环境磁学在加拿大伊利湖西盆地北岸Cedar滩的应用
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摘要
我们用环境磁学方法研究了加拿大伊利湖西盆地Cedar滩(41.68°N, 82.40°W)沉积物的运动过程,来评估他们在理解自然和人为的湖岸侵蚀和沉积方面的适用性。富含重矿物的暗红色沙的主要磁性矿物是低钛或无钛磁铁矿,主要磁颗粒是PSD-MD,并有一些SD-SP颗粒,这些沙的次要磁性矿物是硬磁矿物(即:磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿或针铁矿)。这项研究不仅揭示了Cedar滩沙的磁性浓度、沙粒大小(SGS)、磁性颗粒大小(MGS)、重矿物组合的空间变化,和暗示了它们之间的关系,而且观察了季节性变化对沙滩的影响,并突出显示了化学作用(包括生物化学作用)对滩沙(尤其是近湖水区的大粒沙)的可能影响。
通过测量滩沙的表面磁化率,在横越沙滩方向上,我们把沙滩分成3个区:区1是指接近湖水的向湖区,区2是指冲刷区近陆的高处,区3是指位于冲刷区高处之外的向陆区。较高处或沙丘(UD)靠着沙滩、邻近区3并在区3的近陆一侧。选取3组横越沙滩的剖面(西部、中部和东部),来观察西部滩、中部滩和东部滩的剖面变化。
在横越沙滩方向上,区2显示了最高的体积磁化率(κ)、较小粒度沙(<250μm;重矿物组合)占全沙的质量百分比、质量磁化率(χ)、质量饱和等温剩磁(SIRMmass)和质量非磁滞剩磁(ARM_(mass))。在西部和中部滩,所有磁性浓度参数值,由区2到区1 (向湖方向)降低,由区2到区3(向陆方向)升高,然而在东部滩,这些参数值由区1到区3一直缓缓升高。磁性浓度参数值的变化(即:κ,χ, SIRMmass和ARM_(mass))与重矿物组合和滩沙粒度大小(SGS)的分布有关。在西部和中部滩,由区1到区2,重矿物比例增加,沙粒变细,而由区2到区3,重矿物的比例降低,沙粒变粗。在东部滩,从区1到区3,重矿物的比例一直缓慢增加,沙粒稍微变细。然而,磁性粒度的变化与沙粒的变化相反,它由区1(主要含PSD-小MD和较多SD-SP)到区3 (主要含大PSD-MD和较少SD-SP)轻微变粗。在西部和中部滩,区1的沙样比区2和区3的含稍多的硬磁矿物;而在东部滩,区1和区2的沙样比区3的含稍多的硬磁矿物。高处(或沙丘)与相邻的区3的沙样表现相似的性质。
在沿着沙滩方向上,西部滩有最高的磁性浓度(即:重矿物的比例)。从西到东,磁性浓度降低,由此,重矿物的比例降低,沙粒变粗。磁性粒度从西(PSD-MD和较少SD)到东(PSD-小MD和较多SD)轻微变细。西部剖面比东部和中部剖面含的硬磁矿物少。
波浪和水流在沿着沙滩和横越沙滩的方向上,优先搬运和分选粒度大、比重较小的沙,导致了滩沙的这种空间变化。南西西(SWW)的主风引起了北东东(NEE)方向的波浪。由于波浪和水流把沿岸滩沙搬运到Cedar滩东部沉积下来,遭受剥蚀的西部滩比沉积扩张的东部分布有重矿物(包括磁铁矿)浓度更高的细粒滩沙。气候因素(例如:强风和暴风浪)引起的湖水面的变化,可能已经引起了沙滩剥蚀和扩张,进而间接影响了滩沙的分布和湖岸线的取向变化。在滩沙沿岸搬运和沉积过程中,次要沙滩过程(化学变化,包括生物化学)的影响会丰富磁性粒度种类、促进硬磁矿物产生,在波浪和水流进一步作用下,磁性颗粒和硬磁矿物会在沙滩上呈现更有规律的空间分布。这项研究不仅可以促进对沙滩动力学更好的理解,而且可以获得更多关于湖泊-沙滩这个环境生态系统研究的有用信息,有助于更好地管理Cedar滩这个娱乐性沙滩。
The use of magnetic methods to examine sediment transport and motion processes on beaches has been studied on Cedar Beach (Western Lake Erie), in order to evaluate their applicability in understanding natural and anthropogenic coastal erosion and accretion. Magnetic studies of the heavy mineral-enriched, dark-reddish sands present on Cedar Beach (41.68°N, 82.40°W) showed that (low-Ti) magnetite (dominant PSD-MD and some SD-SP) is the dominant magnetic mineral and the hard magnetic mineral (HM) (i.e. maghemite, hematite or goethite) is the secondary in these sands. This study reveals spatial variations in the concentration, sand grain size (SGS), magnetic grain size (MGS) and heavy mineral assemblages, on the beach, and indicates a correlation between them. It also examines the influence of seasonal changes on the beach, and hightlights chemical (biochemical) effects on the beach sand, especially on the larger size ones in the areas close to water.
Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones: a lakeward region close to the water’s line (Zone 1), the upper swash zone (Zone 2) and the landward region beyond the upper swash zone (Zone 3). The slightly higher upland areas or sand dunes (UD) neighbour to Zone 3 and back the beach face. Three groups of cross-shore transects (West, Middle and East) were chosen to investigate the profile changes in the western, central and eastern sections of the beach.
Across the shore, Zone 2 showed the highest bulk susceptibility (κ), mass percentage of smaller grain-size (<250μm) fractions (i.e. heavy mineral assemblage) in the bulk sand sample, mass-normalized susceptibility (χ), mass-normalized saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM_(mass)) and mass-normalized anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM_(mass)). All magnetic concentration values decrease both towards the lake (Zone 1) and towards the land (Zone 3) on the West and Middle, while these values are slowly increasing from Zone 1 to Zone 3 on the East. The variations of magnetic concentration parameters (i.e.κ,χ, SIRM_(mass) and ARM_(mass)) correlate with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage and the small SGS of the beach sand. From Zone 1 to Zone 2, the percentage of heavy minerals increased and SGS fined on three (West, Middle and East) sections. From Zone 2 to Zone 3, the percentage of heavy minerals decreased and SGS coarsened on the West and Middle, while the percentage of heavy minerals increased and SGS fined on the East. Contrary to the variability of SGS, MGS slightly increased from Zone 1 (PSD-small MD and more SD-SP) to Zone 3 (large PSD-MD and less SD-SP). Zone 1 had slightly more HM than Zone 2 and Zone 3 on the West and Middle, while Zone 1 and Zone 2 had more HM than Zone 3 on the East. UD showed similar features to their neighbouring Zone 3.
Along the shore, the West showed the highest magnetic concentration (i.e. percentage of heavy minerals). From the West to East, magnetic concentration values decreased, and thus the percentage of heavy minerals decreased and SGS increased. MGS somewhat decreased from the West (large PSD-MD and less SD) to the East (PSD-small MD and more SD). The West showed less HM than the Middle and East transects.
This spatial variation results from the preferential separation of large, less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach. The prevailing strong west-southwest winds generated dominant east-northeastward directed waves. The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite, and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, as the waves and longshore currents transported the eroded sand alongshore and deposited it in the east section. Lake-level changes induced by climate factors such as strong winds and storm waves, have probably influenced both the distribution of the beach sands and the orientation of the shoreline due to erosion and accretion. Effects of secondary beach processes (Chemical actions including biochemical actions) during sediment transport and deposit might be helpful for the enrichment of MGS ranges and creation of HMs, and grain-sorting processes by waves and currents can further promote the more regular distribution of MGSs and hard minerals on the beach. This study has led to a better understanding of the beach’s dynamics, thereby enabling more useful information for a lake-beach ecological system and better environmental management of this recreational region.
通过测量滩沙的表面磁化率,在横越沙滩方向上,我们把沙滩分成3个区:区1是指接近湖水的向湖区,区2是指冲刷区近陆的高处,区3是指位于冲刷区高处之外的向陆区。较高处或沙丘(UD)靠着沙滩、邻近区3并在区3的近陆一侧。选取3组横越沙滩的剖面(西部、中部和东部),来观察西部滩、中部滩和东部滩的剖面变化。
在横越沙滩方向上,区2显示了最高的体积磁化率(κ)、较小粒度沙(<250μm;重矿物组合)占全沙的质量百分比、质量磁化率(χ)、质量饱和等温剩磁(SIRMmass)和质量非磁滞剩磁(ARM_(mass))。在西部和中部滩,所有磁性浓度参数值,由区2到区1 (向湖方向)降低,由区2到区3(向陆方向)升高,然而在东部滩,这些参数值由区1到区3一直缓缓升高。磁性浓度参数值的变化(即:κ,χ, SIRMmass和ARM_(mass))与重矿物组合和滩沙粒度大小(SGS)的分布有关。在西部和中部滩,由区1到区2,重矿物比例增加,沙粒变细,而由区2到区3,重矿物的比例降低,沙粒变粗。在东部滩,从区1到区3,重矿物的比例一直缓慢增加,沙粒稍微变细。然而,磁性粒度的变化与沙粒的变化相反,它由区1(主要含PSD-小MD和较多SD-SP)到区3 (主要含大PSD-MD和较少SD-SP)轻微变粗。在西部和中部滩,区1的沙样比区2和区3的含稍多的硬磁矿物;而在东部滩,区1和区2的沙样比区3的含稍多的硬磁矿物。高处(或沙丘)与相邻的区3的沙样表现相似的性质。
在沿着沙滩方向上,西部滩有最高的磁性浓度(即:重矿物的比例)。从西到东,磁性浓度降低,由此,重矿物的比例降低,沙粒变粗。磁性粒度从西(PSD-MD和较少SD)到东(PSD-小MD和较多SD)轻微变细。西部剖面比东部和中部剖面含的硬磁矿物少。
波浪和水流在沿着沙滩和横越沙滩的方向上,优先搬运和分选粒度大、比重较小的沙,导致了滩沙的这种空间变化。南西西(SWW)的主风引起了北东东(NEE)方向的波浪。由于波浪和水流把沿岸滩沙搬运到Cedar滩东部沉积下来,遭受剥蚀的西部滩比沉积扩张的东部分布有重矿物(包括磁铁矿)浓度更高的细粒滩沙。气候因素(例如:强风和暴风浪)引起的湖水面的变化,可能已经引起了沙滩剥蚀和扩张,进而间接影响了滩沙的分布和湖岸线的取向变化。在滩沙沿岸搬运和沉积过程中,次要沙滩过程(化学变化,包括生物化学)的影响会丰富磁性粒度种类、促进硬磁矿物产生,在波浪和水流进一步作用下,磁性颗粒和硬磁矿物会在沙滩上呈现更有规律的空间分布。这项研究不仅可以促进对沙滩动力学更好的理解,而且可以获得更多关于湖泊-沙滩这个环境生态系统研究的有用信息,有助于更好地管理Cedar滩这个娱乐性沙滩。
The use of magnetic methods to examine sediment transport and motion processes on beaches has been studied on Cedar Beach (Western Lake Erie), in order to evaluate their applicability in understanding natural and anthropogenic coastal erosion and accretion. Magnetic studies of the heavy mineral-enriched, dark-reddish sands present on Cedar Beach (41.68°N, 82.40°W) showed that (low-Ti) magnetite (dominant PSD-MD and some SD-SP) is the dominant magnetic mineral and the hard magnetic mineral (HM) (i.e. maghemite, hematite or goethite) is the secondary in these sands. This study reveals spatial variations in the concentration, sand grain size (SGS), magnetic grain size (MGS) and heavy mineral assemblages, on the beach, and indicates a correlation between them. It also examines the influence of seasonal changes on the beach, and hightlights chemical (biochemical) effects on the beach sand, especially on the larger size ones in the areas close to water.
Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones: a lakeward region close to the water’s line (Zone 1), the upper swash zone (Zone 2) and the landward region beyond the upper swash zone (Zone 3). The slightly higher upland areas or sand dunes (UD) neighbour to Zone 3 and back the beach face. Three groups of cross-shore transects (West, Middle and East) were chosen to investigate the profile changes in the western, central and eastern sections of the beach.
Across the shore, Zone 2 showed the highest bulk susceptibility (κ), mass percentage of smaller grain-size (<250μm) fractions (i.e. heavy mineral assemblage) in the bulk sand sample, mass-normalized susceptibility (χ), mass-normalized saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM_(mass)) and mass-normalized anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM_(mass)). All magnetic concentration values decrease both towards the lake (Zone 1) and towards the land (Zone 3) on the West and Middle, while these values are slowly increasing from Zone 1 to Zone 3 on the East. The variations of magnetic concentration parameters (i.e.κ,χ, SIRM_(mass) and ARM_(mass)) correlate with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage and the small SGS of the beach sand. From Zone 1 to Zone 2, the percentage of heavy minerals increased and SGS fined on three (West, Middle and East) sections. From Zone 2 to Zone 3, the percentage of heavy minerals decreased and SGS coarsened on the West and Middle, while the percentage of heavy minerals increased and SGS fined on the East. Contrary to the variability of SGS, MGS slightly increased from Zone 1 (PSD-small MD and more SD-SP) to Zone 3 (large PSD-MD and less SD-SP). Zone 1 had slightly more HM than Zone 2 and Zone 3 on the West and Middle, while Zone 1 and Zone 2 had more HM than Zone 3 on the East. UD showed similar features to their neighbouring Zone 3.
Along the shore, the West showed the highest magnetic concentration (i.e. percentage of heavy minerals). From the West to East, magnetic concentration values decreased, and thus the percentage of heavy minerals decreased and SGS increased. MGS somewhat decreased from the West (large PSD-MD and less SD) to the East (PSD-small MD and more SD). The West showed less HM than the Middle and East transects.
This spatial variation results from the preferential separation of large, less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach. The prevailing strong west-southwest winds generated dominant east-northeastward directed waves. The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite, and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, as the waves and longshore currents transported the eroded sand alongshore and deposited it in the east section. Lake-level changes induced by climate factors such as strong winds and storm waves, have probably influenced both the distribution of the beach sands and the orientation of the shoreline due to erosion and accretion. Effects of secondary beach processes (Chemical actions including biochemical actions) during sediment transport and deposit might be helpful for the enrichment of MGS ranges and creation of HMs, and grain-sorting processes by waves and currents can further promote the more regular distribution of MGSs and hard minerals on the beach. This study has led to a better understanding of the beach’s dynamics, thereby enabling more useful information for a lake-beach ecological system and better environmental management of this recreational region.
引文
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