):41-45.
[26]包青.白桦林不同树种枝条生长曲线的幂函数式与密度[J],吉林林业科技,1996.
[27]金永焕,周莉.延边地区天然赤松林幼树分枝特性研究[J],沈阳农业大学学报,2003,34(4):47 263-266
[28]宋金聪.人工楠木林分结构及生长状况分析[J].福建农业科技,2006,15(4):73-75.
[29]陈昌雄,陈平留.闽北天然异龄林林分结构规律的研究[J].福建林业科技,1997,24(4):1-4.
[30]陈昌雄,黄宝龙.南平市延平区天然阔叶林直径分布的研究[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(1):1-6.
[31]罗瑞平,亢新刚.黄龙山林区天然油松林直径结构规律[J].林业调查规划,2006,31(3):86-88
[32]Wayan C.Zipperer Species composition and structure of re-generated and remnant forest patches within an urban land-scape Urban Ecosystems,2002,6:271-290.
[33]Unna Chokkalingam and Alan White Structure and spatial pat-terns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed fore-sts of northern Maine Plant Ecology,2000,00:1-22.
[34]杨彦承.海南霸王岭陆均松类热带山地雨林伐后林结构与物种多样性研究[J],林业科学研究,2008,21(1):37-43.
[35]N.Nishimura,etc.Tree competition and species coexistencin a warm-temperate oldgrowth evergreen broad-leaved foresin Japan Plant Ecology,2002,164:235-248.
[36]段爱国.杉木人工林林分直径结构动态变化及其密度效应的研究[J],林业科学研究,2004,17(2):178-184.
[37]张贵,陈建华.应用weibull分布研究毛竹林分直径结构规律,经济林研究,2002,20(4):31-33
[38]曾德慧,姜凤岐.樟子松沙地人工林直径分布模拟,应用生态学报,1997,8(3):231-234.
[39]惠淑荣,吕永霞.weibull分布函数在林分直径结构预测模型中的应用,北华大学学 报,2003,4(2):101-104.
[40]王云秀,黄建松.应用weibull分布拟合刺槐林份直径结构的研究[J],林业勘察设计,2004.
[41]王明亮.Logistic分布预测林分直径结构的研究[J],林业科学研究,1998,11(5):537-541.
[42]Nanang D.M.Suitability of the Normal,Log-normal andWeibull distributions for fitting diameter distributions of neemplantations in Northern Ghana.Forest Ecology and Managemerit,1988.103:1-7.
[43]游水生,饶英豪,罗水发.福建武平帽布米楮林择阀经营策略初探Ⅰ.年龄结构和生长过程分析[J].福建林学院学报,1996,16(3):234-238.
[44]梁士楚,李久林,程仕泽.贵州青岩油杉种群年龄结构和动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1):21-26.
[45]张伟,郝青云,任俊义.庞泉沟次生混交林主要种群年龄结构和空间格局研究[J].山西农业大学学报,2002.
[46]朱守谦.马尾松幼龄种群年龄结构研究[J],山地农业生物学报,1988,18(5):289-295.
[47]钟慕尧.不同林龄桉树人工林森林空间结构差异研究[J],广东林业科技,2005,21(4):1-5.
[48]宋坤.栲树种群的年龄结构及其生长特征[J],应用生态学报,2007,18(2):254-260.
[49]方江平,钟政昌.林芝地区光核桃种群的年龄结构[J],林业科技开发,2008,22(1):53-56.
[50]张伟.庞泉沟次生混交林主要种群年龄结构和空间格局研究[J],山西农业大学学报,2002.
[51]沈国舫.现代高效持续林业-中国林业发展道路的抉择[J].林业经济,1998,(4):1-8.
[52]郭丽虹,李荷云.桤木人工林林分胸径与树高的威布尔分布拟合[J].江西林业科技,2000,(2):26-27.
[53]吕勇,李际平.、会同杉木人工林的树高分布模型[J],中南林学院学报,1999,19(1):68-70
[54]邓坤枚.长自山北坡云冷杉林胸径、树高结构及其生长规律的分析[J].资源科学,1999,48 21(1):77-84.
[55]赵文智.降水量下限引种区沙地樟子松幼林种群树高分布偏斜度和不整齐性[J],应用生态学报,2002,13(1):6-10.
[56]庄孟能,叶章善.杉木拟赤杨混交林林分结构和生产力[J].福建林学院学报,1994,14(4):339-348.
[57]邢华文,李永生.太行山石灰岩区水保林林分结构模式研究[J].山西林业科技,2000,(1):5-9.
[58]张思玉,郑世群.笔架山常绿阔叶林群落结构特征[J].林业科学,2000,37(1):110-116.
[59]杨一川,庄平,黎系荣.峨眉山峨眉栲、华木荷群落研究[J].植物生态学报,1994,18(2):105-120
[60]郑德璋.海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律[J].林业科学研究,1995,8(2):152-158
[61]韩玉萍,李雪梅,刘玉成.缙云山森林群落次生演替序列的垂直结构与物种多样性的关系[J].西南农业大学学报,1999,21(4):391-396.
[62]马丹炜.青城山天然常绿阔叶林群落特征的初步研究[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,21(2):196-199.
[63]胡正华,于明坚.浙江古田山自然保护区森林群落特征研究[J].浙江林业科技,2002,22(6):1-4
[64]黄金燕,周世强.四川红杉人工林结构及生长规律研究[J],四川林业科技,1995,16(2):40-44
[65]胡艳波,惠刚盈.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析,林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530
[66]郑景明,罗菊春.长白山阔叶红松林结构多样性的初步研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(4):295-302
[67]朱教君.透光分层疏透度测定及其在次生林结构研究中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1229-1233
[68]Daria Pereg and Serge Payette Development of black sprucegrowth forms at treeline Plant Ecology,1998,138:137-147.
[69]胡艳波.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530.
[70]Dieter Mueller-Dombois Forest vegetation across the tropicalPacific:A biogeographically complex region with many analo-gous environments Plant Ecology,2002,163:155-176.
[71]祖元刚.北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析[J].植物研究,2000,20(1):112-119.
[72]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征[J].植物研究,2000,20(2):235-241.
[73]梁士楚,王伯荪.红树植物木榄种群高度结构的分形特征[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(4):408-412
[74]邓红兵.三峡库区次生柏木林中物种分布格局的分形特征[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):518-520.
[75]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征:计盒维数[J].植物研究,2000,20(1):104-111
[76]陶冶,刘彤.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘心叶驼绒藜和梭梭种群分布的计盒维数[J],生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(1):5-9.
[77]周国芳.西藏昌都地区红皮云杉群落空间分布格局的分形分析[J],中南林业调查规划,2002,21(3)
[78]吴大干,张治国.暖温带石灰岩山地森林种群格局的分形特征研究[J],山东林业科技,2006.
[79]邓红兵.三峡库区次生柏木林中物种黼格局的分形特征[J],应用生态学报,1999,10(5):518-520.
[80]宋萍,洪伟.天然黄山松种群格局的分形特征--计盒维数与信息维数[J],武汉植物学研究,2004,22(5):400-405.
[81]N.LUST,etc Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scotpine stands by an ecologically diversified management biodi-versity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[82]张硕新,雷瑞德.“近自然林”一种有发展前景的“人工天然林”.西北林学院学报,1996,11(2):157-162.
[83]王树力.红松人工用材林近自然经营技术的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(3):22-25.
[84]Farid dahdouh-guebas The use of remote sensing and GIS inthe sustainable management of tropica coastal ecosystems En-vironment,Development and Sustainability,2002,4:93-112.
[85]J.E.Lundquist,etc Use of fourier transforms to define land.scape scales of analysis for disturbances:a case study of thi-nned and unthinned forest stands Landscape Ecology,2002,17:445-156.
[86]陈东立.利用SVS模型实现林分空间格局可视化方法初探,西北林学院学报,2007。22(1):152-156
[87]杨大三.鄂西三峡库区防护林研究[M].湖北科学技术出版社,1996.
[88]康立新.沿海防护林体系功能及其效益[M].科学技术文献出版社,1994.
[89]杨玉坡.长江上游(川江)防护林研究[M].科学出版社,1993.
[90]湘中丘陵洞庭湖水系生态经济型防护林体系建设技术研究”专题组.湘中丘陵洞庭湖水系生态经济型防护林体系建设技术研究(专题报告)[R]1996.
[91]宋兆明主编 黄淮海平原综合防护林体系配套技术研究[M]气象出版社,1991
[92]Nuberg,IK,Eans,DG,Alley cropping and an log forest for soil conversation the dry uplands of SriLanka,Agro forestry system,1993,24(3):247-269,37ref.
[93]Rakhmanov,VV,Opritova,RV,1979,The importance of forests for water conservationin-the Soviet FarEast,LesnoeKhozyaistvo,No 5,22-25,12ref.
[94]钟哲科.丘陵红壤防护林树种优化模式选择[J]林业科技通讯,1994,(4):12-14.
[95]刘世荣,温远光主编中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M]中国林业出版社,1996.
[96]周毅,苏志尧 公益林生态效益计量研究进展[J]世界林业研究,1998,11(2):13-17.
[97]粟娟评估森林综合效益的新方法-能值分析法[J]2000,13(1):32-37.
[98]孙立达,朱金兆主编 水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M]中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[99]王富炜 生态经济型防护林经济效益评价体系[J]北京林业大学学报,8(增2):141-147.
[100]慕长 龙长江中上游防护林体系综合效益评价[J]北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6).
[101]国外林业文摘 1999,第4期,P77.
[102]国外林业文摘 1999,第5期,P91.
[103]国外林业文摘 1999,第3期,P86.
[104]姜凤歧主编林带经营技术与理论基础[M]中国林业出版社,1992.
[105]王金锡,许金铎长江上游高山高原林业迹地生态与营林更新技术[M]中国林业出版社,1995.
[106]阎树文 农田防护林学[M]北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[107]陈建业,孟平,宋兆民等 农田防护林网隔带更新模式的傲气象效应研究[J]林业科学研究,1997.
[108]李谷景 水源涵养林的规划布局及其组织经营[J]吉林林业科技 1987,68(3):19-21.
[109]姜凤歧,朱教君农田防护林防护成熟的探讨及其应用[A]中国林学会·中国林学会造林分会第三届学术讨论会造林论文集[C]北京:中国林业出版社,1994.10-13.
[110]姜凤歧,朱教君,周新华等 林带的防护成熟与更新[J]应用生态学报,1994,5(4):337-343.
[111]陆静英,刘绍祥 农田防护林伐期龄的探讨[A]向开馥 东北西部内蒙东部防护林研究[C]哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1989,465-372.
[112]李昕,章依平,郭杏华 东北地区农田防护林主要树种的成熟龄和更新龄的研究[A]向开馥 东北西部内蒙东部防护林研究[C]哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1989,373-378.
[113]郑良,徐瑞武,邓首彦 吉林省中部农田防护林主要树种更新龄和更新树种研究[J]林业勘侧设计,1994(1):1-8.
[114]胡海波,姜志林,袁成农田防护林采伐年龄的探讨[J]江苏林业科技,1999, 26(1):57-61.
[115]梁守仁 对雁北小叶杨防护林更新改造的几点意见[J]山西林业科技,1992(1):42-43.
[116]柯玉铸,黄金水,陈端钦抗性木麻黄在沿海防护林二代更新中的应用研究[J]防护林科技,1996(4):19-21,44.
[117]陈昌茂 沿海木麻黄、湿地松混交和黑松林改造试验[J]福建林业科技,1998,25(1):67-72.
[118]Marszalek,T,1988,Apointmetod for determining the multiple value of forest units,LasPolski No 19,12-13.
[119]徐孝庆主编 森林综合效益计量评价[M]中国林业出版社,1992
[120]蔡壮飞,曲志义,刘涛 农田防护林更新技术的研究[J]内蒙古林业科学,1988(1):1-8.
[121]朱教君 美国大平原防护林概况[J]世界林业研究,1993,6(3):80-85.
[122]Bates E M,Phillips R L Effect of a solid windbreak in a cattle2feeding area.Oreg.Agric.Exp.Stn.Bull.1980,646,9pp,
[123]Bond T E,Laster D B.Influence of windbreaks on feedlot cattle in the midwest.Trans.A.S.A.E.1974,17:505-507,512.
[124]Alexander G,Lynch J J,Mottershad B E.et al.Reduction in lamb mortality by means of grass windbreaks-results of a five year study[J].Appl.Anmi.Ethol.,1980,(5):51-69.
[125]Caborn J M.Shelterbelt and Windbreak[M].London:The Bowering Press Plymouth,1965,85-100.
[126]Bate,C G.Shelterbelt influences J.1945(2):88-92.
[127]Mailly D et al.forest floor and mineral soft development in Carolina coastal sanddunes of Senegal.Forest Ecology and Management.1992,55(1/4):259-278.
[128]Ogan M Y.The nodulation and nitrogenase activity of mangrove legumes in a Nigerian swamp,Plant and SoiL1990,123(1):125~129.[43]Mclennan D S et al.Spatial variation in black cottonwood(Popul us t richocarpa) foliar nutrient concentrations at seven alluvial sites in coastal Britain Colombia.Canadian Journal of Research Forest.1990,20(7):1089-1097.
[129]Steinke T D et al.Litter production by mangroves Ⅱ.st.Lucia and Richaras Bay.South African Forest of Botany.1988,54(5):445-454.
[130]Mclennan D S et al.Spatial variation in black cottonwood(Populus t richocarpa)foliar nutrient concentrations at seven alluvial sites in coastal Britain Colombia.Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1990,20(7):1089-1097.
[131]Silva C A R et al.Metals resetvior in a red mangrove forest.Biotropica,1990,22(4):339-345.
[132]Lee W G et al.Invasion of the subantarotic Auckland Island,New Zealand,by the asterad trec Olearia Lyallii and its inter2action with a resident myrtaceous tree metrosideros umbcllata.Journal of Biogeography.1991,18(5):493-508.
[133]Dale V H et al.Potential effects of climate change on stand development in the Pacific Northwest.Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1989,19(12):1581-1590.
[134]Chan S Set al.Correlations between overtopping vegetation and development of Douglas fir saplings in the Oregon Coast Range.Western Journal of Applied Forestry.1987,2(4):117-119.
[135]Wyant J G et al.Physiographic position disturbance and species composition in north carolina coastal plain forest.Forest Ecology and Management.1991,41(1/2):1-19.
[136]Sun E J.Studies on scorching of rice plants and trees on northwestern coastal areas of Taiwan'Ⅲ.Pathological evidences of salt spray iujury to major windbreak trees.Plant Protection Bulletin.1992,34(4):283-293.
[137]Vander Moezel P G et al.The effect of salinity on the germination of some wastern Australian Eucalytus and Helalenca species.Seed Science and Technology.1987,15(11):239-246.
[138]Pezeshki S R et al.Effects of waterlogging and salinity interaction on nyssa aquatica seedlings.Forest Ecology and Management.1989,27(1):41-51.
[139]Dasberg S et al.The effect of saline irrigation water on "shamouti" orange trees.Irrigation Soience,1991,12(4):205-211.
[140]Mailly D et al.Forest floor and mineral soil development in casuarina equisetifolia plantations on the coastal sand dunes of Senegal.Forest Ecology and Management.1992,55(1/4):259-278.
[141]Ogan M T.The nodulation and nitrogenase activity of natural stands of mangrove legumes in a Nigerian swamp.Plant and Soil.1990,123(1):125-129.
[142]FAP项目组.钦防地区林业行动计划,1999.
[143]FAO.Yearbook of Forest Products(1993-1997),1997.
[2]李毅,孙雪新,康向阳.甘肃胡杨林分结构的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(3):88-95.
[3]陈东来,秦淑英.山杨天然林林分结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1994,17(1):36-43.
[4]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[5]黄清麟.福建青冈萌芽林分结构及生产力的研究[J].福建林学院学报,1995,15(2):107-111.
[6]解丹丹.陈和洞自然保护区常绿阔叶林结构多样性研究[J],华南农业大学学报,2007,28(4):71-74.
[7]张喜,贵州省长江流域天然林分区和主要树种结构[J],山地学报,2001,19(4):312-320.
[8]杨彦承,张炜银.海南霸王岭陆均松类热带山地雨林伐后林结构与物种多样性研究[J],林业科学研究,21(1):37-43.
[9]Takuo Nagaike,etc Plant species diversity in abandoned cop-pice forests in a.temperate deciduous forest area of central Ja-pan Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[10]N.LUST,ete Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scotspine stands by an ecologically diversified management biodi-versity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[11]T.Manabe,etc Population structure and spatial patterns fortrees in a temperate old growth evergreen broad-leaved forestin Japan Plant Ecology,2000,151:181-197.
[12]吴延熊,周国模.区域森林资源可持续发展的预警分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1999,16(1):55-60
[13]张鼎华,林卿.近自然林业与林业的可持续发展[J].生态经济,2000(7):23-26.
[14]张光坤.柳衫平均高与胸径平均模型的研究[J].福建林业科技,1995,22(3):55-58.
[15]危廷林.近自然林业与水土保持[J].福建水土保持,2001,13(1):20-22.
[16]张硕新,雷瑞德.“近自然林”--一种有发展前景的“人工天然林”[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):157-162.
[17]王树力.红松人工用材林近自然经营技术的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(3):22-25.
[18]李水根,吴纪桃.分形与小波[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[19]李亚春,孙涵.计盒维数法在云雾遥感监测中的应用研究[J].科技通报,2003,19(1):29-31.
[20]Christoph Leuschner,etc Stand fine root biomass and fine rootmorphology in old-growth beech forests as a function of precip-itation and soil fertility Plant and Soil,2004,258:43-56.
[21]Manuel R.etc Structure and floristics of secon.dary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica Plant Ecology,1997,132:107-120.
[22]Takuo Nagaike,etc Plant species diversity in abandoned cop-pice forests in a temperate deciduous forest area of central Ja-pan Plant Ecology,2003,166:145-156.
[23]郑景明,赵秀海.北京百花山森林群落的结构多样性研究[J],北京林业大学学报,2007,29(1):7-13.
[24]常杰,陈刚,葛滢.植物结构的分形特征及模拟[J].杭州大学出版社,1995.12-14.
[25]王治,李向荣.植物分枝模型[J],武汉植物学研究,1999,17(1):41-45.
[26]包青.白桦林不同树种枝条生长曲线的幂函数式与密度[J],吉林林业科技,1996.
[27]金永焕,周莉.延边地区天然赤松林幼树分枝特性研究[J],沈阳农业大学学报,2003,34(4):47 263-266
[28]宋金聪.人工楠木林分结构及生长状况分析[J].福建农业科技,2006,15(4):73-75.
[29]陈昌雄,陈平留.闽北天然异龄林林分结构规律的研究[J].福建林业科技,1997,24(4):1-4.
[30]陈昌雄,黄宝龙.南平市延平区天然阔叶林直径分布的研究[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(1):1-6.
[31]罗瑞平,亢新刚.黄龙山林区天然油松林直径结构规律[J].林业调查规划,2006,31(3):86-88
[32]Wayan C.Zipperer Species composition and structure of re-generated and remnant forest patches within an urban land-scape Urban Ecosystems,2002,6:271-290.
[33]Unna Chokkalingam and Alan White Structure and spatial pat-terns of trees in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed fore-sts of northern Maine Plant Ecology,2000,00:1-22.
[34]杨彦承.海南霸王岭陆均松类热带山地雨林伐后林结构与物种多样性研究[J],林业科学研究,2008,21(1):37-43.
[35]N.Nishimura,etc.Tree competition and species coexistencin a warm-temperate oldgrowth evergreen broad-leaved foresin Japan Plant Ecology,2002,164:235-248.
[36]段爱国.杉木人工林林分直径结构动态变化及其密度效应的研究[J],林业科学研究,2004,17(2):178-184.
[37]张贵,陈建华.应用weibull分布研究毛竹林分直径结构规律,经济林研究,2002,20(4):31-33
[38]曾德慧,姜凤岐.樟子松沙地人工林直径分布模拟,应用生态学报,1997,8(3):231-234.
[39]惠淑荣,吕永霞.weibull分布函数在林分直径结构预测模型中的应用,北华大学学 报,2003,4(2):101-104.
[40]王云秀,黄建松.应用weibull分布拟合刺槐林份直径结构的研究[J],林业勘察设计,2004.
[41]王明亮.Logistic分布预测林分直径结构的研究[J],林业科学研究,1998,11(5):537-541.
[42]Nanang D.M.Suitability of the Normal,Log-normal andWeibull distributions for fitting diameter distributions of neemplantations in Northern Ghana.Forest Ecology and Managemerit,1988.103:1-7.
[43]游水生,饶英豪,罗水发.福建武平帽布米楮林择阀经营策略初探Ⅰ.年龄结构和生长过程分析[J].福建林学院学报,1996,16(3):234-238.
[44]梁士楚,李久林,程仕泽.贵州青岩油杉种群年龄结构和动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(1):21-26.
[45]张伟,郝青云,任俊义.庞泉沟次生混交林主要种群年龄结构和空间格局研究[J].山西农业大学学报,2002.
[46]朱守谦.马尾松幼龄种群年龄结构研究[J],山地农业生物学报,1988,18(5):289-295.
[47]钟慕尧.不同林龄桉树人工林森林空间结构差异研究[J],广东林业科技,2005,21(4):1-5.
[48]宋坤.栲树种群的年龄结构及其生长特征[J],应用生态学报,2007,18(2):254-260.
[49]方江平,钟政昌.林芝地区光核桃种群的年龄结构[J],林业科技开发,2008,22(1):53-56.
[50]张伟.庞泉沟次生混交林主要种群年龄结构和空间格局研究[J],山西农业大学学报,2002.
[51]沈国舫.现代高效持续林业-中国林业发展道路的抉择[J].林业经济,1998,(4):1-8.
[52]郭丽虹,李荷云.桤木人工林林分胸径与树高的威布尔分布拟合[J].江西林业科技,2000,(2):26-27.
[53]吕勇,李际平.、会同杉木人工林的树高分布模型[J],中南林学院学报,1999,19(1):68-70
[54]邓坤枚.长自山北坡云冷杉林胸径、树高结构及其生长规律的分析[J].资源科学,1999,48 21(1):77-84.
[55]赵文智.降水量下限引种区沙地樟子松幼林种群树高分布偏斜度和不整齐性[J],应用生态学报,2002,13(1):6-10.
[56]庄孟能,叶章善.杉木拟赤杨混交林林分结构和生产力[J].福建林学院学报,1994,14(4):339-348.
[57]邢华文,李永生.太行山石灰岩区水保林林分结构模式研究[J].山西林业科技,2000,(1):5-9.
[58]张思玉,郑世群.笔架山常绿阔叶林群落结构特征[J].林业科学,2000,37(1):110-116.
[59]杨一川,庄平,黎系荣.峨眉山峨眉栲、华木荷群落研究[J].植物生态学报,1994,18(2):105-120
[60]郑德璋.海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律[J].林业科学研究,1995,8(2):152-158
[61]韩玉萍,李雪梅,刘玉成.缙云山森林群落次生演替序列的垂直结构与物种多样性的关系[J].西南农业大学学报,1999,21(4):391-396.
[62]马丹炜.青城山天然常绿阔叶林群落特征的初步研究[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,21(2):196-199.
[63]胡正华,于明坚.浙江古田山自然保护区森林群落特征研究[J].浙江林业科技,2002,22(6):1-4
[64]黄金燕,周世强.四川红杉人工林结构及生长规律研究[J],四川林业科技,1995,16(2):40-44
[65]胡艳波,惠刚盈.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析,林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530
[66]郑景明,罗菊春.长白山阔叶红松林结构多样性的初步研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(4):295-302
[67]朱教君.透光分层疏透度测定及其在次生林结构研究中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1229-1233
[68]Daria Pereg and Serge Payette Development of black sprucegrowth forms at treeline Plant Ecology,1998,138:137-147.
[69]胡艳波.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530.
[70]Dieter Mueller-Dombois Forest vegetation across the tropicalPacific:A biogeographically complex region with many analo-gous environments Plant Ecology,2002,163:155-176.
[71]祖元刚.北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析[J].植物研究,2000,20(1):112-119.
[72]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征[J].植物研究,2000,20(2):235-241.
[73]梁士楚,王伯荪.红树植物木榄种群高度结构的分形特征[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(4):408-412
[74]邓红兵.三峡库区次生柏木林中物种分布格局的分形特征[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):518-520.
[75]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征:计盒维数[J].植物研究,2000,20(1):104-111
[76]陶冶,刘彤.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘心叶驼绒藜和梭梭种群分布的计盒维数[J],生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(1):5-9.
[77]周国芳.西藏昌都地区红皮云杉群落空间分布格局的分形分析[J],中南林业调查规划,2002,21(3)
[78]吴大干,张治国.暖温带石灰岩山地森林种群格局的分形特征研究[J],山东林业科技,2006.
[79]邓红兵.三峡库区次生柏木林中物种黼格局的分形特征[J],应用生态学报,1999,10(5):518-520.
[80]宋萍,洪伟.天然黄山松种群格局的分形特征--计盒维数与信息维数[J],武汉植物学研究,2004,22(5):400-405.
[81]N.LUST,etc Increase of biodiversity in homogeneous Scotpine stands by an ecologically diversified management biodi-versity and conservation,1998,7:249-260.
[82]张硕新,雷瑞德.“近自然林”一种有发展前景的“人工天然林”.西北林学院学报,1996,11(2):157-162.
[83]王树力.红松人工用材林近自然经营技术的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(3):22-25.
[84]Farid dahdouh-guebas The use of remote sensing and GIS inthe sustainable management of tropica coastal ecosystems En-vironment,Development and Sustainability,2002,4:93-112.
[85]J.E.Lundquist,etc Use of fourier transforms to define land.scape scales of analysis for disturbances:a case study of thi-nned and unthinned forest stands Landscape Ecology,2002,17:445-156.
[86]陈东立.利用SVS模型实现林分空间格局可视化方法初探,西北林学院学报,2007。22(1):152-156
[87]杨大三.鄂西三峡库区防护林研究[M].湖北科学技术出版社,1996.
[88]康立新.沿海防护林体系功能及其效益[M].科学技术文献出版社,1994.
[89]杨玉坡.长江上游(川江)防护林研究[M].科学出版社,1993.
[90]湘中丘陵洞庭湖水系生态经济型防护林体系建设技术研究”专题组.湘中丘陵洞庭湖水系生态经济型防护林体系建设技术研究(专题报告)[R]1996.
[91]宋兆明主编 黄淮海平原综合防护林体系配套技术研究[M]气象出版社,1991
[92]Nuberg,IK,Eans,DG,Alley cropping and an log forest for soil conversation the dry uplands of SriLanka,Agro forestry system,1993,24(3):247-269,37ref.
[93]Rakhmanov,VV,Opritova,RV,1979,The importance of forests for water conservationin-the Soviet FarEast,LesnoeKhozyaistvo,No 5,22-25,12ref.
[94]钟哲科.丘陵红壤防护林树种优化模式选择[J]林业科技通讯,1994,(4):12-14.
[95]刘世荣,温远光主编中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M]中国林业出版社,1996.
[96]周毅,苏志尧 公益林生态效益计量研究进展[J]世界林业研究,1998,11(2):13-17.
[97]粟娟评估森林综合效益的新方法-能值分析法[J]2000,13(1):32-37.
[98]孙立达,朱金兆主编 水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M]中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[99]王富炜 生态经济型防护林经济效益评价体系[J]北京林业大学学报,8(增2):141-147.
[100]慕长 龙长江中上游防护林体系综合效益评价[J]北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6).
[101]国外林业文摘 1999,第4期,P77.
[102]国外林业文摘 1999,第5期,P91.
[103]国外林业文摘 1999,第3期,P86.
[104]姜凤歧主编林带经营技术与理论基础[M]中国林业出版社,1992.
[105]王金锡,许金铎长江上游高山高原林业迹地生态与营林更新技术[M]中国林业出版社,1995.
[106]阎树文 农田防护林学[M]北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[107]陈建业,孟平,宋兆民等 农田防护林网隔带更新模式的傲气象效应研究[J]林业科学研究,1997.
[108]李谷景 水源涵养林的规划布局及其组织经营[J]吉林林业科技 1987,68(3):19-21.
[109]姜凤歧,朱教君农田防护林防护成熟的探讨及其应用[A]中国林学会·中国林学会造林分会第三届学术讨论会造林论文集[C]北京:中国林业出版社,1994.10-13.
[110]姜凤歧,朱教君,周新华等 林带的防护成熟与更新[J]应用生态学报,1994,5(4):337-343.
[111]陆静英,刘绍祥 农田防护林伐期龄的探讨[A]向开馥 东北西部内蒙东部防护林研究[C]哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1989,465-372.
[112]李昕,章依平,郭杏华 东北地区农田防护林主要树种的成熟龄和更新龄的研究[A]向开馥 东北西部内蒙东部防护林研究[C]哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1989,373-378.
[113]郑良,徐瑞武,邓首彦 吉林省中部农田防护林主要树种更新龄和更新树种研究[J]林业勘侧设计,1994(1):1-8.
[114]胡海波,姜志林,袁成农田防护林采伐年龄的探讨[J]江苏林业科技,1999, 26(1):57-61.
[115]梁守仁 对雁北小叶杨防护林更新改造的几点意见[J]山西林业科技,1992(1):42-43.
[116]柯玉铸,黄金水,陈端钦抗性木麻黄在沿海防护林二代更新中的应用研究[J]防护林科技,1996(4):19-21,44.
[117]陈昌茂 沿海木麻黄、湿地松混交和黑松林改造试验[J]福建林业科技,1998,25(1):67-72.
[118]Marszalek,T,1988,Apointmetod for determining the multiple value of forest units,LasPolski No 19,12-13.
[119]徐孝庆主编 森林综合效益计量评价[M]中国林业出版社,1992
[120]蔡壮飞,曲志义,刘涛 农田防护林更新技术的研究[J]内蒙古林业科学,1988(1):1-8.
[121]朱教君 美国大平原防护林概况[J]世界林业研究,1993,6(3):80-85.
[122]Bates E M,Phillips R L Effect of a solid windbreak in a cattle2feeding area.Oreg.Agric.Exp.Stn.Bull.1980,646,9pp,
[123]Bond T E,Laster D B.Influence of windbreaks on feedlot cattle in the midwest.Trans.A.S.A.E.1974,17:505-507,512.
[124]Alexander G,Lynch J J,Mottershad B E.et al.Reduction in lamb mortality by means of grass windbreaks-results of a five year study[J].Appl.Anmi.Ethol.,1980,(5):51-69.
[125]Caborn J M.Shelterbelt and Windbreak[M].London:The Bowering Press Plymouth,1965,85-100.
[126]Bate,C G.Shelterbelt influences J.1945(2):88-92.
[127]Mailly D et al.forest floor and mineral soft development in Carolina coastal sanddunes of Senegal.Forest Ecology and Management.1992,55(1/4):259-278.
[128]Ogan M Y.The nodulation and nitrogenase activity of mangrove legumes in a Nigerian swamp,Plant and SoiL1990,123(1):125~129.[43]Mclennan D S et al.Spatial variation in black cottonwood(Popul us t richocarpa) foliar nutrient concentrations at seven alluvial sites in coastal Britain Colombia.Canadian Journal of Research Forest.1990,20(7):1089-1097.
[129]Steinke T D et al.Litter production by mangroves Ⅱ.st.Lucia and Richaras Bay.South African Forest of Botany.1988,54(5):445-454.
[130]Mclennan D S et al.Spatial variation in black cottonwood(Populus t richocarpa)foliar nutrient concentrations at seven alluvial sites in coastal Britain Colombia.Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1990,20(7):1089-1097.
[131]Silva C A R et al.Metals resetvior in a red mangrove forest.Biotropica,1990,22(4):339-345.
[132]Lee W G et al.Invasion of the subantarotic Auckland Island,New Zealand,by the asterad trec Olearia Lyallii and its inter2action with a resident myrtaceous tree metrosideros umbcllata.Journal of Biogeography.1991,18(5):493-508.
[133]Dale V H et al.Potential effects of climate change on stand development in the Pacific Northwest.Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1989,19(12):1581-1590.
[134]Chan S Set al.Correlations between overtopping vegetation and development of Douglas fir saplings in the Oregon Coast Range.Western Journal of Applied Forestry.1987,2(4):117-119.
[135]Wyant J G et al.Physiographic position disturbance and species composition in north carolina coastal plain forest.Forest Ecology and Management.1991,41(1/2):1-19.
[136]Sun E J.Studies on scorching of rice plants and trees on northwestern coastal areas of Taiwan'Ⅲ.Pathological evidences of salt spray iujury to major windbreak trees.Plant Protection Bulletin.1992,34(4):283-293.
[137]Vander Moezel P G et al.The effect of salinity on the germination of some wastern Australian Eucalytus and Helalenca species.Seed Science and Technology.1987,15(11):239-246.
[138]Pezeshki S R et al.Effects of waterlogging and salinity interaction on nyssa aquatica seedlings.Forest Ecology and Management.1989,27(1):41-51.
[139]Dasberg S et al.The effect of saline irrigation water on "shamouti" orange trees.Irrigation Soience,1991,12(4):205-211.
[140]Mailly D et al.Forest floor and mineral soil development in casuarina equisetifolia plantations on the coastal sand dunes of Senegal.Forest Ecology and Management.1992,55(1/4):259-278.
[141]Ogan M T.The nodulation and nitrogenase activity of natural stands of mangrove legumes in a Nigerian swamp.Plant and Soil.1990,123(1):125-129.
[142]FAP项目组.钦防地区林业行动计划,1999.
[143]FAO.Yearbook of Forest Products(1993-1997),1997.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |