王屋水库饮用水水源污染风险评价研究
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摘要
地表饮用水水源是水资源的一个重要组成部分,在保障居民生活、促进社会经济发展和维持生态环境平衡等方面发挥着至关重要的作用。地表饮用水水源直接关系到广大居民的人体健康,与人类的生存息息相关。但是,随着社会经济的迅速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,污染物排放量逐年增加,水环境污染问题日益严重,饮用水安全受到威胁,对生态环境和人类健康造成了危害。进行地表饮用水水源污染风险评价研究将为饮用水水源保护提供重要的理论依据。
地表饮用水水源污染风险性是指地表饮用水水源由于人类活动而遭受污染到不可接受的水平的可能性,是地表饮用水水源纳污能力与人类活动造成的污染负荷之间相互作用的结果。地表饮用水水源脆弱性表征了人类活动造成的污染负荷;地表饮用水水源敏感性则既表征了地表饮用水水源纳污的能力又表征了人类活动造成的污染负荷。综合分析地表饮用水水源脆弱性评价和敏感性评价结果,便得到地表饮用水水源污染风险评价结果。按照这一评价思路,本文以王屋水库为例,针对我国北方地表饮用水水源利用与保护过程中的问题,进行了地表饮用水水源污染风险评价研究,主要内容如下:
(1)全面分析了地表饮用水水源污染风险的概念,总结了目前国内外地表饮用水污染风险评价及相关领域的研究现状和水平,指出了目前地表饮用水水源污染风险研究中存在的一些问题。
(2)采用类比经验法将王屋水库饮用水水源划分为三级保护区。详细调查了研究区即王屋水库汇水区内污染源,并将这些污染源按污染源类型、名称、代码、污染源位置、可能产生的污染物等信息分类存档,为后期工作做好了资料准备。
(3)利用王屋水库饮用水水源保护区划分和污染源调查结果,根据污染源数量及密集程度进行了王屋水库饮用水水源脆弱性评价,并对脆弱性评价结果进行了分析。
(4)讨论了地表饮用水水源敏感性的概念、影响因素、评价方法。从水库大小、取水设施及其完善性和WRASTIC指标体系三个方面对王屋水库饮用水水源进行了敏感性评价,分析三者评价结果得到了王屋水库饮用水水源敏感性评价结果,并对敏感性评价结果进行了分析。
(5)综合分析王屋水库饮用水水源脆弱性和敏感性评价结果,得到了王屋水库饮用水水源污染风险评价结果。分析污染风险评价过程,提出了王屋水库饮用水水源污染风险管理的建议。
Surface drinking water source is an important component of water resources, which plays an important part in protecting residents, socio-economic development,and maintaining the ecological environment balance. Surface water source has a bearing on the people’s health and human survival. However, water environment becomes more and more serious, with the rapid development of economy, increasing of people living standard, and the acceleration of urbanization and the contaminant discharge amount increase. Study on surface drinking water source contamination risk assessment will provide the important theoretical basis for drinking water source conservation..
Surface drinking water source contamination risk refers to the possibility of coming up to the unacceptable level when the surface water source suffers the pollution as a result of the human activity and the result of the interaction of the surface water source pollution receiving capacity and pollution load. The surface water source vulnerability reflects to the pollution load because of the human activity; the surface water source sensitivity reflects to the pollution receiving capacity and the pollution load because of the human activity. The surface water source contamination risk assessment result will obtain by comprehensive analyzing the surface water source vulnerability and sensitivity. In accordance with this evaluation idea, utilization and protection problems of surface water source in Northern China, study on surface water source contamination risk assessment was conducted, taking Wangwu reservoir as an example. The main contents of the study are as follows:
(1) A comprehensive analysis of the concept of the surface drinking water source contamination risk and summary of the research status and level about the surface drinking water source contamination risk and correlative study at home and abroad were conducted, and the existing problems in studies on the surface drinking water source contamination risk assessment were also pointed out.
(2) The analogy method was applied to delineate Wangwu reservoir into three-level protection areas. A detailed investigation on the contamination sources in the study area which is the catchment area of Wangwu reservoir was made. The contamination sources information, along with contaminant source type, name, code, position, potential contamination, and so on was archived to prepare for later period work.
(3) From the delineation result of Wangwu reservoir protection areas and the the contamination sources investigation, the surface water source vulnerability was assessed based on the number and proximity of contamination sources. The assessment result was analyzed.
(4) The concept, influence factors and assessment method of the surface water source sensitivity were discussed. The sensitivity of Wangwu reservoir water source was assessed based on the reservoir size, surface water intake construction and integrity, and WRASTIC index. The assessment result was analyzed.
(5) The surface water source contamination risk assessment result was obtained by comprehensive analyzing the surface water source vulnerability and vulnerability results. Then the process of contamination risk assessment was analyzed, and suggestions for Wangwu reservoir drinking water source contamination risk management were proposed.
地表饮用水水源污染风险性是指地表饮用水水源由于人类活动而遭受污染到不可接受的水平的可能性,是地表饮用水水源纳污能力与人类活动造成的污染负荷之间相互作用的结果。地表饮用水水源脆弱性表征了人类活动造成的污染负荷;地表饮用水水源敏感性则既表征了地表饮用水水源纳污的能力又表征了人类活动造成的污染负荷。综合分析地表饮用水水源脆弱性评价和敏感性评价结果,便得到地表饮用水水源污染风险评价结果。按照这一评价思路,本文以王屋水库为例,针对我国北方地表饮用水水源利用与保护过程中的问题,进行了地表饮用水水源污染风险评价研究,主要内容如下:
(1)全面分析了地表饮用水水源污染风险的概念,总结了目前国内外地表饮用水污染风险评价及相关领域的研究现状和水平,指出了目前地表饮用水水源污染风险研究中存在的一些问题。
(2)采用类比经验法将王屋水库饮用水水源划分为三级保护区。详细调查了研究区即王屋水库汇水区内污染源,并将这些污染源按污染源类型、名称、代码、污染源位置、可能产生的污染物等信息分类存档,为后期工作做好了资料准备。
(3)利用王屋水库饮用水水源保护区划分和污染源调查结果,根据污染源数量及密集程度进行了王屋水库饮用水水源脆弱性评价,并对脆弱性评价结果进行了分析。
(4)讨论了地表饮用水水源敏感性的概念、影响因素、评价方法。从水库大小、取水设施及其完善性和WRASTIC指标体系三个方面对王屋水库饮用水水源进行了敏感性评价,分析三者评价结果得到了王屋水库饮用水水源敏感性评价结果,并对敏感性评价结果进行了分析。
(5)综合分析王屋水库饮用水水源脆弱性和敏感性评价结果,得到了王屋水库饮用水水源污染风险评价结果。分析污染风险评价过程,提出了王屋水库饮用水水源污染风险管理的建议。
Surface drinking water source is an important component of water resources, which plays an important part in protecting residents, socio-economic development,and maintaining the ecological environment balance. Surface water source has a bearing on the people’s health and human survival. However, water environment becomes more and more serious, with the rapid development of economy, increasing of people living standard, and the acceleration of urbanization and the contaminant discharge amount increase. Study on surface drinking water source contamination risk assessment will provide the important theoretical basis for drinking water source conservation..
Surface drinking water source contamination risk refers to the possibility of coming up to the unacceptable level when the surface water source suffers the pollution as a result of the human activity and the result of the interaction of the surface water source pollution receiving capacity and pollution load. The surface water source vulnerability reflects to the pollution load because of the human activity; the surface water source sensitivity reflects to the pollution receiving capacity and the pollution load because of the human activity. The surface water source contamination risk assessment result will obtain by comprehensive analyzing the surface water source vulnerability and sensitivity. In accordance with this evaluation idea, utilization and protection problems of surface water source in Northern China, study on surface water source contamination risk assessment was conducted, taking Wangwu reservoir as an example. The main contents of the study are as follows:
(1) A comprehensive analysis of the concept of the surface drinking water source contamination risk and summary of the research status and level about the surface drinking water source contamination risk and correlative study at home and abroad were conducted, and the existing problems in studies on the surface drinking water source contamination risk assessment were also pointed out.
(2) The analogy method was applied to delineate Wangwu reservoir into three-level protection areas. A detailed investigation on the contamination sources in the study area which is the catchment area of Wangwu reservoir was made. The contamination sources information, along with contaminant source type, name, code, position, potential contamination, and so on was archived to prepare for later period work.
(3) From the delineation result of Wangwu reservoir protection areas and the the contamination sources investigation, the surface water source vulnerability was assessed based on the number and proximity of contamination sources. The assessment result was analyzed.
(4) The concept, influence factors and assessment method of the surface water source sensitivity were discussed. The sensitivity of Wangwu reservoir water source was assessed based on the reservoir size, surface water intake construction and integrity, and WRASTIC index. The assessment result was analyzed.
(5) The surface water source contamination risk assessment result was obtained by comprehensive analyzing the surface water source vulnerability and vulnerability results. Then the process of contamination risk assessment was analyzed, and suggestions for Wangwu reservoir drinking water source contamination risk management were proposed.
引文
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[9].Brian Morris, Stephen Foster. Assessment of Groundwater Pollution risk[M].http://www.lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf, 2006-05-06.
[10].张丽君.地下水脆弱性和风险性评价研究进展综述[J].水文地质工程地质,2006,33(6):113-119.
[11].徐海珍,李国敏,张寿全,等.地下水水源地保护区划分方法研究综述[J].水利水电科技进展,2009,29(2):80-84.
[12].李建新.德国饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护[J].地里科学进展,1998,17(4):88-97.
[13]. Harrigan-Farrelly,J.Status of source water protection[J].Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation,2002,22(3): 50-51.
[14].J.L Ivey, R.C.de Loe, R.D.Kreutzwiser.Planning for source water protection in Ontario[J].Applied Geography,2006,26: 192-209.
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