山西省木贼属解剖结构、生物量及抑菌性的研究
摘要
木贼属(Equisetum L.)为蕨类植物门(Pteridophyta)，楔叶蕨亚门(Sphenophytina)，楔叶蕨纲(Sphenopsida)，木贼目(Equisetales)，木贼科(Equisetaceae)的植物。小型或中型，多年生草本，土生，湿生或浅水生。本属植物分布于全国各地。木贼属植物的主要药用成分为黄酮。全草入药，可治鼻出血、月经过多、尿路感染、胄折、气喘、咳血、痔出血等症，可以促进动物体内铅的排出，因此可以用来治疗铅中毒，也可用于治疗风湿症、痛风、肾炎等，甲醇提取物具有抗心肌缺血作用，水提取物具有降低血压作用。另外，草问荆碱具有强大的中枢抑制作用，可以用于治疗神经衰弱、忧郁症、精神分裂症等。
作者在2005年6月至2006年8月，对山西省四个保护区的木贼属植物进行采集，共发现5种及1变种。从解剖结构、生物量和抑菌性方面进行了研究，对该属植物的合理开发利用有一定意义。
对5种及1变种木贼属植物的表皮、茎的横切面和解析结构进行了研究。采用常规方法，对植物体茎进行横切，解析，制片并观察，得到平均值及绝对标准差。结果表明，木贼属植物横切面结构特征较为稳定，而且种类间的差异较明显，可以作为分类特征之一。木贼属的表皮特征有很大的相似性，气孔器类型基本上是无规则型或不定细胞型，但不同种类甚至同种之间不同种群或个体的表皮细胞和保卫细胞大小相差很大，而且没有明显的规律性，不宜作为分类特征，但这些特征环境适应性强，在植物的进化适应方面有重要意义。解析结构特征的分析为此属植物的分类和药材鉴定提供了依据。
研究了木贼属4种及1变种植物的生物量。对各采样点的经纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、盖度及平均株高分别进行了测定。分别测定了地上每5cm和地下部分的干重。结果表明，几种植物的生物量都主要集中在地上部分靠近地面处，这部分都占到总量的50％以上。不同种类生物量在垂直方向的具体分布是与其植株的形态、分枝情况等生物学特性密切相关的。问荆(E.arvense)的分枝以靠近地面的为长，向上渐短，所以其生物量主要集中在地上部分靠近地面的0～15cm。林木贼(E.sylvaticum)则植株较矮，由于具有多级分枝而近于平卧，因而其生物量主要集中在地上部分靠近地面的0～5cm。草问荆(E.pratense)植株较高，而且地上部分的分枝接近等长，所以在0～20cm之间生物量的垂直变化不大，但该种植株地上部分细弱，因此地下部分的生物量相对较高。溪木贼(E.fluviatile)及溪木贼无枝变种(E.fluviatile var.linnaeanum)的外形与问荆(E.arvense)相近，因而，各部分生物量的比例也类似。
应用纸片扩散法对木贼属4种及1变种植物的水提液和醇提液进行抗细菌效果研究，通过测量抑菌带长度得到各种的抑菌效果。结果表明，所研究木贼属植物的两种提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌均有不同程度的抑菌活性。抑制作用的大小与供试细菌的种类有关，也与木贼植物种类有关，可能不同的植物种类所含的抑菌成分或含量有所不同。由此可见，有些木贼属植物种类在有害生物防治和一些疾病的治疗中有明显的开发利用价值和前景。
Equisetum belongs to Pteridophyta, Sphenophytina, Sphenopsida, Equisetales and Equisetaceae. The Equisetum plants was small and medium-sized, perennial herb, the environment that they live is native, wet land or shallow hydrophily. Equisetum can be found all over my country. The main medicinal ingredient of Equisetum is flavone. The whole herb is used as medicine, it can cure epistaxis, menorrhagia, urinary tract infections, stomach pack, asthma, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids bleeding, and promote the lead emissions from animal body. It also can be used to treat lead poisoning rheumatism, gout and nephritis. Carbinol extract has the effect to cure myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, water extract can reduce blood pressure. In addition, the E. pratense alkali with a strong inhibitory effect can be used in the treatment of neurasthenia, depression, schizophrenia and so on.
From June 2005 to August 2006, author had collected Equisetum plants in four protected areas of Shan Xi Province. As a result, five and a variant species Equisetum plants was found. The research of anatomical structure, biomass and antibiotic were provided with a certain significance in rational exploitation and using.
Author had a study about the five species and a variety of Equisetum plants in epidermis cells and analytical structure and the cross-section. Used conventional methods to transect, analyses their stems, then prepared section, observed and got the average and absolute standard deviation. The results showed that the cross-section structure of Equisetum was more stable, and the interspecies diversity was more obvious, so it could be used as one of the features in taxonomy. The epidermal features of Equisetum had great similarity. The stomatal apparatus's types were basically anomocytic or irregularly-cell type, but the epidermal cell size and the guard-cell size had obvious difference among the different species, even in the same species . Thus it could not be a feature in taxonomy, because not any apparent regularity could be found. But the epidermal features were of great significance in plant's evolutionary adaptation. The analysis of structural character could provide the evidence for classification and medicinal identification of Equisetum.
Author had studied biomass about the five species and one variation of Equisetum. Measured the longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, slope direction, coverage and the average height of every sampling spot, and separately measured each 5cm dry weight of Equisetum included the aboveground and underground parts. The results indicated that the biomass of every species concentrated on the aerial part close to the ground. This account was above 50% of the total. The biomass of different species in the specific distribution of vertical direction was closely related with its form, branch and biological characteristics. The branch close to the ground of E. arvense was long, then gradually became short. So the biomass mainly concentrated on the part close to the ground about 0-15cm.E. sylvaticum was lower, it was multi-level branches and nearly horizontal, so its biomass mainly concentrated on the part close to the ground about 0-5 cm. E. pretense was higher than other species. The length of the aboveground branches was sameness, so the vertical change of the biomass about 0-20 cm was very inconspicuous. But the part of the aboveground of this specie was slim and fragile, so underground parts of the biomass were relatively high. The form of E. Fluviatileand and E. Fluviatile var. linnaeanum were similar to E. arvense, so was the biomass.
Adopting slip diffusion method, author had a study in antibiotic of the five species and one variation species, the effect had been got by measuring the inhibition of different length in the water extract and alcohol extract. The results showed that two extract of Equisetum had different effect to the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The effect was related with the tested bacteria types and the Equisetum species. Maybe the content and antibacterial ingredients of different species are different. From what had been discussed above, some Equisetum species had a great value in controlling of harmful organisms and treatment of diseases.
作者在2005年6月至2006年8月，对山西省四个保护区的木贼属植物进行采集，共发现5种及1变种。从解剖结构、生物量和抑菌性方面进行了研究，对该属植物的合理开发利用有一定意义。
对5种及1变种木贼属植物的表皮、茎的横切面和解析结构进行了研究。采用常规方法，对植物体茎进行横切，解析，制片并观察，得到平均值及绝对标准差。结果表明，木贼属植物横切面结构特征较为稳定，而且种类间的差异较明显，可以作为分类特征之一。木贼属的表皮特征有很大的相似性，气孔器类型基本上是无规则型或不定细胞型，但不同种类甚至同种之间不同种群或个体的表皮细胞和保卫细胞大小相差很大，而且没有明显的规律性，不宜作为分类特征，但这些特征环境适应性强，在植物的进化适应方面有重要意义。解析结构特征的分析为此属植物的分类和药材鉴定提供了依据。
研究了木贼属4种及1变种植物的生物量。对各采样点的经纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、盖度及平均株高分别进行了测定。分别测定了地上每5cm和地下部分的干重。结果表明，几种植物的生物量都主要集中在地上部分靠近地面处，这部分都占到总量的50％以上。不同种类生物量在垂直方向的具体分布是与其植株的形态、分枝情况等生物学特性密切相关的。问荆(E.arvense)的分枝以靠近地面的为长，向上渐短，所以其生物量主要集中在地上部分靠近地面的0～15cm。林木贼(E.sylvaticum)则植株较矮，由于具有多级分枝而近于平卧，因而其生物量主要集中在地上部分靠近地面的0～5cm。草问荆(E.pratense)植株较高，而且地上部分的分枝接近等长，所以在0～20cm之间生物量的垂直变化不大，但该种植株地上部分细弱，因此地下部分的生物量相对较高。溪木贼(E.fluviatile)及溪木贼无枝变种(E.fluviatile var.linnaeanum)的外形与问荆(E.arvense)相近，因而，各部分生物量的比例也类似。
应用纸片扩散法对木贼属4种及1变种植物的水提液和醇提液进行抗细菌效果研究，通过测量抑菌带长度得到各种的抑菌效果。结果表明，所研究木贼属植物的两种提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌均有不同程度的抑菌活性。抑制作用的大小与供试细菌的种类有关，也与木贼植物种类有关，可能不同的植物种类所含的抑菌成分或含量有所不同。由此可见，有些木贼属植物种类在有害生物防治和一些疾病的治疗中有明显的开发利用价值和前景。
Equisetum belongs to Pteridophyta, Sphenophytina, Sphenopsida, Equisetales and Equisetaceae. The Equisetum plants was small and medium-sized, perennial herb, the environment that they live is native, wet land or shallow hydrophily. Equisetum can be found all over my country. The main medicinal ingredient of Equisetum is flavone. The whole herb is used as medicine, it can cure epistaxis, menorrhagia, urinary tract infections, stomach pack, asthma, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids bleeding, and promote the lead emissions from animal body. It also can be used to treat lead poisoning rheumatism, gout and nephritis. Carbinol extract has the effect to cure myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, water extract can reduce blood pressure. In addition, the E. pratense alkali with a strong inhibitory effect can be used in the treatment of neurasthenia, depression, schizophrenia and so on.
From June 2005 to August 2006, author had collected Equisetum plants in four protected areas of Shan Xi Province. As a result, five and a variant species Equisetum plants was found. The research of anatomical structure, biomass and antibiotic were provided with a certain significance in rational exploitation and using.
Author had a study about the five species and a variety of Equisetum plants in epidermis cells and analytical structure and the cross-section. Used conventional methods to transect, analyses their stems, then prepared section, observed and got the average and absolute standard deviation. The results showed that the cross-section structure of Equisetum was more stable, and the interspecies diversity was more obvious, so it could be used as one of the features in taxonomy. The epidermal features of Equisetum had great similarity. The stomatal apparatus's types were basically anomocytic or irregularly-cell type, but the epidermal cell size and the guard-cell size had obvious difference among the different species, even in the same species . Thus it could not be a feature in taxonomy, because not any apparent regularity could be found. But the epidermal features were of great significance in plant's evolutionary adaptation. The analysis of structural character could provide the evidence for classification and medicinal identification of Equisetum.
Author had studied biomass about the five species and one variation of Equisetum. Measured the longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, slope direction, coverage and the average height of every sampling spot, and separately measured each 5cm dry weight of Equisetum included the aboveground and underground parts. The results indicated that the biomass of every species concentrated on the aerial part close to the ground. This account was above 50% of the total. The biomass of different species in the specific distribution of vertical direction was closely related with its form, branch and biological characteristics. The branch close to the ground of E. arvense was long, then gradually became short. So the biomass mainly concentrated on the part close to the ground about 0-15cm.E. sylvaticum was lower, it was multi-level branches and nearly horizontal, so its biomass mainly concentrated on the part close to the ground about 0-5 cm. E. pretense was higher than other species. The length of the aboveground branches was sameness, so the vertical change of the biomass about 0-20 cm was very inconspicuous. But the part of the aboveground of this specie was slim and fragile, so underground parts of the biomass were relatively high. The form of E. Fluviatileand and E. Fluviatile var. linnaeanum were similar to E. arvense, so was the biomass.
Adopting slip diffusion method, author had a study in antibiotic of the five species and one variation species, the effect had been got by measuring the inhibition of different length in the water extract and alcohol extract. The results showed that two extract of Equisetum had different effect to the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The effect was related with the tested bacteria types and the Equisetum species. Maybe the content and antibacterial ingredients of different species are different. From what had been discussed above, some Equisetum species had a great value in controlling of harmful organisms and treatment of diseases.
引文
[1] 吴兆洪，秦仁昌．中国蕨类植物科属志[M]．北京：科学出版社，1991：121-124．
[2] 李春德．中国蕨类药用植物资源调查[J]．军事医学科学院院刊，1993；17(2)：98—103
[3] 郭庆梅，王汝新．山东产木贼科草药形态解剖学的研究[J]．中草药，2001，31(9)：700-702
[4] 王小楠，石雷，张大维，刘保东．木贼科气孔器的扫描电镜观察[J]．植物研究，2006，26(2)：147—150
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[7] 李淑惠，李平亚，刘金平，张颜彤．林问荆化学成分的研究[J]．中草药，2002，33(9)：789-790．
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[30] 蔡建秀，吴文杰，葛清秀．20种药用蕨类植物提取液抑菌试验研究[J]．亚热带 植物科学，2004，33(1)：22-25
[31] 衣艳君．苔藓植物的抑菌性研究[J]．淄博学院学报(自然科学与工程版)，2001，3(3)：78-80
[2] 李春德．中国蕨类药用植物资源调查[J]．军事医学科学院院刊，1993；17(2)：98—103
[3] 郭庆梅，王汝新．山东产木贼科草药形态解剖学的研究[J]．中草药，2001，31(9)：700-702
[4] 王小楠，石雷，张大维，刘保东．木贼科气孔器的扫描电镜观察[J]．植物研究，2006，26(2)：147—150
[5] 刘家熙，李雅轩．木贼科精子器比较研究[J]．首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，20(3)：62—65
[6] 李淑惠，李平亚，刘志宏．林问荆挥发油化学成分的研究[J]．中国药学志，2000，35(5)：350．
[7] 李淑惠，李平亚，刘金平，张颜彤．林问荆化学成分的研究[J]．中草药，2002，33(9)：789-790．
[8] 赵磊，张承忠，李冲，陶保全．问荆化学成分研究[J]．中草药，2003，34(1)：15-16．
[9] CHANG J, XUAN L-J, XU Y-M. Three new phenolic glycosides from the fertile sprouts of Equisetum arvense[J]. Acta Botanic $inica, 2001, 43 (2): 193-197.
[10] 李淑惠，靳丹红，李德坤，李平亚，李静．木贼科植物研究概况[J]．I．化学成分研究[J]．中草药，2000，31(7)：附12-14．
[11] 朴惠顺、金光洙．木贼的化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J]．辽宁中医学院学报，2006，17(6)：1077-1078．
[12] 李熙灿，杨小东．问荆化学成分及其药理作用的研究进展[J]．辽宁中医学院学报，2005，7(6)：633-634．
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