单叶省藤和黄藤人工林的系统经营技术
|
摘要
棕榈藤属棕榈藤科（Palmae）省藤亚科（Calamoideae）省藤族（Calameae）的植物类群，为热带和亚热带森林中的多用途植物资源，是仅次于木材和竹材的重要非木材林产品。随着棕榈藤赖以生存的热带天然林面积日益消减，加上天然资源长期过度采收和不合理利用，致使棕榈藤资源日趋枯竭，严重制约着藤工业和贸易的发展。为了摆脱资源危机的困境、促进棕榈藤资源的可持续利用，发展棕榈藤人工林、加强后备资源的培育和管理已势在必行。本文结合森林可持续经营思想获得广泛认同的背景及棕榈藤资源紧缺和人工林不断发展的形势，以广西大青山单叶省藤和黄藤人工林为研究对象，开展了种苗选择、造林措施和采收试验系列研究，对棕榈藤人工林的经营技术加以总结和完善，为加速棕榈藤人工林资源培育、提高藤林的集约管理水平、促进棕榈藤资源可持续利用提供理论依据和技术参考。
通过分析单叶省藤组培苗与实生苗造林效果，从造林保存率、萌蘖力、母茎长和总茎长4个指标综合判断，结合各类苗木造林后的生长趋势认为：采用组培单芽苗造林可获得较理想效果，组培单芽苗是扩大棕榈藤栽培的优良材料。
造林密度对黄藤植株母茎生长的影响较弱，但对植株萌蘖力、藤丛总茎长、林分自疏率、平均直径和单丛产量产生显著影响；藤林单位面积产量随着密度的增大先增加后逐步减少，不同密度间无显著差异，但以密度为3 333株·hm-2时的总产量最高；随着造林密度的增大，藤林13 a内的总生产成本逐渐增加，纯收入则不断递减。从经济效益角度考虑，培育黄藤人工林宜采用3 m×3 m或3 m×2 m的株行距，从而获得较高的经济效益和便于藤林的管理。
单叶省藤的母茎保存率在丛栽水平间无显著差异，但均低于单株种植的母茎保存率；而藤丛保存率在各丛栽水平间完全相同，均高于单株种植的藤丛保存率。丛栽对植株萌蘖数和植株母茎长，对藤丛平均株数和藤丛总茎长分别产生显著的负面和正面效应；丛栽株数对植株的平均直径与节间长也有显著影响，但二者主要在单株种植与3、4株丛栽之间有显著差异。与单株种植相比，丛栽能明显提高藤林的产量；进一步的经济分析表明，2株丛栽可获得最高的经济收益，因而在进行造林时以2株丛栽为宜。
不同的初采年龄和采收间隔期对13 a单叶省藤和黄藤人工林的经济效益具有明显影响，其中单叶省藤以9 a初采和4 a间隔期、黄藤以7 a初采和6 a间隔期的采收方式经济效益最高；单叶省藤和黄藤种植后均对上层树种石梓和马尾松生长与收获量产生不利影响，进而导致20 a石梓林分和19 a 马尾松林分的纯收益和净现值出现不同程度的下降；经过综合分析，两种藤林5种采收方式对整个林地经
济收益仍有较大贡献，两种林藤间种产生的林地增益水平和净现值增量分别为12.49%—91.10%、5 145—7 069 yuan·hm-2和3.07%—12.74%、2 407—5 149 yuan·hm-2；棕榈藤间种产生的林地经济收益的贡献水平与木材价格和木材产量紧密相关，但对木材价格反应更为敏感。将棕榈藤和上层林分相结合，对整个林地经济收益概况作出评价的研究方法在一定程度上克服了以往分析经济效益时仅以棕榈藤为研究对象的缺陷，是对藤林经济效益研究的有益补充和完善。若仅从一个方面分析棕榈藤间种的利或弊都会失之偏颇，只有将棕榈藤和上层林分结合起来当作一个系统，并对整个系统进行综合分析和判断，才会得出比较客观和准确的结论。
通过对5个生长方程进行对比分析，选用Korf和Richards方程建立了单叶省藤和黄藤的林分因子生长模型。首次将Weibull、Logistic和Richards生长方程移植于单叶省藤和黄藤的茎长分布的研究领域中，采用分阶段拟合法描述单叶省藤和黄藤林分茎长分布结构，并利用参数预测技术建立了藤林的茎长分布模型，为动态模拟林分茎长分布规律和提高预测精度提供了良好的途径。基于林分因子模型和茎长分布模型，结合采收模型，以实现经营期内获取最高净现值为目标，分别藤种确定最佳采收方式：在20 a经营周期内，单叶省藤采收的时间序列分别为9、15和20 a，起采茎长序列为11、11和5 m；而黄藤采收的时间序列分别为8、11、14、17和20 a，起采茎长序列为8.5、8.5、8.5、8.5和4 m。藤林的最佳采收方式应依据藤种生物学特性、初植密度、立地条件和经营周期等因素分别确定。
综合分析，通过组培快繁技术选择优质组培单芽藤是保证藤林速生丰产的有效途径；根据藤种的生物学特性，选择适宜的林地和上层林分，采取调控种植时间、丛栽株数和株行距等造林措施是减少棕榈藤间种对上层树种不利影响、有效增加原藤产量和提高林地增益水平的关键措施；而通过控制初始采收龄、起采茎长和采收间隔期，确定藤林最佳采收方式是促进资源充分利用、提高藤林的经济效益的有力保障。
Being a group of climbing palms under the subfamily Calamoideae of the family Palmae, rattans are regarded as multiple-purpose plant resources and an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products in tropical and sub-tropical forests. However, the over-exploitation in the wild rattans and the loss of tropical forests have made rattan resources dwindle rapidly and threatened sustainable utilization of rattan resources and long-term survival of rattan industry. Therefore, the development of rattan plantations and the improvement of plantation management technique are urgently needed to avoid this unfavorable plight and to boost the sustainable utilization of rattan resources. Under this circumstance of dwindling resources and increasing development of rattan plantation in South China, two excellent rattan species, Calamus simplicifolius and Damonorops margaritae in Daqingshan, Guangxi province, were selected for the serial studies on selection of rattan seedlings, silvicultural measure and harvesting method to provide scientific information and technical support for the development of rattan plantations, the improvement of intensive management and sustainable utilization of rattan resources.
By comparing silvicultural effect of tissue culture seedlings and normal seed seedlings of Calamus simplicifolius, it was found that planting with single shoot seedlings generally produced more satisfying result than with multiple shoot tissue culture seedlings and normal seed seedlings, judged by survival rate, suckering ability, mother stem length and rattan clump length in combination with growth tendency of seelings. Therefore, single shoot seedling was superior to the other two types in general, and can service as an excellent planting material to develop rattan plantations.
The effect of planting density on growth and yield of Daemonorops margaritae plantation was analyzed on the basis of experiment of planting spacing including 3 m×3 m(A), 2 m×3 m(B), 1 m×3 m(C) and 1 m×2 m (D) 4 density levels. The result showed that planting spacing affected suckering ability, total clump length, self-thinning rate, mean stem diameter and cane yield per clump significantly except mother stem length; cane yield per hectare increased first and then decreased gradually with the density increasing with a peak value under the density of 3 333 trees per hectare. Total input and net income of plantation within 13 years increased and decreased with planting density respectively. Based on these results, the spacing of 3 m×3 m or 3 m×2 m was recommended for the purpose of both higher output and better management of Daemonorops margaritae plantation by matching practical situation.
The effect of group-planting on growth and yield of Calamus simplicifolius was evaluated based on the trial covering 2(A), 3(B), 4(C) seedlings per group and single seedling planting (CK). Survival rate of mother stem decreased gradually with seedling number per group and was lower in group-planting than in single-planting and there were no significant differences among treatments. All survival rates of clump at different levels of group-planting were 100%, higher than that of single-planting. Group-planting decreased both sucker shoot number and mother stem length significantly, but increased plant number per clump and total length per clump dramatically. Group-planting also had significant effect on both mean diameter and mean internode length, and the differences between single-planting and 3- and 4- seedling per clump were highly significant. Cane yield increased with seedling number per group and was higher in group-planting than in single-planting, showing significant difference between group-planting treatments and single-planting but no significant differences among group-planting treatments. Further economic analysis showed that 2 seedlings per group produced the best result among three levels of group-planting.
Harvest regimes had eminent economic effect on 13-year-old rattan plantations. The harvest regime of first harvest at 9 years with
通过分析单叶省藤组培苗与实生苗造林效果，从造林保存率、萌蘖力、母茎长和总茎长4个指标综合判断，结合各类苗木造林后的生长趋势认为：采用组培单芽苗造林可获得较理想效果，组培单芽苗是扩大棕榈藤栽培的优良材料。
造林密度对黄藤植株母茎生长的影响较弱，但对植株萌蘖力、藤丛总茎长、林分自疏率、平均直径和单丛产量产生显著影响；藤林单位面积产量随着密度的增大先增加后逐步减少，不同密度间无显著差异，但以密度为3 333株·hm-2时的总产量最高；随着造林密度的增大，藤林13 a内的总生产成本逐渐增加，纯收入则不断递减。从经济效益角度考虑，培育黄藤人工林宜采用3 m×3 m或3 m×2 m的株行距，从而获得较高的经济效益和便于藤林的管理。
单叶省藤的母茎保存率在丛栽水平间无显著差异，但均低于单株种植的母茎保存率；而藤丛保存率在各丛栽水平间完全相同，均高于单株种植的藤丛保存率。丛栽对植株萌蘖数和植株母茎长，对藤丛平均株数和藤丛总茎长分别产生显著的负面和正面效应；丛栽株数对植株的平均直径与节间长也有显著影响，但二者主要在单株种植与3、4株丛栽之间有显著差异。与单株种植相比，丛栽能明显提高藤林的产量；进一步的经济分析表明，2株丛栽可获得最高的经济收益，因而在进行造林时以2株丛栽为宜。
不同的初采年龄和采收间隔期对13 a单叶省藤和黄藤人工林的经济效益具有明显影响，其中单叶省藤以9 a初采和4 a间隔期、黄藤以7 a初采和6 a间隔期的采收方式经济效益最高；单叶省藤和黄藤种植后均对上层树种石梓和马尾松生长与收获量产生不利影响，进而导致20 a石梓林分和19 a 马尾松林分的纯收益和净现值出现不同程度的下降；经过综合分析，两种藤林5种采收方式对整个林地经
济收益仍有较大贡献，两种林藤间种产生的林地增益水平和净现值增量分别为12.49%—91.10%、5 145—7 069 yuan·hm-2和3.07%—12.74%、2 407—5 149 yuan·hm-2；棕榈藤间种产生的林地经济收益的贡献水平与木材价格和木材产量紧密相关，但对木材价格反应更为敏感。将棕榈藤和上层林分相结合，对整个林地经济收益概况作出评价的研究方法在一定程度上克服了以往分析经济效益时仅以棕榈藤为研究对象的缺陷，是对藤林经济效益研究的有益补充和完善。若仅从一个方面分析棕榈藤间种的利或弊都会失之偏颇，只有将棕榈藤和上层林分结合起来当作一个系统，并对整个系统进行综合分析和判断，才会得出比较客观和准确的结论。
通过对5个生长方程进行对比分析，选用Korf和Richards方程建立了单叶省藤和黄藤的林分因子生长模型。首次将Weibull、Logistic和Richards生长方程移植于单叶省藤和黄藤的茎长分布的研究领域中，采用分阶段拟合法描述单叶省藤和黄藤林分茎长分布结构，并利用参数预测技术建立了藤林的茎长分布模型，为动态模拟林分茎长分布规律和提高预测精度提供了良好的途径。基于林分因子模型和茎长分布模型，结合采收模型，以实现经营期内获取最高净现值为目标，分别藤种确定最佳采收方式：在20 a经营周期内，单叶省藤采收的时间序列分别为9、15和20 a，起采茎长序列为11、11和5 m；而黄藤采收的时间序列分别为8、11、14、17和20 a，起采茎长序列为8.5、8.5、8.5、8.5和4 m。藤林的最佳采收方式应依据藤种生物学特性、初植密度、立地条件和经营周期等因素分别确定。
综合分析，通过组培快繁技术选择优质组培单芽藤是保证藤林速生丰产的有效途径；根据藤种的生物学特性，选择适宜的林地和上层林分，采取调控种植时间、丛栽株数和株行距等造林措施是减少棕榈藤间种对上层树种不利影响、有效增加原藤产量和提高林地增益水平的关键措施；而通过控制初始采收龄、起采茎长和采收间隔期，确定藤林最佳采收方式是促进资源充分利用、提高藤林的经济效益的有力保障。
Being a group of climbing palms under the subfamily Calamoideae of the family Palmae, rattans are regarded as multiple-purpose plant resources and an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products in tropical and sub-tropical forests. However, the over-exploitation in the wild rattans and the loss of tropical forests have made rattan resources dwindle rapidly and threatened sustainable utilization of rattan resources and long-term survival of rattan industry. Therefore, the development of rattan plantations and the improvement of plantation management technique are urgently needed to avoid this unfavorable plight and to boost the sustainable utilization of rattan resources. Under this circumstance of dwindling resources and increasing development of rattan plantation in South China, two excellent rattan species, Calamus simplicifolius and Damonorops margaritae in Daqingshan, Guangxi province, were selected for the serial studies on selection of rattan seedlings, silvicultural measure and harvesting method to provide scientific information and technical support for the development of rattan plantations, the improvement of intensive management and sustainable utilization of rattan resources.
By comparing silvicultural effect of tissue culture seedlings and normal seed seedlings of Calamus simplicifolius, it was found that planting with single shoot seedlings generally produced more satisfying result than with multiple shoot tissue culture seedlings and normal seed seedlings, judged by survival rate, suckering ability, mother stem length and rattan clump length in combination with growth tendency of seelings. Therefore, single shoot seedling was superior to the other two types in general, and can service as an excellent planting material to develop rattan plantations.
The effect of planting density on growth and yield of Daemonorops margaritae plantation was analyzed on the basis of experiment of planting spacing including 3 m×3 m(A), 2 m×3 m(B), 1 m×3 m(C) and 1 m×2 m (D) 4 density levels. The result showed that planting spacing affected suckering ability, total clump length, self-thinning rate, mean stem diameter and cane yield per clump significantly except mother stem length; cane yield per hectare increased first and then decreased gradually with the density increasing with a peak value under the density of 3 333 trees per hectare. Total input and net income of plantation within 13 years increased and decreased with planting density respectively. Based on these results, the spacing of 3 m×3 m or 3 m×2 m was recommended for the purpose of both higher output and better management of Daemonorops margaritae plantation by matching practical situation.
The effect of group-planting on growth and yield of Calamus simplicifolius was evaluated based on the trial covering 2(A), 3(B), 4(C) seedlings per group and single seedling planting (CK). Survival rate of mother stem decreased gradually with seedling number per group and was lower in group-planting than in single-planting and there were no significant differences among treatments. All survival rates of clump at different levels of group-planting were 100%, higher than that of single-planting. Group-planting decreased both sucker shoot number and mother stem length significantly, but increased plant number per clump and total length per clump dramatically. Group-planting also had significant effect on both mean diameter and mean internode length, and the differences between single-planting and 3- and 4- seedling per clump were highly significant. Cane yield increased with seedling number per group and was higher in group-planting than in single-planting, showing significant difference between group-planting treatments and single-planting but no significant differences among group-planting treatments. Further economic analysis showed that 2 seedlings per group produced the best result among three levels of group-planting.
Harvest regimes had eminent economic effect on 13-year-old rattan plantations. The harvest regime of first harvest at 9 years with
引文
李意德. 2002. 热带森林资源及生态环境保护功能. 热带林业, 30(1): 13－20.
施昆山主编. 2002. 当代世界林业. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 7－31.
王庆礼, 吴刚. 1997. 论中国林业现状与可持续发展战略. 中国人口·资源与环境, 7(4): 38－43.
Aminuddin Mohamad & Nur Supardi M N. 1992. Field preparation, planting and maintenance: largel－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J& Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 107－112.
Lakshmana A C. 1993. The rattans of South India. Evergreen Publishers. Bangalore. India.
Soedarto K. 1999. The state of bamboo and rattan development in Indonesia. Unpublished report. INBAR. 33.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山主编. 1994. 棕榈藤的研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社。
ESCAP. 1991. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Expansion of Trade in Rattan and Rubber wood Furniture. Bangkok, Thailand, 30 April – 3 May 1991.
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. Bamboo & Rattan: Resources for the 21st Century. Tropical Forest Update. 1(4):18.
INBAR. 2001. FAO/INBAR Expert Consultation on Rattan Development. News Magazine. 8(1):10.
Latif Abd M. 2000. Production and utilization of bamboo, rattan and related species: management and research considerations. XXI IUFRO World Congress 2000. Sub－Plenary Papers and Abstracts. 1: 393－406.
许煌灿, 孙清鹏. 2001. 棕榈藤产业现状及其发展前景. 竺肇华主编. 中国热带地区竹藤发展. 88－106
竺肇华. 2001. 海南省竹藤发展战略调研报告. 中国海口: 海南省竹藤产业发展研讨会暨合作洽谈会, 1－15.
Sastry C B. 2000. Rattan in the twenty－first century － An outlook. FAO Expert Consultation on Rattan Development. 5－7 December 2000, Rome, Italy.
黄清麟. 1999. 森林可持续经营综述. 福建林学院学报, 19(3): 282－285.
张玉珍, 黄选瑞, 孟宪宇. 1999. 森林可持续经营保障机制的探讨. 林业资源管理,(5): 58－61.
杨礼旦, 陈应平. 1999. 初论森林可持续经营的概念、内涵和特征. 林业科学, 35(2): 118–123.
Wijewardana D S J. Caswell and Palmberg Lerche C. 1997. Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In: Ecoregional review. Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress. Antalya,Turkey, October 13–22, 1997: 3－17.
蒋有绪. 2000. 国际森林可持续经营问题的进展. 资源科学, 22(6): 77－82.
肖文发, 刘金龙等. 1998(特). 我国亚热带森林可持续经营的标准与指标探讨. 林业资源管理, 47－50.
杨元梁, 丁艺. 2000. 林地可持续经营模式评价的研究. 森林工程, 17(1): 4－8.
李春静, 刘明强, 夏孔建等. 2001. 森林可持续经营能力评估模型研究. 河南农业大学学报, 35(1): 62－65.
王金叶, 车克钧, 常宗强等. 2001. 张掖地区森林可持续经营标准与指标. 西北林学院学报, 16(增): 74－79.
车克钧, 潘爱华. 2001. 祁连山水源林可持续经营指标体系的研究. 西北林学院学报, 16(增): 70－73.
陆元昌, 甘敬. 2002. 21世纪的森林经理发展动态. 世界林业研究, 15(1): 1－11.
Gilmore D. 1997. Ecosystem Management––A needs driven,resource use philosophy. For. Chron. , 1997, 73: 560－564.
邓华锋. 1998. 森林生态系统经营综述. 世界林业研究, 11(4): 110－115.
陆元昌, 程小放. 2001. 加拿大的模式森林计划. 世界林业研究, 14(2): 55－60.
冯林, 王立明. 1998. 关于森林可持续经营与天然林保护若干问题的探讨. 内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学报), 20(3): 22－25.
陈炳浩, 陆静娴. 1999. 我国主要林区天然林资源保护与可持续经营. 林业资源管理, (1): 4－12.
俞新妥. 1999. 论杉木人工林的回归––从杉木林地力衰退的因果谈杉木林的可持续经营. 世界林业研究, 12(5): 15－19.
秦建华, 姜志林. 1999. 培育优质阔叶材混交林与森林可持续经营. 世界林业研究, 12(4): 6－11.
杨玉盛, 陈光水. 2000. 试论杉木林可持续经营的对策. 福建林业科技, 27(2): 13－18.
Baharuddin H G and Simula M. 1994. Certification schemes for all timber and timber products. Japan,International Tropical Timber Organization.
陆文明. 1999. 森林可持续经营的认证机制. 世界林业研究, (3): 7－12.
杨建洲. 1998. 森林可持续经营认证评述. 林业经济问题, (6): 26－30.
周国林, 谭琴. 1997. 世界森林可持续经营发展近况、趋势及我国的原则. 世界林业研究, 2: 1－8.
Dolequin F O. 1940. Bare root planting of wild rattan seedlings. Philippine Journal of Forestry, 3(3): 279－282.
Nair P N. 1963. Cane planting trials in Kerala. Unpublished report,Kerala Forest Research Inst. , Peechi.
Yusoff A M and Manokaran N. 1985: Seed and vegetative propagation of rattans. In: Wong K M & Manokaran N (eds). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 13–105.
Tan C F. 1992. Field preparation, planting and maintenance: small－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 99－106.
王慷林, 陈三阳, 许建初. 2002. 云南棕榈藤实用手册. 昆明: 云南科技出版社. 42–54.
Manokaran N. 1981. Clustering in Rotan manau (alamus manan). Malay. For. 44, 557－560.
Gulati N K & Sharma B K. 1983. Propagation of Calamus tenuis Roxb. Indian For. 109(8), 541－545.
Haridasan K. 1997. The Silviculture Scenario of Canes in North East India with reference to Arunachal Pradesh. In: Rao A N and Rao V R (Eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－ APO. Serdang, Malaysia.
Tan C F. 1992. History of rattan culltivaiton. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 51－56.
Van Tuil J H. 1929. Handel en cultuur van rotan in de zuider－en oostafdeling van Borneo. Tectona XXII: 695－717.
Bacilieri R and Appanah S. 1999. Rattan Cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects CIRAD－Forêt and FRIM, Malaysia.
Darus Haji Ahmad & Aminah H. 1985. Nursery techniques for Calamus manna and C. caesius at Forest Research Institute nursery, Kepong, Malaysia. In: Wong K M & Monokaran N (eds). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. 2－4 Oct. 1984. Kuala Lumpur. Rattan Information center. Kepong. 33－40.
Cecilia M L, Faustina C B, Rowena V P. 1992. A Beginner’s Source book on Philippine Rattan. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 12－28.
Toga Silitonga. 1988. Final Report: Rattan Indonesia Project 1984－1988. IDRC－CANADA and Department of Forestry. Agency for Forestry Research and Development Jakarta, 1988. 36－38.
庄承纪, 周建葵. 1991. 省藤组织培养的植株再生. 云南植物研究, 13(1): 97－100.
张方秋. 1993. 棕榈藤组培技术研究. 林业科学研究, 6(5): 486－492.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 刘英. 1997. 棕榈藤组培苗移植. 林业科学研究, 10(6): 563－569.
Yusoff A M. 1992. Tissue Culture of Rattans. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Chapter 17. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 149－161.
Dransfield J & Suwanda A. 1974. Survey rotan di Kalimantan Tengah (Survey of rattans in Central Kalimantan). Lembaga Penelitian Hutan, Bogor. Unpubl.
Dransfield J. 1984. The rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13. 182. Sabah Forest Department.
Dransfield J. 1977. Calamus caesius and Calamus trachycoleus compared. Gdns' Bull. Singapore, 30: 75－78.
Manokaran N. 1981a. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius AT two years after planting. Ⅰ. Line－planted in poorly drained soil. Malay. Forester, 44(1): 12－22.
Manokaran N. 1981b. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at two years after planting. Ⅱ. Line－planted in well drained soil. Malay. Forester, 44(4): 464－472.
Manokaran N. 1981c. Clustering in Rotan manau(Calamus manan). Malaysian Forester 44(4): 557－560.
Manokaran N. 1982a. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at two years after planting. Ⅲ. Group－planted in poorly drained soil. Malay. Forester, 45(1): 36－48.
Manokaran N. 1982b. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at 5 1/3 years after planting. Malay. Forester, 45(2): 193－202.
Manokaran N. 1985: Biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattans. In: Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, edited by K. M. Wong and Manokaran, N. The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 95－105.
Shim P S & Muhammad A M. 1985. A preliminary report on the growth forms of Calamus caesius and Calamus trachycoleus in SAFODA’s Kinabatangan rattan plantation. In: Wong K M and Manokaran N (eds.)Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, edited by The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 63－71.
Siebert S. 2000. Survival and growth of rattan intercropped with coffee and cacao in the agroforests of Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 50: 95－102.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山等. 1994. 黄藤生态生物学特性的研究. 林业科学研究, 7(1): 20－26.
范晋渝, 黄进, 卢怀佳等. 1994. 白藤中试林生长研究. 许煌灿,尹光天,曾炳山主编. 棕榈藤的研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社, 161－167.
Tan C F. 1992. Planting systems for small－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N, (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 79－88.
Nur Supardi Md Noor & Aminduddin Mohamad. 1992. Planting systems for large－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N, (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 89－98.
Johari Baharuddin & Che Aziz Ali. 1982. An assessment on the growth and survival of 13 years old Rotan manau plot in Sungei Buloh Forest Resever. Paper presented at Eighth Pan－Malaysian Forestry Conference. Sabah. 2－8 August 1982, 6.
Nur Supardi M N & Wan Razali Mohd, 1989. The growth and yield of a nine years old rattan plantation. In: Rao A N et al (eds. ). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. 2－4 October 1984. Kuala Lumpur. Rattan Information Centre, FRIM, Kepong. 62－67.
Pollisco S & Iliberto F. 1987. An overview of rattan production in the Philippines. In: Rao A N et al (eds. )Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14,1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC.
Aminuddin M & Nur Supardi M N. 1986. Intecropping of Rotan manau(Calamus manan)with rubber. Pertanika, 9(2): 161－166.
Aminuddin M & Hall J B. 1990. Effect of fertilizer application on Calamus manna at Taiping, Perak, west Malaysia. Forest ecol. and Management, 35: 217－225.
Raja Barizan R S & Chong Phang Fee. 1999. Report prepared for the International Network of Bamboo and Rattan. (INBAR) on Transfer of Technology Model. (TOTEM). Inter－planting rattan tree plantation.
Weinstock J A. 1983: Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest Swidden. Econ. Botany, 37: 58－68.
Abdul Razak M A & Raja Barizan R S, 2002. Country report on the status of rattan resources and uses in Malaysia. Rattan: current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
Roberto Bacilieri, David Alloysius and Charles Gracia. 1997. Studies On Rattan Ecology and silviculutre in Luasong Forestry Center(Sabah). In: Rao A N and Rao V R (eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－ APO. Serdang, Malaysia. 123－136.
Alrasjid H. 1980. Pedoman Penanaman Rotan(A guide to planting rattan). Lembaga Penelitian Hutan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Boror. 37. In Indonesian.
Aminuddin M. 1989. Effect of canopy manipulation on growth performance of Calamus manna, a Malaysian rattan. In: Rao A N et al. (Eds). Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14, 1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC.
Ram Sing Gengarajoo and Francis Otigil. 1999. Development of rattan plantation－observations at SAFODA’s Ulu Tungud Rattan Project. In: Bacilieri R & Appanah S (eds). Proceedings of rattan cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement, and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998, Kuala Lumpur.
Chin T H. 1989. Rattan planting. Leaflet No. 125. The Departemtn of Agriculture, Sarawak. 18－41.
Stephanie T Fried. 1994. Sustainable resource management in Indonesia: the Bentian Dayak rattan cultivators of East Kalimantan. Paper presented at the international congress of Ethnobiology. 1994.
Andrew Garcia and Charles Garcia. 1997. Rattan plantation. In: Rao A N and Rao V R (eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－APO. Serdang, Malaysia. 121－122.
Raja Barizan R S & Aminuddin M 1992. Nutrient requirements and deficiency symptoms in rattan plants. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 113－126.
Aminuddin M.1987.Establishment, growth performance and ecophysiological characteristics of two rattan species: Calamus manna Miq. and C. tumidus Furtado. M. Sc. thesis. Faculty of Forestry, University Pertanina Malaysia.
Aminuddin M. 1990. Ecology and silviculture of Calamus manan in Peninsula Malaysia. Ph. D. thesis, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.
Sutiyono R & Sukardi I. 1986. Effects of fertilizer P on the growth of “manau”seedlings in a latosol in the nursery. Bull. Penelitian Hutan Pengembangan Hutan In Indonesia. 473: 52－59.
Mindawati N & Suriamiharja S. 1986. Growth response of Rotan irit on application of multiple NPK and choice of supporting plants. Bull. Penelitian Hutan Pengembangan Hutan In Indonesia.486: 1－7.
Tan C F. 1988. Raising rattan seedlings. RIC Pamphlet, FRIM, Kepong. 11.
Tan C F. 1992. The nursery. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 65－78.
Lee Y F. 1994. Some models for estimating rattan growth and yield. Journal of tropical forest sciences 6: 346－355.
Lee Y F. 1995. Genetic and ecological studies relevant to the conservation and management of some Bornean Calamus species. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen. 261+appendices.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 尹光天等. 1993. 黄藤藤丛结构和生长的研究. 林业科学研究, 6(4): 414－423.
David A.1999. Yield from a 8－year－old plantation of Calamus caesius Bl. In : Bacilieri R & Appanah S (eds). Proceedings of rattan cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement, and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998, Kuala Lumpur.
Peluso N. 1986. Rattan industries in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Paper commissioned by FAO policy and Planting Sevcie, Forestry Departement.
Prisksumana Soetarso. 1986. Kajian ekonomid pembudidayaan rotan komersial di Kalimantan Timur. Siinopsis Lokakarya Nasional Rotan. 15－16 Dec. 1986. Managgala Wanabakti, Jakarta.
Prisksumana Soetarso. 1989. Rattan for economic development in East Kalimantan. In: Rao A N et al. (eds. )Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14,1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC. Pp. 248－257.
Salleh M N & Aminuddin M. 1986. Rattan as supplementary crop in rubber plantation. In: Rajarao C & Amin L L (eds.) Proceedings of rubber growers' conference, 261－273.
Formoso G R. 1988. Economics of rattan plantation development. Proceedings of the National Symposium/Workshop on Rattan. Cebu City, 1－3 June 1988.
Torreta N K and Belen E H. 1990. Rattan: proceedings of the national symposium/Workshop on rattan, Cebu City, June 1－3, 1998. PCAARD Book Series No. 99, Los Banos, Laguan.
Tan C F, Woon W C. Economics of cultivation of small－diameter rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Mohd Wan Razali; Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds), 177－204. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
Menon K D. 1980. Rattan: a state－of－art review. In: a report of a workshop held in Signgpore. 4－6 June. IDRC, Ottawa.
Saharia U K & Sen S K. 1990. Growth and yield of cane in Assanm. Indian Forester, 116: 303－305.
卫兆芬. 1986. 中国省藤属的研究. 广西植物,6(1-2): 17－40.
尹光天, 许煌灿, 曾炳山等. 1998. 单叶省藤生态生物学特性及栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 11(1): 7－15.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 尹光天. 1993. 我国棕榈藤栽培区划初探. 林业科学研究, 6(5): 547－555.
周再知, 许煌灿, 尹光天. 1992. 藤类人工林经济效益评价. 林业科学研究, 5(1): 47－55.
曾炳山, 尹光天, 许煌灿等. 2003. 单叶省藤组培苗造林初步研究. 林业科学研究, 16(2): 240－244.
洪 伟编著. 1997. 林业试验设计技术与方法. 北京: 科学技术出版社, 205－211.
赵承开. 2002. 杉木优良无性系早期选择年龄和增益. 林业科学, 38(4): 53－60.
张伟良, 尹光天, 许煌灿. 1990. 白藤丛栽试验初报. 林业科学研究, 3(1): 81－85.
叶功富, 林武星, 张水松等. 1995. 不同密度管理措施对杉木林分的生长、生态效应的研究. 福建林业科技, 22(3): 1－8.
刘金福, 洪 伟, 林 芳. 1998. 马尾松人工林密度效应模型研究. 西南林学院学报, 18(3): 148－152.
洪 伟, 郑郁善, 邱尔发. 1998. 毛竹丰产林密度效应研究. 林业科学, 34(专): 1－4.
沈作奎, 徐伟声, 蒋剑波. 2002. 日本落叶松人工林密度效应的研究. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 20(4): 11－13.
吴春芳, 王玉亭, 冯俊一等. 1998. 北京杨速生丰产林密度效应. 青海农林科技, 2: 18－20.
张怡春, 兰 湛, 王丽艳等. 2000. 长白落叶松人工林密度效应模型的研究. 吉林林业科技, 29(2): 21－22,61.
唐守正. 1993. 同龄纯林自疏规律的研究. 林业科学, 29(3): 235－241.
童书振, 盛炜彤, 张建国. 2002. 杉木林分密度效应研究. 林业科学研究, 15(1): 66－75.
蔡则谟, 许煌灿, 尹光天等. 2003. 棕榈藤利用的研究与进展. 林业科学研究, 16(4): 479－487.
洪 伟, 吴承祯. 1996. 闽北杉木人工林密度控制连续状态的动态规划研究. 福建林学院学报, 16(1): 1－4.
Manokaran N. 1984. Biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattan. In: Proceedings of the rattan seminar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2－4 Oct. The Rattan Information Center, FRIM, 95－105.
Manokaran N. 1982. Survival and growth of rotan sega(calamus caesius) seedlings at 2 years after planting Ⅲ. Group－planting in poorly－drained soil. The Maylaysia Forestry, 45(1): 36－48.
江泽慧主编. 2002. 世界竹藤. 沈阳: 辽宁科学技术出版社, 592－593.
Bhat K M and Renuka C. 1986. Variation in physical characteristics of Kerala grown rattans of Peninsular India. The Maylaysian Forester,49(2): 185－197.
高智慧, 张志宏, 杨少校. 1994. 浙江省马尾松速生丰产用材林经济效益分析与评估. 浙江林业科技,14(2): 36－40
吴长贤, 叶连祥, 毛玉明. 1995. 杉木林抚育间伐与经济效益分析. 华东森林经理, 9(2): 20－23.
陈平留, 刘 健, 郑德祥. 2001. 速生丰产优质杉木林经济效益分析及伐期确定. 林业科学, 37(专): 47－51.
齐新民, 丁贵杰, 王德炉等. 2001. 马尾松纸浆用材林不同培育技术措施的经济效益分析. 浙江林业科技, 21(3): 69－73.
彭龙福, 李谋窕, 叶世坚. 2000. 40年生马尾松人工林经济效益分析研究. 林业经济问题, 20(4): 251－254.
卢镜铭. 2002. 湿地松人工林动态的经济效益分析. 福建林业科技, 27(3): 12－15.
张连水, 查印水. 2000. 闽南引种巨尾按生长状况与经济效益分析初报. 华东森林经理, 14(4): 10－11.
陈少雄, 杨建林, 周国福. 1999. 不同栽培措施对尾巨桉生长的影响及经济效益分析. 林业科学研究, 12(4): 357－362.
邹桂霞, 尹俊武, 张旭东. 2002. 杨树用材人工林集约栽培经济效益研究. 防护林科技, (4): 17－18.
辽宁省水土保持研究所. 1994. 人工刺槐林生态经济效益的研究. 山西水土保持科技, (2): 8－10.
Espelta J M, Retana J, Habrouk A. 2003. An economic and ecological multi－criteria evaluation of reforestation methods to recover burned Pinus nigra forests in NE Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 180: 185–198.
Jalota R K, Sangha K K. 2000. Comparative ecological－economic analysis of growth performance of exotic Eucalyptus tereticornis and indigenous Dalbergia sissoo in mono－culture plantations. Ecological Economics, 33: 487–495.
Niskanen A. 1998. Financial and economic profitability of reforestation in Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 104: 57–68.
Valkonena S, Valsta L. 2001. Productivity and economics of mixed two－storied spruce and birch stands in Southern Finland simulated with empirical models. Forest Ecology and Management, 140: 133－149.
Venn T J. 2003, Financial and economic performance of long－rotation hardwood plantation investments in Queensland, Australia. Forest Policy and Economics (Article in press).
Dransfield J, The taxonomy of rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Mohd Wan Razali; Dransfield J & Manokaran N(Eds), 99－106. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
Aminuddin M, Nur Supardi M N and Woon W C. Economics of cultivation of large－diameter rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Wan Razali Mohd; Dransfield J & Manokaran N(eds), 205－237. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
李意德, 曾庆波, 吴仲民等. 1999. 海南尖峰岭地区三种热带复合农林业体系效益研究. 林业科学研究,12(2): 139－145.
谌红辉, 丁贵杰. 2004. 马尾松造林密度效应研究. 林业科学, 40(1): 92－98.
丁贵杰. 1997. 马尾松人工林生长收获模型系统的研究. 林业科学, 33(Sp. 1): 57－66.
于政中主编. 1991 森林经理学(第2版). 北京: 中国林业出版社, 72－80.
Stockdale M C. 1994. Appropriate methodologies in research for sustainable management of natural stands of rattan. In: INBAR Technical Reprot No. 5. Constraints to Production of Bamboo and Rattan : 209－245.
李炎香, 谭天泳, 魏素梅等. 1990. 石梓栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 3(5): 446－452
洪 伟编著. 1997. 林业试验设计技术与方法. 北京: 科学技术出版社, 205－211.
Sunderland T C H and Dransfield J. 2002. Species profiles rattans. In: Dransfield J, Tesoro F O and Manokaran N(Eds). Rattan current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Non－wood Forest Products 14. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2002.
Nur Supardi M N. 1992. Harvesting of Rattans. In: Razali W, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malaysian Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1992: 163－174.
Aminuddin M. 1992. Income from harvesting trial of manau cane in rubber plantation. RIC Bulletin, 1992,11(1): 2–3.
Hunter I, Von Hahn C G, Zhu Z et al. 2003. Stabilising forest margins by growing non－timber forest products: a novel example from Hainan Island, China. Land Use Policy, 20: 225–230.
唐守正. 1991. 广西大青山马尾松全林整体生长模型及其应用. 林业科学研究, 4(增刊),8–13.
Qin Anchen , Zhao Linsen. 1998. Improved Faustmann model and its application to calculation of forest economic maturity. Journal of Beijing forestry university, 7(2): 81–90.
Valkonena S, Valsta L. 2001. Productivity and economics of mixed two－storied spruce and birch stands in Southern Finland simulated with empirical models. Forest Ecology and Management, 140: 133－149.
董 健, 赵文华, 黄国学等. 2001. 日本落叶松纸浆林合理轮伐期研究. 辽宁林业科技,1: 11–14.
何美成, 李炳铁. 2001. 杉木人工林生长收获与最佳主伐期研究. 林业资源管理, 6: 29–43.
江 波, 袁位高, 戚连忠. 2001. 杨树人工林合理轮伐期的研究. 浙江林学院学报, 18(1): 26–31.
林如青, 郑少玲. 2001. 人工林生长与收获预测模型应用探讨. 林业资源管理, 2: 48–50.
于振良, 于贵瑞, 赵士洞等. 2001. 长白山阔叶红松林动态及经营管理模型研究. 资源科学,23(6): 59–63.
Mabvurira D, Pukkala T. 2002. Optimising the management of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) maiden plantations in Zimbabwe. Forest Ecology and Management, 166: 149–157.
Lee Y F. Some models for estimating rattan growth and yield. Journal of tropical forest science,1994,6: 346－355.
Lee Y F. Genetic and ecological studies relevant to the conservation and management of some Bornean Calamus species. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen, 1995: 261.
Bacilieri R & Appanah S. Rattan Cultivation: Achievements,problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement,and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. CIRAD–Foret/FRIM,Malaysia,1999.
段爱国, 张建国, 童书振. 2003. 6种生长方程在杉木人工林林分直径结构上的应用. 林业科学研究, 16(4): 423–429.
秦建华, Titus S J, Huang S. 2002. 林分生长与产量模型系统的研究综述. 林业科学, 38(1): 122–129.
李春明, 杜纪山, 张会儒. 2003. 抚育间伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究. 林业科学研究, 16(5): 636–641.
Richards F J. 1959. A flexible growth function for empirical use. J Exp Bot,10(29): 290–300
Monserud R A. 1984. Height growth and site index curves for inland Douglas－fir based on stem analysis data and forest habitat. For Sci. ,30(4): 943–965.
李文灿. 1990. 对Logistic方程的再认识. 北京林业大学学报, 12(2): 121–127.
Hamtilton D A Jr. 1986. A logistic model of mortality in thinned and unthinned mixed conifer stands of Northern Idaho. For Sci, 32(4): 989–l000.
李凤日. 1987. 兴安落叶松天然林直径分布及产量预测模型的研究. 东北林业大学学报,15(4): 7–15.
Zeide B. 1989. Accuracy of equations describing diameter growth. Can J For Res,19: 1283–1286.
Charles P W. 1932. The Gompertz curve as a growth curve. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 18(1): 1–9.
吴承祯, 洪 伟. 1998. 杉木人工林直径结构模型的研究. 福建林学院学报, 18(2): 110–113.
Ricker W E. 1979. Growth rates and models. Fish physiol, (8): 677–743 .
Bailey R L, Dell T R. 1973. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. For Sci,19: 97–104.
邱水文. 1990. 林木直径分布收获模型综述. 华东森林经理, 5: 28–32.
孟宪宇, 邱水文. 1991. 长白落叶松直径分布收模型的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 13(4): 9–15.
周春国, 佘光辉, 吴富桢等. 1998. 用变型Weibull分布对热带雨林结构规律的研究. 南京林业大学学报, 22(4): 12–16.
惠刚盈, 盛炜彤. 1995. 林分直径结构模型的研究. 林业科学研究, 8(2): 127–131.
张建国, 段爱国. 2003. 理论生长方程对杉木人工林林分直径结构的模拟研究. 林业科学, 39(6): 55–61.
刘金福, 洪 伟. 1999. 格氏栲种群生态学研究Ⅵ. 格氏栲种群空间格局分布的Weibull模型研究. 福建林学院学报, 19(3): 212–215.
洪利兴, 杜国坚, 张庆荣等. 1995. 天然常绿阔叶林异龄林幼林胸径的Weibull分布及其动态预测. 植物生态学报, 19(1): 29－42.
陈华豪, 丁思统, 蔡贤如等编著. 1988. 林业应用数理统计. 大连海运学院出版社,120－122.
陈梦雄. 1995. 择伐强度与择伐周期的合理确定. 陕西林业科技, 4: 48－51.
谢哲根, 于政中, 宋铁英. 1994. 现实异龄林分最优择伐序列的探讨. 北京林业大学学报,16(4):113–120.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山等. 1994. 黄藤栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 7(3):239－246.
北京林学院主编. 1980. 数理统计. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 164－172.
关百钧. 1999.世界非木材林产品发展战略. 世界林业研究. 12(2):1—6.
邹积丰, 韩联生, 王瑛. 2000. 非木材林产品资源国内外开发利用的现状、发展趋势与瞻望. 中国林副特产, (1): 35－38.
Razali W, Dransfield J & Manokaran N. A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malaysian Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1992: 163－174.
Dransfield J, Tesoro F O and Manokaran N. Rattan current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Non－wood Forest Products 14. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2002.
施昆山主编. 2002. 当代世界林业. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 7－31.
王庆礼, 吴刚. 1997. 论中国林业现状与可持续发展战略. 中国人口·资源与环境, 7(4): 38－43.
Aminuddin Mohamad & Nur Supardi M N. 1992. Field preparation, planting and maintenance: largel－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J& Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 107－112.
Lakshmana A C. 1993. The rattans of South India. Evergreen Publishers. Bangalore. India.
Soedarto K. 1999. The state of bamboo and rattan development in Indonesia. Unpublished report. INBAR. 33.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山主编. 1994. 棕榈藤的研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社。
ESCAP. 1991. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Expansion of Trade in Rattan and Rubber wood Furniture. Bangkok, Thailand, 30 April – 3 May 1991.
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. Bamboo & Rattan: Resources for the 21st Century. Tropical Forest Update. 1(4):18.
INBAR. 2001. FAO/INBAR Expert Consultation on Rattan Development. News Magazine. 8(1):10.
Latif Abd M. 2000. Production and utilization of bamboo, rattan and related species: management and research considerations. XXI IUFRO World Congress 2000. Sub－Plenary Papers and Abstracts. 1: 393－406.
许煌灿, 孙清鹏. 2001. 棕榈藤产业现状及其发展前景. 竺肇华主编. 中国热带地区竹藤发展. 88－106
竺肇华. 2001. 海南省竹藤发展战略调研报告. 中国海口: 海南省竹藤产业发展研讨会暨合作洽谈会, 1－15.
Sastry C B. 2000. Rattan in the twenty－first century － An outlook. FAO Expert Consultation on Rattan Development. 5－7 December 2000, Rome, Italy.
黄清麟. 1999. 森林可持续经营综述. 福建林学院学报, 19(3): 282－285.
张玉珍, 黄选瑞, 孟宪宇. 1999. 森林可持续经营保障机制的探讨. 林业资源管理,(5): 58－61.
杨礼旦, 陈应平. 1999. 初论森林可持续经营的概念、内涵和特征. 林业科学, 35(2): 118–123.
Wijewardana D S J. Caswell and Palmberg Lerche C. 1997. Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In: Ecoregional review. Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress. Antalya,Turkey, October 13–22, 1997: 3－17.
蒋有绪. 2000. 国际森林可持续经营问题的进展. 资源科学, 22(6): 77－82.
肖文发, 刘金龙等. 1998(特). 我国亚热带森林可持续经营的标准与指标探讨. 林业资源管理, 47－50.
杨元梁, 丁艺. 2000. 林地可持续经营模式评价的研究. 森林工程, 17(1): 4－8.
李春静, 刘明强, 夏孔建等. 2001. 森林可持续经营能力评估模型研究. 河南农业大学学报, 35(1): 62－65.
王金叶, 车克钧, 常宗强等. 2001. 张掖地区森林可持续经营标准与指标. 西北林学院学报, 16(增): 74－79.
车克钧, 潘爱华. 2001. 祁连山水源林可持续经营指标体系的研究. 西北林学院学报, 16(增): 70－73.
陆元昌, 甘敬. 2002. 21世纪的森林经理发展动态. 世界林业研究, 15(1): 1－11.
Gilmore D. 1997. Ecosystem Management––A needs driven,resource use philosophy. For. Chron. , 1997, 73: 560－564.
邓华锋. 1998. 森林生态系统经营综述. 世界林业研究, 11(4): 110－115.
陆元昌, 程小放. 2001. 加拿大的模式森林计划. 世界林业研究, 14(2): 55－60.
冯林, 王立明. 1998. 关于森林可持续经营与天然林保护若干问题的探讨. 内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学报), 20(3): 22－25.
陈炳浩, 陆静娴. 1999. 我国主要林区天然林资源保护与可持续经营. 林业资源管理, (1): 4－12.
俞新妥. 1999. 论杉木人工林的回归––从杉木林地力衰退的因果谈杉木林的可持续经营. 世界林业研究, 12(5): 15－19.
秦建华, 姜志林. 1999. 培育优质阔叶材混交林与森林可持续经营. 世界林业研究, 12(4): 6－11.
杨玉盛, 陈光水. 2000. 试论杉木林可持续经营的对策. 福建林业科技, 27(2): 13－18.
Baharuddin H G and Simula M. 1994. Certification schemes for all timber and timber products. Japan,International Tropical Timber Organization.
陆文明. 1999. 森林可持续经营的认证机制. 世界林业研究, (3): 7－12.
杨建洲. 1998. 森林可持续经营认证评述. 林业经济问题, (6): 26－30.
周国林, 谭琴. 1997. 世界森林可持续经营发展近况、趋势及我国的原则. 世界林业研究, 2: 1－8.
Dolequin F O. 1940. Bare root planting of wild rattan seedlings. Philippine Journal of Forestry, 3(3): 279－282.
Nair P N. 1963. Cane planting trials in Kerala. Unpublished report,Kerala Forest Research Inst. , Peechi.
Yusoff A M and Manokaran N. 1985: Seed and vegetative propagation of rattans. In: Wong K M & Manokaran N (eds). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 13–105.
Tan C F. 1992. Field preparation, planting and maintenance: small－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 99－106.
王慷林, 陈三阳, 许建初. 2002. 云南棕榈藤实用手册. 昆明: 云南科技出版社. 42–54.
Manokaran N. 1981. Clustering in Rotan manau (alamus manan). Malay. For. 44, 557－560.
Gulati N K & Sharma B K. 1983. Propagation of Calamus tenuis Roxb. Indian For. 109(8), 541－545.
Haridasan K. 1997. The Silviculture Scenario of Canes in North East India with reference to Arunachal Pradesh. In: Rao A N and Rao V R (Eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－ APO. Serdang, Malaysia.
Tan C F. 1992. History of rattan culltivaiton. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 51－56.
Van Tuil J H. 1929. Handel en cultuur van rotan in de zuider－en oostafdeling van Borneo. Tectona XXII: 695－717.
Bacilieri R and Appanah S. 1999. Rattan Cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects CIRAD－Forêt and FRIM, Malaysia.
Darus Haji Ahmad & Aminah H. 1985. Nursery techniques for Calamus manna and C. caesius at Forest Research Institute nursery, Kepong, Malaysia. In: Wong K M & Monokaran N (eds). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. 2－4 Oct. 1984. Kuala Lumpur. Rattan Information center. Kepong. 33－40.
Cecilia M L, Faustina C B, Rowena V P. 1992. A Beginner’s Source book on Philippine Rattan. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 12－28.
Toga Silitonga. 1988. Final Report: Rattan Indonesia Project 1984－1988. IDRC－CANADA and Department of Forestry. Agency for Forestry Research and Development Jakarta, 1988. 36－38.
庄承纪, 周建葵. 1991. 省藤组织培养的植株再生. 云南植物研究, 13(1): 97－100.
张方秋. 1993. 棕榈藤组培技术研究. 林业科学研究, 6(5): 486－492.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 刘英. 1997. 棕榈藤组培苗移植. 林业科学研究, 10(6): 563－569.
Yusoff A M. 1992. Tissue Culture of Rattans. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Chapter 17. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 149－161.
Dransfield J & Suwanda A. 1974. Survey rotan di Kalimantan Tengah (Survey of rattans in Central Kalimantan). Lembaga Penelitian Hutan, Bogor. Unpubl.
Dransfield J. 1984. The rattans of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records 13. 182. Sabah Forest Department.
Dransfield J. 1977. Calamus caesius and Calamus trachycoleus compared. Gdns' Bull. Singapore, 30: 75－78.
Manokaran N. 1981a. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius AT two years after planting. Ⅰ. Line－planted in poorly drained soil. Malay. Forester, 44(1): 12－22.
Manokaran N. 1981b. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at two years after planting. Ⅱ. Line－planted in well drained soil. Malay. Forester, 44(4): 464－472.
Manokaran N. 1981c. Clustering in Rotan manau(Calamus manan). Malaysian Forester 44(4): 557－560.
Manokaran N. 1982a. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at two years after planting. Ⅲ. Group－planted in poorly drained soil. Malay. Forester, 45(1): 36－48.
Manokaran N. 1982b. Survival and growth of Calamus Caesius at 5 1/3 years after planting. Malay. Forester, 45(2): 193－202.
Manokaran N. 1985: Biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattans. In: Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, edited by K. M. Wong and Manokaran, N. The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 95－105.
Shim P S & Muhammad A M. 1985. A preliminary report on the growth forms of Calamus caesius and Calamus trachycoleus in SAFODA’s Kinabatangan rattan plantation. In: Wong K M and Manokaran N (eds.)Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, October 2－4, 1984; Kuala Lumpur, edited by The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 63－71.
Siebert S. 2000. Survival and growth of rattan intercropped with coffee and cacao in the agroforests of Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 50: 95－102.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山等. 1994. 黄藤生态生物学特性的研究. 林业科学研究, 7(1): 20－26.
范晋渝, 黄进, 卢怀佳等. 1994. 白藤中试林生长研究. 许煌灿,尹光天,曾炳山主编. 棕榈藤的研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社, 161－167.
Tan C F. 1992. Planting systems for small－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N, (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 79－88.
Nur Supardi Md Noor & Aminduddin Mohamad. 1992. Planting systems for large－diameter canes. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N, (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 89－98.
Johari Baharuddin & Che Aziz Ali. 1982. An assessment on the growth and survival of 13 years old Rotan manau plot in Sungei Buloh Forest Resever. Paper presented at Eighth Pan－Malaysian Forestry Conference. Sabah. 2－8 August 1982, 6.
Nur Supardi M N & Wan Razali Mohd, 1989. The growth and yield of a nine years old rattan plantation. In: Rao A N et al (eds. ). Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. 2－4 October 1984. Kuala Lumpur. Rattan Information Centre, FRIM, Kepong. 62－67.
Pollisco S & Iliberto F. 1987. An overview of rattan production in the Philippines. In: Rao A N et al (eds. )Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14,1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC.
Aminuddin M & Nur Supardi M N. 1986. Intecropping of Rotan manau(Calamus manan)with rubber. Pertanika, 9(2): 161－166.
Aminuddin M & Hall J B. 1990. Effect of fertilizer application on Calamus manna at Taiping, Perak, west Malaysia. Forest ecol. and Management, 35: 217－225.
Raja Barizan R S & Chong Phang Fee. 1999. Report prepared for the International Network of Bamboo and Rattan. (INBAR) on Transfer of Technology Model. (TOTEM). Inter－planting rattan tree plantation.
Weinstock J A. 1983: Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest Swidden. Econ. Botany, 37: 58－68.
Abdul Razak M A & Raja Barizan R S, 2002. Country report on the status of rattan resources and uses in Malaysia. Rattan: current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
Roberto Bacilieri, David Alloysius and Charles Gracia. 1997. Studies On Rattan Ecology and silviculutre in Luasong Forestry Center(Sabah). In: Rao A N and Rao V R (eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－ APO. Serdang, Malaysia. 123－136.
Alrasjid H. 1980. Pedoman Penanaman Rotan(A guide to planting rattan). Lembaga Penelitian Hutan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Boror. 37. In Indonesian.
Aminuddin M. 1989. Effect of canopy manipulation on growth performance of Calamus manna, a Malaysian rattan. In: Rao A N et al. (Eds). Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14, 1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC.
Ram Sing Gengarajoo and Francis Otigil. 1999. Development of rattan plantation－observations at SAFODA’s Ulu Tungud Rattan Project. In: Bacilieri R & Appanah S (eds). Proceedings of rattan cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement, and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998, Kuala Lumpur.
Chin T H. 1989. Rattan planting. Leaflet No. 125. The Departemtn of Agriculture, Sarawak. 18－41.
Stephanie T Fried. 1994. Sustainable resource management in Indonesia: the Bentian Dayak rattan cultivators of East Kalimantan. Paper presented at the international congress of Ethnobiology. 1994.
Andrew Garcia and Charles Garcia. 1997. Rattan plantation. In: Rao A N and Rao V R (eds). Rattan Taxonomy, Ecology Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic improvement and Biotechnology. IPGRI－APO. Serdang, Malaysia. 121－122.
Raja Barizan R S & Aminuddin M 1992. Nutrient requirements and deficiency symptoms in rattan plants. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 113－126.
Aminuddin M.1987.Establishment, growth performance and ecophysiological characteristics of two rattan species: Calamus manna Miq. and C. tumidus Furtado. M. Sc. thesis. Faculty of Forestry, University Pertanina Malaysia.
Aminuddin M. 1990. Ecology and silviculture of Calamus manan in Peninsula Malaysia. Ph. D. thesis, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.
Sutiyono R & Sukardi I. 1986. Effects of fertilizer P on the growth of “manau”seedlings in a latosol in the nursery. Bull. Penelitian Hutan Pengembangan Hutan In Indonesia. 473: 52－59.
Mindawati N & Suriamiharja S. 1986. Growth response of Rotan irit on application of multiple NPK and choice of supporting plants. Bull. Penelitian Hutan Pengembangan Hutan In Indonesia.486: 1－7.
Tan C F. 1988. Raising rattan seedlings. RIC Pamphlet, FRIM, Kepong. 11.
Tan C F. 1992. The nursery. In: Wan Razali Mohd, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 65－78.
Lee Y F. 1994. Some models for estimating rattan growth and yield. Journal of tropical forest sciences 6: 346－355.
Lee Y F. 1995. Genetic and ecological studies relevant to the conservation and management of some Bornean Calamus species. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen. 261+appendices.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 尹光天等. 1993. 黄藤藤丛结构和生长的研究. 林业科学研究, 6(4): 414－423.
David A.1999. Yield from a 8－year－old plantation of Calamus caesius Bl. In : Bacilieri R & Appanah S (eds). Proceedings of rattan cultivation: Achievements, problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement, and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998, Kuala Lumpur.
Peluso N. 1986. Rattan industries in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Paper commissioned by FAO policy and Planting Sevcie, Forestry Departement.
Prisksumana Soetarso. 1986. Kajian ekonomid pembudidayaan rotan komersial di Kalimantan Timur. Siinopsis Lokakarya Nasional Rotan. 15－16 Dec. 1986. Managgala Wanabakti, Jakarta.
Prisksumana Soetarso. 1989. Rattan for economic development in East Kalimantan. In: Rao A N et al. (eds. )Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov. 12－14,1987. Chiangmai, Thailand, Kasetsaart Univer. & IDRC. Pp. 248－257.
Salleh M N & Aminuddin M. 1986. Rattan as supplementary crop in rubber plantation. In: Rajarao C & Amin L L (eds.) Proceedings of rubber growers' conference, 261－273.
Formoso G R. 1988. Economics of rattan plantation development. Proceedings of the National Symposium/Workshop on Rattan. Cebu City, 1－3 June 1988.
Torreta N K and Belen E H. 1990. Rattan: proceedings of the national symposium/Workshop on rattan, Cebu City, June 1－3, 1998. PCAARD Book Series No. 99, Los Banos, Laguan.
Tan C F, Woon W C. Economics of cultivation of small－diameter rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Mohd Wan Razali; Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds), 177－204. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
Menon K D. 1980. Rattan: a state－of－art review. In: a report of a workshop held in Signgpore. 4－6 June. IDRC, Ottawa.
Saharia U K & Sen S K. 1990. Growth and yield of cane in Assanm. Indian Forester, 116: 303－305.
卫兆芬. 1986. 中国省藤属的研究. 广西植物,6(1-2): 17－40.
尹光天, 许煌灿, 曾炳山等. 1998. 单叶省藤生态生物学特性及栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 11(1): 7－15.
曾炳山, 许煌灿, 尹光天. 1993. 我国棕榈藤栽培区划初探. 林业科学研究, 6(5): 547－555.
周再知, 许煌灿, 尹光天. 1992. 藤类人工林经济效益评价. 林业科学研究, 5(1): 47－55.
曾炳山, 尹光天, 许煌灿等. 2003. 单叶省藤组培苗造林初步研究. 林业科学研究, 16(2): 240－244.
洪 伟编著. 1997. 林业试验设计技术与方法. 北京: 科学技术出版社, 205－211.
赵承开. 2002. 杉木优良无性系早期选择年龄和增益. 林业科学, 38(4): 53－60.
张伟良, 尹光天, 许煌灿. 1990. 白藤丛栽试验初报. 林业科学研究, 3(1): 81－85.
叶功富, 林武星, 张水松等. 1995. 不同密度管理措施对杉木林分的生长、生态效应的研究. 福建林业科技, 22(3): 1－8.
刘金福, 洪 伟, 林 芳. 1998. 马尾松人工林密度效应模型研究. 西南林学院学报, 18(3): 148－152.
洪 伟, 郑郁善, 邱尔发. 1998. 毛竹丰产林密度效应研究. 林业科学, 34(专): 1－4.
沈作奎, 徐伟声, 蒋剑波. 2002. 日本落叶松人工林密度效应的研究. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 20(4): 11－13.
吴春芳, 王玉亭, 冯俊一等. 1998. 北京杨速生丰产林密度效应. 青海农林科技, 2: 18－20.
张怡春, 兰 湛, 王丽艳等. 2000. 长白落叶松人工林密度效应模型的研究. 吉林林业科技, 29(2): 21－22,61.
唐守正. 1993. 同龄纯林自疏规律的研究. 林业科学, 29(3): 235－241.
童书振, 盛炜彤, 张建国. 2002. 杉木林分密度效应研究. 林业科学研究, 15(1): 66－75.
蔡则谟, 许煌灿, 尹光天等. 2003. 棕榈藤利用的研究与进展. 林业科学研究, 16(4): 479－487.
洪 伟, 吴承祯. 1996. 闽北杉木人工林密度控制连续状态的动态规划研究. 福建林学院学报, 16(1): 1－4.
Manokaran N. 1984. Biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattan. In: Proceedings of the rattan seminar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2－4 Oct. The Rattan Information Center, FRIM, 95－105.
Manokaran N. 1982. Survival and growth of rotan sega(calamus caesius) seedlings at 2 years after planting Ⅲ. Group－planting in poorly－drained soil. The Maylaysia Forestry, 45(1): 36－48.
江泽慧主编. 2002. 世界竹藤. 沈阳: 辽宁科学技术出版社, 592－593.
Bhat K M and Renuka C. 1986. Variation in physical characteristics of Kerala grown rattans of Peninsular India. The Maylaysian Forester,49(2): 185－197.
高智慧, 张志宏, 杨少校. 1994. 浙江省马尾松速生丰产用材林经济效益分析与评估. 浙江林业科技,14(2): 36－40
吴长贤, 叶连祥, 毛玉明. 1995. 杉木林抚育间伐与经济效益分析. 华东森林经理, 9(2): 20－23.
陈平留, 刘 健, 郑德祥. 2001. 速生丰产优质杉木林经济效益分析及伐期确定. 林业科学, 37(专): 47－51.
齐新民, 丁贵杰, 王德炉等. 2001. 马尾松纸浆用材林不同培育技术措施的经济效益分析. 浙江林业科技, 21(3): 69－73.
彭龙福, 李谋窕, 叶世坚. 2000. 40年生马尾松人工林经济效益分析研究. 林业经济问题, 20(4): 251－254.
卢镜铭. 2002. 湿地松人工林动态的经济效益分析. 福建林业科技, 27(3): 12－15.
张连水, 查印水. 2000. 闽南引种巨尾按生长状况与经济效益分析初报. 华东森林经理, 14(4): 10－11.
陈少雄, 杨建林, 周国福. 1999. 不同栽培措施对尾巨桉生长的影响及经济效益分析. 林业科学研究, 12(4): 357－362.
邹桂霞, 尹俊武, 张旭东. 2002. 杨树用材人工林集约栽培经济效益研究. 防护林科技, (4): 17－18.
辽宁省水土保持研究所. 1994. 人工刺槐林生态经济效益的研究. 山西水土保持科技, (2): 8－10.
Espelta J M, Retana J, Habrouk A. 2003. An economic and ecological multi－criteria evaluation of reforestation methods to recover burned Pinus nigra forests in NE Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 180: 185–198.
Jalota R K, Sangha K K. 2000. Comparative ecological－economic analysis of growth performance of exotic Eucalyptus tereticornis and indigenous Dalbergia sissoo in mono－culture plantations. Ecological Economics, 33: 487–495.
Niskanen A. 1998. Financial and economic profitability of reforestation in Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 104: 57–68.
Valkonena S, Valsta L. 2001. Productivity and economics of mixed two－storied spruce and birch stands in Southern Finland simulated with empirical models. Forest Ecology and Management, 140: 133－149.
Venn T J. 2003, Financial and economic performance of long－rotation hardwood plantation investments in Queensland, Australia. Forest Policy and Economics (Article in press).
Dransfield J, The taxonomy of rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Mohd Wan Razali; Dransfield J & Manokaran N(Eds), 99－106. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
Aminuddin M, Nur Supardi M N and Woon W C. Economics of cultivation of large－diameter rattan. In: A guide to the cultivation of rattans, Wan Razali Mohd; Dransfield J & Manokaran N(eds), 205－237. Malayan Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (1992).
李意德, 曾庆波, 吴仲民等. 1999. 海南尖峰岭地区三种热带复合农林业体系效益研究. 林业科学研究,12(2): 139－145.
谌红辉, 丁贵杰. 2004. 马尾松造林密度效应研究. 林业科学, 40(1): 92－98.
丁贵杰. 1997. 马尾松人工林生长收获模型系统的研究. 林业科学, 33(Sp. 1): 57－66.
于政中主编. 1991 森林经理学(第2版). 北京: 中国林业出版社, 72－80.
Stockdale M C. 1994. Appropriate methodologies in research for sustainable management of natural stands of rattan. In: INBAR Technical Reprot No. 5. Constraints to Production of Bamboo and Rattan : 209－245.
李炎香, 谭天泳, 魏素梅等. 1990. 石梓栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 3(5): 446－452
洪 伟编著. 1997. 林业试验设计技术与方法. 北京: 科学技术出版社, 205－211.
Sunderland T C H and Dransfield J. 2002. Species profiles rattans. In: Dransfield J, Tesoro F O and Manokaran N(Eds). Rattan current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Non－wood Forest Products 14. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2002.
Nur Supardi M N. 1992. Harvesting of Rattans. In: Razali W, Dransfield J & Manokaran N (eds). A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malaysian Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1992: 163－174.
Aminuddin M. 1992. Income from harvesting trial of manau cane in rubber plantation. RIC Bulletin, 1992,11(1): 2–3.
Hunter I, Von Hahn C G, Zhu Z et al. 2003. Stabilising forest margins by growing non－timber forest products: a novel example from Hainan Island, China. Land Use Policy, 20: 225–230.
唐守正. 1991. 广西大青山马尾松全林整体生长模型及其应用. 林业科学研究, 4(增刊),8–13.
Qin Anchen , Zhao Linsen. 1998. Improved Faustmann model and its application to calculation of forest economic maturity. Journal of Beijing forestry university, 7(2): 81–90.
Valkonena S, Valsta L. 2001. Productivity and economics of mixed two－storied spruce and birch stands in Southern Finland simulated with empirical models. Forest Ecology and Management, 140: 133－149.
董 健, 赵文华, 黄国学等. 2001. 日本落叶松纸浆林合理轮伐期研究. 辽宁林业科技,1: 11–14.
何美成, 李炳铁. 2001. 杉木人工林生长收获与最佳主伐期研究. 林业资源管理, 6: 29–43.
江 波, 袁位高, 戚连忠. 2001. 杨树人工林合理轮伐期的研究. 浙江林学院学报, 18(1): 26–31.
林如青, 郑少玲. 2001. 人工林生长与收获预测模型应用探讨. 林业资源管理, 2: 48–50.
于振良, 于贵瑞, 赵士洞等. 2001. 长白山阔叶红松林动态及经营管理模型研究. 资源科学,23(6): 59–63.
Mabvurira D, Pukkala T. 2002. Optimising the management of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) maiden plantations in Zimbabwe. Forest Ecology and Management, 166: 149–157.
Lee Y F. Some models for estimating rattan growth and yield. Journal of tropical forest science,1994,6: 346－355.
Lee Y F. Genetic and ecological studies relevant to the conservation and management of some Bornean Calamus species. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen, 1995: 261.
Bacilieri R & Appanah S. Rattan Cultivation: Achievements,problems and prospects. An international consultation of experts for the project: Conservation, genetic improvement,and silviculture of rattans in Southeast Asia. 12－14 May 1998,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. CIRAD–Foret/FRIM,Malaysia,1999.
段爱国, 张建国, 童书振. 2003. 6种生长方程在杉木人工林林分直径结构上的应用. 林业科学研究, 16(4): 423–429.
秦建华, Titus S J, Huang S. 2002. 林分生长与产量模型系统的研究综述. 林业科学, 38(1): 122–129.
李春明, 杜纪山, 张会儒. 2003. 抚育间伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究. 林业科学研究, 16(5): 636–641.
Richards F J. 1959. A flexible growth function for empirical use. J Exp Bot,10(29): 290–300
Monserud R A. 1984. Height growth and site index curves for inland Douglas－fir based on stem analysis data and forest habitat. For Sci. ,30(4): 943–965.
李文灿. 1990. 对Logistic方程的再认识. 北京林业大学学报, 12(2): 121–127.
Hamtilton D A Jr. 1986. A logistic model of mortality in thinned and unthinned mixed conifer stands of Northern Idaho. For Sci, 32(4): 989–l000.
李凤日. 1987. 兴安落叶松天然林直径分布及产量预测模型的研究. 东北林业大学学报,15(4): 7–15.
Zeide B. 1989. Accuracy of equations describing diameter growth. Can J For Res,19: 1283–1286.
Charles P W. 1932. The Gompertz curve as a growth curve. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 18(1): 1–9.
吴承祯, 洪 伟. 1998. 杉木人工林直径结构模型的研究. 福建林学院学报, 18(2): 110–113.
Ricker W E. 1979. Growth rates and models. Fish physiol, (8): 677–743 .
Bailey R L, Dell T R. 1973. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. For Sci,19: 97–104.
邱水文. 1990. 林木直径分布收获模型综述. 华东森林经理, 5: 28–32.
孟宪宇, 邱水文. 1991. 长白落叶松直径分布收模型的研究. 北京林业大学学报, 13(4): 9–15.
周春国, 佘光辉, 吴富桢等. 1998. 用变型Weibull分布对热带雨林结构规律的研究. 南京林业大学学报, 22(4): 12–16.
惠刚盈, 盛炜彤. 1995. 林分直径结构模型的研究. 林业科学研究, 8(2): 127–131.
张建国, 段爱国. 2003. 理论生长方程对杉木人工林林分直径结构的模拟研究. 林业科学, 39(6): 55–61.
刘金福, 洪 伟. 1999. 格氏栲种群生态学研究Ⅵ. 格氏栲种群空间格局分布的Weibull模型研究. 福建林学院学报, 19(3): 212–215.
洪利兴, 杜国坚, 张庆荣等. 1995. 天然常绿阔叶林异龄林幼林胸径的Weibull分布及其动态预测. 植物生态学报, 19(1): 29－42.
陈华豪, 丁思统, 蔡贤如等编著. 1988. 林业应用数理统计. 大连海运学院出版社,120－122.
陈梦雄. 1995. 择伐强度与择伐周期的合理确定. 陕西林业科技, 4: 48－51.
谢哲根, 于政中, 宋铁英. 1994. 现实异龄林分最优择伐序列的探讨. 北京林业大学学报,16(4):113–120.
许煌灿, 尹光天, 曾炳山等. 1994. 黄藤栽培技术的研究. 林业科学研究, 7(3):239－246.
北京林学院主编. 1980. 数理统计. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 164－172.
关百钧. 1999.世界非木材林产品发展战略. 世界林业研究. 12(2):1—6.
邹积丰, 韩联生, 王瑛. 2000. 非木材林产品资源国内外开发利用的现状、发展趋势与瞻望. 中国林副特产, (1): 35－38.
Razali W, Dransfield J & Manokaran N. A guide to the cultivation of rattans. Malaysian Forest Records No. 35. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1992: 163－174.
Dransfield J, Tesoro F O and Manokaran N. Rattan current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. Non－wood Forest Products 14. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2002.