微地震震源反演方法研究
|
摘要
微地震技术是一种十分先进的裂缝监测技术,具有效率高、成本低等特点,目前已被广泛应用于监测油田生产动态。但在实际的油藏开发过程中,产生的微地震事件都很微弱,给准确反演微震源位置带来很大困难。针对这一情况,本文主要对微地震震源反演方法进行了研究。
首先利用射线追踪方法实现复杂模型正演模拟,并建立复杂度不同的速度模型,分析不同速度模型下的波谱特征,以有效的指导实际资料处理和反演。论文采用了限定拾取范围、拾取初至的波谷(峰)等一系列措施,使得拾取结果更加可靠。采用极大值法、直方图法以及矢端曲线法对检波器的偏振角进行求取,较为准确的求得了偏振角,用于微地震事件的识别、检波器的一致性处理、以及最终的微震源定位。
结合实际微地震三分量记录和数据采集方式的特点,论文设计了三分量独立调节的震源速度联合反演方法。通过模型和部分微震资料反演试算,揭示出双井观测下微地震资料垂向坐标易收敛、水平方向搜索源位置发散的特点。结合声波测井资料建模和射孔资料约束,设计了适合于井中观测微地震资料的联合反演方法。在正演基础上,研究设计了垂向位置变量和速度变量采用普通搜索、水平方向位置变量采用优选信赖域计算的方法。在可能的信赖域中,通过联合反演找出最优者,再在被找出的这个信赖域中,利用搜索法计算,直到解出最优解,同时在步长大小、精度控制、反演速度改进方面给出了适应微地震特色的说明。算法通过理论和实际资料计算,证明是可行的,多个微地震事件联合反演的结果表明,论文中基于正演模拟迭代的、不同寻优方法有机联合的反演方法,克服了单一反演方法的弊端,反映了裂缝的真实位置。
Micro-seismic technique is an advanced technique for fracture monitoring, which has been used to monitor oil-field production performance because of its high efficiency and low cost. However, in the actual process of oil reservoir exploitation, the information of micro-seismic generated is relatively weak, which brings great difficulty for locating the source accurately by inversion. To resolve this problem, a source inversion method in view of micro-seismic is studied in this paper.
First, forward modeling of complicated geologic condition is carried out by ray tracing procedure, and then velocity models in different media are built to analyze the characteristics of wave spectrums in them, in order to guide the inversion process using actual data effectively. A series of measures, such as limiting picking range and picking first arrival peak, are taken in the paper, which making the picking results more dependable. Polarizing angles of the geophones are discriminated correctly by the methods of maximum, histogram and vector curve, which are used to identify the true micro-seismic events, do geophone community process and source location.
Combining with three-component record and field data acquisition means of the actual micro-seismic data, a cooperative inversion method with three components being separately regulated is designed. With the trial inversion of some models and partly micro-seismic data, the results show that, the inversion of the micro-seismic data, obtained through the double drillings observation system, can constringe the solution to the right place easily in vertical direction, but diverge in horizontal direction. Combined with the model based on acoustic logging information and the restriction of perforating data, a cooperative inversion method suit for micro-seismic data observed in log is gained. On the basis of the forward modeling, vertical position variable and velocity are calculated by normal search method, but horizontal variable is computed by searching trust region. The optimum trust region is found out by means of combined inversion, and then the solution is searched and found out in the region. The explanation of some parameters, such as step length, precision and inversion velocity are also given, based on the distinguishing feature of micro-seismic data. The combined inversion method is verified feasible by the theory models and practical data. The cooperative inversion results of multi micro-seismic events show that, the inversion method based on forward modeling iteration and organic combination of various optimization methods overcomes the faults of single inversion method, reflects the real fracture location effectively.
首先利用射线追踪方法实现复杂模型正演模拟,并建立复杂度不同的速度模型,分析不同速度模型下的波谱特征,以有效的指导实际资料处理和反演。论文采用了限定拾取范围、拾取初至的波谷(峰)等一系列措施,使得拾取结果更加可靠。采用极大值法、直方图法以及矢端曲线法对检波器的偏振角进行求取,较为准确的求得了偏振角,用于微地震事件的识别、检波器的一致性处理、以及最终的微震源定位。
结合实际微地震三分量记录和数据采集方式的特点,论文设计了三分量独立调节的震源速度联合反演方法。通过模型和部分微震资料反演试算,揭示出双井观测下微地震资料垂向坐标易收敛、水平方向搜索源位置发散的特点。结合声波测井资料建模和射孔资料约束,设计了适合于井中观测微地震资料的联合反演方法。在正演基础上,研究设计了垂向位置变量和速度变量采用普通搜索、水平方向位置变量采用优选信赖域计算的方法。在可能的信赖域中,通过联合反演找出最优者,再在被找出的这个信赖域中,利用搜索法计算,直到解出最优解,同时在步长大小、精度控制、反演速度改进方面给出了适应微地震特色的说明。算法通过理论和实际资料计算,证明是可行的,多个微地震事件联合反演的结果表明,论文中基于正演模拟迭代的、不同寻优方法有机联合的反演方法,克服了单一反演方法的弊端,反映了裂缝的真实位置。
Micro-seismic technique is an advanced technique for fracture monitoring, which has been used to monitor oil-field production performance because of its high efficiency and low cost. However, in the actual process of oil reservoir exploitation, the information of micro-seismic generated is relatively weak, which brings great difficulty for locating the source accurately by inversion. To resolve this problem, a source inversion method in view of micro-seismic is studied in this paper.
First, forward modeling of complicated geologic condition is carried out by ray tracing procedure, and then velocity models in different media are built to analyze the characteristics of wave spectrums in them, in order to guide the inversion process using actual data effectively. A series of measures, such as limiting picking range and picking first arrival peak, are taken in the paper, which making the picking results more dependable. Polarizing angles of the geophones are discriminated correctly by the methods of maximum, histogram and vector curve, which are used to identify the true micro-seismic events, do geophone community process and source location.
Combining with three-component record and field data acquisition means of the actual micro-seismic data, a cooperative inversion method with three components being separately regulated is designed. With the trial inversion of some models and partly micro-seismic data, the results show that, the inversion of the micro-seismic data, obtained through the double drillings observation system, can constringe the solution to the right place easily in vertical direction, but diverge in horizontal direction. Combined with the model based on acoustic logging information and the restriction of perforating data, a cooperative inversion method suit for micro-seismic data observed in log is gained. On the basis of the forward modeling, vertical position variable and velocity are calculated by normal search method, but horizontal variable is computed by searching trust region. The optimum trust region is found out by means of combined inversion, and then the solution is searched and found out in the region. The explanation of some parameters, such as step length, precision and inversion velocity are also given, based on the distinguishing feature of micro-seismic data. The combined inversion method is verified feasible by the theory models and practical data. The cooperative inversion results of multi micro-seismic events show that, the inversion method based on forward modeling iteration and organic combination of various optimization methods overcomes the faults of single inversion method, reflects the real fracture location effectively.
引文
[1]董世泰,高红霞.微地震监测技术及其在油田开发中的应用.2004,18(5):5-8
[2]梁兵,朱广生.油气田勘探开发中的微震监测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社
[3]刘百红,秦绪英,郑四连,杨强.微地震监测技术及其在油田中的应用现状.勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(5):325-330
[4] Andy. Jupe, John Cowles and Rob Jones, CSM, Associates Ltd., Penryn, Cornwall, UK. Micro-seismic Monitoring. Listen and see the reservoir. World Oil, December 2000: 171-173
[5] S.L. Wolhart, C.E. Odegard, Williams Production, N.R. Warpinski, C.K. Waltman, S.R. Machovoe. Micro-seismic Fracture Mapping Optimizes Development of Low-Permeability Sands of the Williams Fork Formation in the Piceance Basin. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 9-12 October: 95637-MS
[6]刘建中,王春耘,刘继民,等.用微地震法监测油田生产动态[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(2):71-73
[7]张山,刘清林,等.微地震监测技术在油田开发中的应用.石油物探,2002,41(2):226-231
[8] Fu Berlinand, Ted Urbancic. Micro-seismic Reservoir Characterization.1999
[9] W.S. Phillip sand, L.S. House. Micro-seismic mapping of a Cotton Valley Hydraulic Fracture using decimated downhole arrays. 2002
[10]刘继民,刘建中,刘志鹏,等.用微地震法监测压裂裂缝转向过程.石油勘探与开发.2005,32(2):75-77
[11]郭飙,刘启元,陈九辉,等.首都圈数字地震台网的微震定位实验.地震地质,2002,24(3):453-460
[12]刘建中,王秀鹃,孙玉玲.人工压裂形成多裂缝的可能性研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,29(3):103-106
[13]石道涵,张昊,黄远.嵌入式人工裂缝实时监测技术的应用.石油仪器,2005,19(3):51-52
[14] F. Raab, D. Coyne. Effect of Micro-seismic Noise on a LIGO (Interferometer. California Institute of Technology). 2001
[15] Micro-seismic advances promise increased hydraulic fracturing control. RDD, 2007,17 July
[16]刘建安,马红星,暮立俊,等.井下微地震裂缝测试技术在长庆油田的应用.油气井测试,2005,14(2):54-56
[17]王惠清,刘进军,周高鹏,等.微地震方法监测水力压裂改善措施效果.新疆石油学院学报,2004,16(4):41-43
[18]张建中,陈世军,余大祥.最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进[J].地球物理学进展,1989,18(1):167-172
[19]张霖斌,许云,等.地震反射波波前法射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):50-55
[20]刘洪,李幼铭.射线追踪方法的发展现状[J].地球物理学进展,1999,15(1):123-127
[21]徐异,杨长春,刘洪,等.射线追踪的微变网格方法.地球物理学报,1996,39(1):97-102
[22]鲁传恒,顾贤明.井间地震射线层析成像.CT理论与应用研究,1994,3(3):20-21
[23]吴国忱,王华忠,马在田.常速度梯度射线追踪与二维层速度反演.石油物探,2003,42(4):434-436
[24]左国平,王彦春,隋荣亮.利用能量比法拾取地震初至的一种改进方法.石油物探,2004,43(4):345-347
[25]张军华,赵勇,赵爱国,等.用小波变换与能量比方法联合拾取初至波.物探化探计算技术,2002,24(4):309-312
[26] H.R. Hardy Frederick W. Leighton. Acoustic Emission Micro2 seismic Activity in Geologic StructuresAnd Materials.1998
[27] Dyer B C.北海Valhall油田某储层的微地震测量[J].石油物探译丛,1999,(5):12-16
[28] Stork A I, Ito H. Source parameter scaling for small earthquake observed at the W estern Nagano 800m Deep borehole, central Japan [J]. The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2004, 94(5): 1781-l 794
[29]唐晓雪,唐建侯.地震波的偏振分析与应用.石油地球物理勘探.1996,31(增刊2):67-73
[30]加尔彼林.地震勘探偏振法[M].石油工业出版社,1989:38-41
[31]刘绘清,付清锋.用于地震勘探的三分量检波器.传感器世界,2003,9:32-35
[32]逄焕东,姜福兴.微地震监测中传感器的布置方法.有色金属,2003,55(6):20-21
[33]加尔彼林,朱光明,等译.垂直地震剖面.石油工业出版社.1983
[34]田子奇.时域VSP资料的波场分离.石油地球物理勘探,第31卷增刊2
[35]崔基泰.VSP三分量资料合成的新方法.石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(3):368-375
[36]石玉梅,姚逢昌,曹宏.多波多分量天然气勘探技术的进展.勘探地球物理进展,2003,36(3):172-177
[37]王世瑞,彭苏萍,勾精为,等.应用多波多分量技术预测轮南地区中生界储集体.石油勘探与开发,2003,30(2):61-63
[38]赵鸿儒,孙进忠,唐文榜,等.全波震相分析.地震出版社.1991
[39] B.C.Dyer, R.H.Jones, J.F.Cowles, Associates.O.Barkved, P.G.folstad ,Amoco Norwa -y CSM. Micro-seismic Survey of a North Sea reservoir. World Oil March 2002: 74-77
[40] R.B. Willis, SPE, and J. Fontaine, SPE, Universal Well Services Inc. and L. Paugh, SPE, Great Lakes Energy Partners LLC; and L.Griffin, SPE, Pinnacle Technologies. Geology and Geometry: A Review of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Hydraulic Fracturing. SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, 14-16 September: 97993-MS
[41]黄中玉,高林,等.三分量数据的偏振分析及其应用.石油物探,1996,35(2):9-16
[42]宋维琪,孙英杰.微地震资料频域相干-时间域偏振滤波方法.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(2):161-167
[43]李英康,崔作舟.分离纵波和横波的偏振旋转法.地区物理学报,1994,37(增刊):372-382
[44]王光杰,陈东,赵爱华,等.多波多分量地震探测技术.地球物理学进展,2000, 15(1):56-60
[45]曹务祥,周安国.一种新的波场分离方法.石油物探.1997,36(4):104-409
[46]王家映.地球物理反演理论[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998
[47]刘光鼎.论地球科学[J].地学前缘,1998,5(1)
[48]栾文贵.地球物理中的反问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:120-17
[49]黄河,任韶萱.遗传算法及其在速度结构与震源联合反演中的应用.东北地震研究,1998,14(4):1-14
[50]谢靖.地球物理场正反演问题近代数学方法[M].长春:吉林科学出版社,2000
[51]中国科学院地球物理研究所.地震学基础[M] .北京:科学出版社,1976
[52]周辉,刘财,渠广学.地震——大地电磁数据非线性联合反演方法研究[J] .长春地质学院学报,1995,25(2):205-211
[53]逄焕东,姜福兴,张兴民.微地震的线性方程定位求解及其病态处理.岩土力学,2004,25(增刊):60-62
[54]杨文采.地球物理反演的理论与方法[M].北京:地质出版社,1996:71-131
[55]马兴瑞.弹性波反演方法及其应用.科学出版社.1999
[56]徐士良.FORTRAN常用算法程序集(第二版).清华大学出版社,1997
[57]朱培民,王家映,詹正彬,等.随机共扼梯度反演法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(2):208-213
[58]朱培民.用随机共轭梯度法反演裂隙密度参数的研究.中国地质大学(学位论文),北京:1999
[59]冯全雄,黄兆林,葛勇.模型研究指导层速度解释方法探索及应用[J].中国海上油气,2005,17(3):171-178
[60]张建玲.最小二乘与最小一乘.科技信息,2007,27
[2]梁兵,朱广生.油气田勘探开发中的微震监测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社
[3]刘百红,秦绪英,郑四连,杨强.微地震监测技术及其在油田中的应用现状.勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(5):325-330
[4] Andy. Jupe, John Cowles and Rob Jones, CSM, Associates Ltd., Penryn, Cornwall, UK. Micro-seismic Monitoring. Listen and see the reservoir. World Oil, December 2000: 171-173
[5] S.L. Wolhart, C.E. Odegard, Williams Production, N.R. Warpinski, C.K. Waltman, S.R. Machovoe. Micro-seismic Fracture Mapping Optimizes Development of Low-Permeability Sands of the Williams Fork Formation in the Piceance Basin. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 9-12 October: 95637-MS
[6]刘建中,王春耘,刘继民,等.用微地震法监测油田生产动态[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(2):71-73
[7]张山,刘清林,等.微地震监测技术在油田开发中的应用.石油物探,2002,41(2):226-231
[8] Fu Berlinand, Ted Urbancic. Micro-seismic Reservoir Characterization.1999
[9] W.S. Phillip sand, L.S. House. Micro-seismic mapping of a Cotton Valley Hydraulic Fracture using decimated downhole arrays. 2002
[10]刘继民,刘建中,刘志鹏,等.用微地震法监测压裂裂缝转向过程.石油勘探与开发.2005,32(2):75-77
[11]郭飙,刘启元,陈九辉,等.首都圈数字地震台网的微震定位实验.地震地质,2002,24(3):453-460
[12]刘建中,王秀鹃,孙玉玲.人工压裂形成多裂缝的可能性研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,29(3):103-106
[13]石道涵,张昊,黄远.嵌入式人工裂缝实时监测技术的应用.石油仪器,2005,19(3):51-52
[14] F. Raab, D. Coyne. Effect of Micro-seismic Noise on a LIGO (Interferometer. California Institute of Technology). 2001
[15] Micro-seismic advances promise increased hydraulic fracturing control. RDD, 2007,17 July
[16]刘建安,马红星,暮立俊,等.井下微地震裂缝测试技术在长庆油田的应用.油气井测试,2005,14(2):54-56
[17]王惠清,刘进军,周高鹏,等.微地震方法监测水力压裂改善措施效果.新疆石油学院学报,2004,16(4):41-43
[18]张建中,陈世军,余大祥.最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进[J].地球物理学进展,1989,18(1):167-172
[19]张霖斌,许云,等.地震反射波波前法射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):50-55
[20]刘洪,李幼铭.射线追踪方法的发展现状[J].地球物理学进展,1999,15(1):123-127
[21]徐异,杨长春,刘洪,等.射线追踪的微变网格方法.地球物理学报,1996,39(1):97-102
[22]鲁传恒,顾贤明.井间地震射线层析成像.CT理论与应用研究,1994,3(3):20-21
[23]吴国忱,王华忠,马在田.常速度梯度射线追踪与二维层速度反演.石油物探,2003,42(4):434-436
[24]左国平,王彦春,隋荣亮.利用能量比法拾取地震初至的一种改进方法.石油物探,2004,43(4):345-347
[25]张军华,赵勇,赵爱国,等.用小波变换与能量比方法联合拾取初至波.物探化探计算技术,2002,24(4):309-312
[26] H.R. Hardy Frederick W. Leighton. Acoustic Emission Micro2 seismic Activity in Geologic StructuresAnd Materials.1998
[27] Dyer B C.北海Valhall油田某储层的微地震测量[J].石油物探译丛,1999,(5):12-16
[28] Stork A I, Ito H. Source parameter scaling for small earthquake observed at the W estern Nagano 800m Deep borehole, central Japan [J]. The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2004, 94(5): 1781-l 794
[29]唐晓雪,唐建侯.地震波的偏振分析与应用.石油地球物理勘探.1996,31(增刊2):67-73
[30]加尔彼林.地震勘探偏振法[M].石油工业出版社,1989:38-41
[31]刘绘清,付清锋.用于地震勘探的三分量检波器.传感器世界,2003,9:32-35
[32]逄焕东,姜福兴.微地震监测中传感器的布置方法.有色金属,2003,55(6):20-21
[33]加尔彼林,朱光明,等译.垂直地震剖面.石油工业出版社.1983
[34]田子奇.时域VSP资料的波场分离.石油地球物理勘探,第31卷增刊2
[35]崔基泰.VSP三分量资料合成的新方法.石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(3):368-375
[36]石玉梅,姚逢昌,曹宏.多波多分量天然气勘探技术的进展.勘探地球物理进展,2003,36(3):172-177
[37]王世瑞,彭苏萍,勾精为,等.应用多波多分量技术预测轮南地区中生界储集体.石油勘探与开发,2003,30(2):61-63
[38]赵鸿儒,孙进忠,唐文榜,等.全波震相分析.地震出版社.1991
[39] B.C.Dyer, R.H.Jones, J.F.Cowles, Associates.O.Barkved, P.G.folstad ,Amoco Norwa -y CSM. Micro-seismic Survey of a North Sea reservoir. World Oil March 2002: 74-77
[40] R.B. Willis, SPE, and J. Fontaine, SPE, Universal Well Services Inc. and L. Paugh, SPE, Great Lakes Energy Partners LLC; and L.Griffin, SPE, Pinnacle Technologies. Geology and Geometry: A Review of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Hydraulic Fracturing. SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, 14-16 September: 97993-MS
[41]黄中玉,高林,等.三分量数据的偏振分析及其应用.石油物探,1996,35(2):9-16
[42]宋维琪,孙英杰.微地震资料频域相干-时间域偏振滤波方法.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(2):161-167
[43]李英康,崔作舟.分离纵波和横波的偏振旋转法.地区物理学报,1994,37(增刊):372-382
[44]王光杰,陈东,赵爱华,等.多波多分量地震探测技术.地球物理学进展,2000, 15(1):56-60
[45]曹务祥,周安国.一种新的波场分离方法.石油物探.1997,36(4):104-409
[46]王家映.地球物理反演理论[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998
[47]刘光鼎.论地球科学[J].地学前缘,1998,5(1)
[48]栾文贵.地球物理中的反问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:120-17
[49]黄河,任韶萱.遗传算法及其在速度结构与震源联合反演中的应用.东北地震研究,1998,14(4):1-14
[50]谢靖.地球物理场正反演问题近代数学方法[M].长春:吉林科学出版社,2000
[51]中国科学院地球物理研究所.地震学基础[M] .北京:科学出版社,1976
[52]周辉,刘财,渠广学.地震——大地电磁数据非线性联合反演方法研究[J] .长春地质学院学报,1995,25(2):205-211
[53]逄焕东,姜福兴,张兴民.微地震的线性方程定位求解及其病态处理.岩土力学,2004,25(增刊):60-62
[54]杨文采.地球物理反演的理论与方法[M].北京:地质出版社,1996:71-131
[55]马兴瑞.弹性波反演方法及其应用.科学出版社.1999
[56]徐士良.FORTRAN常用算法程序集(第二版).清华大学出版社,1997
[57]朱培民,王家映,詹正彬,等.随机共扼梯度反演法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(2):208-213
[58]朱培民.用随机共轭梯度法反演裂隙密度参数的研究.中国地质大学(学位论文),北京:1999
[59]冯全雄,黄兆林,葛勇.模型研究指导层速度解释方法探索及应用[J].中国海上油气,2005,17(3):171-178
[60]张建玲.最小二乘与最小一乘.科技信息,2007,27
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |