超声相控阵检测仪的关键技术研究与应用
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摘要
超声相控阵检测技术通过对阵列换能器中各阵元相位控制,获得灵活可控的合成波束。它具有动态聚焦、成像检测、对复杂形面的检测、高灵敏度、分辨率和信噪比等多项优点。在检测速度、缺陷定量分析、降低工人劳动强度等方面都有显著的优越性,近年来正成为国际无损检测界研究和应用的热点。
论文首先介绍了超声相控阵检测技术的发展现状,阐述了超声相控阵各项关键技术的原理。通过对一维线性相控阵的超声声场进行研究,建立声学指向性模型,仿真研究了一维线性相控阵的各个参数对其指向性的影响。
论文给出了超声相控阵数据采集系统的设计方案,重点设计了单通道的超声波数据采集系统,包括超声发射电路、调谐匹配电路、限幅隔离电路、程控放大电路、带通滤波电路、高速数据转换和存储电路。用所设计的超声换能器和发射控制电路检测不锈钢试块,其回波信号能准确反映试块的厚度信息,实测数据与理论数据相符。
对于相控阵相位延时这一关键技术,本论文采用了一种新的超声相控阵发射精确延时的方法。采用FPGA,设计了16通道的超声相控阵发射延时系统。仿真结果表明,该系统延时分辨率达到10ns,满足超声相控阵检测方案的要求。
最后,对南京锅炉压力容器检验研究院在特种设备无损检测中遇到的实际工程问题,以OminiScan超声相控阵仪器和JB4730标准为蓝本,探讨并建立了X型焊接接头相控阵检测标准案例。
Ultrasonic phased array technique can help to achieve flexible, controllable synthesized ultrasound beam by exciting each element of an ultrasonic array transducer with independent phase delay. Phased array ultrasonic testing can accomplish dynamic focusing, obtain visual image, inspect component of complex geometry. Also it can improve detection sensitivity, resolution and SNR, so it has recently been highly recognized in NDT research and application domain.
This dissertation firstly introduces the status of researches on Ultrasonic phased array testing technology, elaborates the principle of Ultrasonic phased array testing technology in detail. A simulation study on the influence of each parameter to the directivity of the linear phased arrays was carried out based on the model of acoustics directivity which was built via the research of the linear phased arrays ultrasonic field.
This disseration constructs the Ultrasonic phased array data acquisition system by hardware platform design, focusing on the design of the single-channel ultrasonic data acquisition system, including the ultrasonic matching circuit, limiter isolation circuit, the program control amplifying circuit, the band-pass circuit, the high speed data acquisition and storage circuit. I have made ultrasonic signal transmitting and receiving experiments which used the designed ultrasonic transducer and transmit circuit to detect stainless steel block, and the echo signal can accurately reflect the block thickness information, the result of actual testing is very close to the theoretical value.
Regarding the key technology on phase time delay, the 16-channel digit delay circuit was designed and simulated used FPGA according to the design requirements. The results indicated that the time delay resolution of this system achieves 10ns. This system satisfies the request of ultrasonic phased array testing.
Finally, with the practical engineering issues in special equipment nondestructive testing of Nanjing Boiler &Pressure Vessel Supervision and Inspection Institute, use the OminiScan phased array equipment, we explore and establish the X-welded joints phased array test case based on the standard of JB4730.
论文首先介绍了超声相控阵检测技术的发展现状,阐述了超声相控阵各项关键技术的原理。通过对一维线性相控阵的超声声场进行研究,建立声学指向性模型,仿真研究了一维线性相控阵的各个参数对其指向性的影响。
论文给出了超声相控阵数据采集系统的设计方案,重点设计了单通道的超声波数据采集系统,包括超声发射电路、调谐匹配电路、限幅隔离电路、程控放大电路、带通滤波电路、高速数据转换和存储电路。用所设计的超声换能器和发射控制电路检测不锈钢试块,其回波信号能准确反映试块的厚度信息,实测数据与理论数据相符。
对于相控阵相位延时这一关键技术,本论文采用了一种新的超声相控阵发射精确延时的方法。采用FPGA,设计了16通道的超声相控阵发射延时系统。仿真结果表明,该系统延时分辨率达到10ns,满足超声相控阵检测方案的要求。
最后,对南京锅炉压力容器检验研究院在特种设备无损检测中遇到的实际工程问题,以OminiScan超声相控阵仪器和JB4730标准为蓝本,探讨并建立了X型焊接接头相控阵检测标准案例。
Ultrasonic phased array technique can help to achieve flexible, controllable synthesized ultrasound beam by exciting each element of an ultrasonic array transducer with independent phase delay. Phased array ultrasonic testing can accomplish dynamic focusing, obtain visual image, inspect component of complex geometry. Also it can improve detection sensitivity, resolution and SNR, so it has recently been highly recognized in NDT research and application domain.
This dissertation firstly introduces the status of researches on Ultrasonic phased array testing technology, elaborates the principle of Ultrasonic phased array testing technology in detail. A simulation study on the influence of each parameter to the directivity of the linear phased arrays was carried out based on the model of acoustics directivity which was built via the research of the linear phased arrays ultrasonic field.
This disseration constructs the Ultrasonic phased array data acquisition system by hardware platform design, focusing on the design of the single-channel ultrasonic data acquisition system, including the ultrasonic matching circuit, limiter isolation circuit, the program control amplifying circuit, the band-pass circuit, the high speed data acquisition and storage circuit. I have made ultrasonic signal transmitting and receiving experiments which used the designed ultrasonic transducer and transmit circuit to detect stainless steel block, and the echo signal can accurately reflect the block thickness information, the result of actual testing is very close to the theoretical value.
Regarding the key technology on phase time delay, the 16-channel digit delay circuit was designed and simulated used FPGA according to the design requirements. The results indicated that the time delay resolution of this system achieves 10ns. This system satisfies the request of ultrasonic phased array testing.
Finally, with the practical engineering issues in special equipment nondestructive testing of Nanjing Boiler &Pressure Vessel Supervision and Inspection Institute, use the OminiScan phased array equipment, we explore and establish the X-welded joints phased array test case based on the standard of JB4730.
引文
[1]应崇福.超声学.北京,科学出版社, 1990.1~3,136~139.
[2]冯若.超声手册.南京,南京大学出版社, 1999.48~53,253~257.
[3]钟志民,梅德松.超声相控阵技术的发展与应用.无损检测, 2002, 24(2):69~71.
[4]张光义.相控阵雷达的技术特点及关键技术.电子科技导报, 1996, 7:2~4.
[5] Von Ramm OT, Smith SW.Beam steering with linear arrays.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[6] Andre Lamarre.Dynamic focusing of phased array for nondestructive testing characterization and application.www.ndt.net, 1999, 4 (9).
[7] Ofaf T, Von Ramm, Stephen W Smith.Beam steering with linear array.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[8] Ritter J.Universal phased array UT probe for nondestructive examinations using composite crystal technology.www.ndt.net, 2006, 1(12).
[9] Wustenberg H, Erhard A, Schenk G.Some characteristic parameters of ultrasonic phased array probes and equipments.www.ndt.net, 1999, 4(4).
[10] Poguet Jerome, Petru Ciorau.Special linear phased array probes used for ultrasonic examination of complex turbine components.www.ndt.net, 2002, 7(10).
[11] Agthoven R van, Raad JA, et al.Reliability of mechanized UT systems to inspect girth welds during pipeline construction.www.ndt.net, 1998, 3(11).
[12] Erhard A, Bertus N,et al . Ultrasonic phased array system for railroad axle examination.www.ndt.net, 2003, 8(3).
[13] Blanquet P, et al.Application of array transducers to health monitoring of aeronautic structures.14th WCNDT, New Delhi, 1996, 2057~2060.
[14] Erhard A, Schenk G.Ultrasonic phased array technique for austenitic weld inspection.15th WCNDT, Rome, 2000.
[15]单宝华,喻言.超声相控阵检测技术及其应用.无损检测, 2004,26(5):235~238.
[16] A Garcia and A Tanarro.Ultrasonic inspection using array transducers.Insight, 1998, 40(12):841~844.
[17] D Line.Rapid inspection using integrated ultrasonic arrays.Insight, 1998, 40(8):53~57.
[18]薛振奎,白世武,詹华.国内长输管道对接环焊缝相控阵全自动超声检测装置的研制.焊管, 2006, 29(4):44~49.
[19]沈功田,张万岭.特种设备无损检测技术综述.无损检测, 2006, 28(1):34~38.
[20]韩烨,刘觉非.全自动超声波检测应用.石油化工设备, 2007, 36(4):70~73.
[21]周育宇,袁孝梅.相控阵全自动超声检测在西气东输工程中的应用.石油机械, 2004, 32 (8):35~39.
[22]徐西刚,施克仁,陈以方.相控阵超声无损检测系统的研制.无损检测, 2004, 30(3):116~119.
[23] Wu Nansong, et al.The investigation of phased array ultrasonic testing method and equipment system.Seventh Asian-pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing thesis, 1993:366~368.
[24] Guo Zhongxiong, et al.Synthetic aperture imaging technique with ultrasonic linear-array probe.Seventh Asian-pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing thesis, 1993:189~192.
[25]施克仁.无损检测新技术.北京,清华大学出版社, 2007.135~138,223~228.
[26]张晓黎,陈冰.大口径管道环焊缝相控阵超声波自动检测系统.电气自动化, 2004, 10(1):49~51.
[27]刘晨,魏伟.超声数字式相控阵列换能器动态聚焦系统研制.应用声学, 2000, 19(6):15~16.
[28] R Bisiaux.Ultrasonic inspection technique using multi-element probes (phased array):application to tube inspection.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[29] No Diihe, et al.Mechanized inspection of girth welds using ultrasonic phased arrays.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[30] A Frhard, et al.Ultrasonic phased array technique for austenitic weld inspection.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[31]李衍.管道环焊缝相控阵超声探伤技术的应用.无损检测, 2002, 24(9):386~390.
[32]孙亚杰,袁慎芳,蔡建.基于超声相控阵的材料结构健康监测实验研究.宇航学报, 2007, 29(4):38~42.
[33]伍于添.超声诊断方法和设备的前沿技术.中国超声医学杂志, 2004, 6:470~475.
[34]宫剑.相控阵超声波检测及其图象重建.上海,上海师范大学硕士学位论文, 2002.
[35] Lafontaine Guy.Potential of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays for Faster, Better and Cheaper Inspections.The E-Journal of Nondestructive Testing, www.ndt.net, 2000, 5(10).
[36]中国机械工程学会无损检测分会.超声波检测.北京,机械工业出版社, 2000.58~65.
[37]郭成彬,蒋危平.认识数字超声探伤仪.无损检测, 2004, 25(3):149~154.
[38] Lang Lois Jocelyn . Use of flexible ultrasonic arrays in inspection . The Journal ofNondestructive Testing, 1999, 4(3).
[39]陈琦,朱晓荣.基于DDS的电子相控聚焦系统设计,电子器件, 2002, (3):241~244.
[40] Paul A Meyer, J W Anderson.Ultrasonic Testing Using Phased Arrays.15th WCNDT, Rome, Italy, 2000.
[41]赵霞,王召巴.超声相控阵声束时空控制仿真研究.科技情报开发与经济, 2006, 16(6):156~157.
[42]冯若.超声诊断设备原理与设计.北京,中国医药科技出版社, 1993.99~127.
[43]李衍.超声相控阵技术.无损探伤, 2008, 32(2):45~54.
[44]李锦,林玉书.平面相控阵的尺寸对声波聚焦效果的影响.应用声学, 2004, 23(3):23~28.
[45]李衍,李明东.超声波阵列探头的结构和特性.无损探伤, 2005, 29(6):1~5.
[46] Von Ram OT, Smith SW.Beam steering with linear arrays.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[47] P Crombie, P Bascom, R Cobbold . Calculating the pulsed response of linear arrays.Ultrasonic, 1997, 44:109~113.
[48]《美国无损检测手册》译审委员会.《美国无损检测手册》(超声卷,上册)1996,世界图书出版公司,上海, 455~463.
[49] Jerome Poguet, Andres Garcia, et al . Phased array technology concepts, probes and applications.www.ndt.net, 2002, 7(5).
[50]美国无损检测学会编.美国无损检测手册译审委员会译,美国无损检测手册·超声卷,上海,世界图书出版公司, 1996, 438~463.
[51]黄晶,阙沛文,金建华.线形超声相控阵换能器的阵列设计.传感器技术, 2004, 23(1):9~11.
[52] Arthur C Clay, Shi-Chang Wooh, Lawrence Azar.Experimental Study of Phased Array Beam Steering Characteristics.Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol, 18, No, 2, 1999.
[53]栾桂冬,张金铎.压电换能器和换能器阵.北京,北京大学出版社, 1990.125~132.
[54] Shi-Chang Wooh, Yi-Jun Shi.Influence of phased array element size on beam steering behavior.Ultrasonic, 1999, 36:737~749.
[55]孙传友,孙晓斌,汉泽西等.测控系统原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2002.
[56] Peterson D K, Kino G S.Real-time digital image reconstruction, A descriptive of imgaing hardware nadna analysis of quantitative errors.Ultrasonic, 1984, 31:337.
[57] Didier Caesarean, Mathias Fink . The Phased Array application to Time-reversal in Acoustics.Ultrasonic, 2000, 461~464.
[2]冯若.超声手册.南京,南京大学出版社, 1999.48~53,253~257.
[3]钟志民,梅德松.超声相控阵技术的发展与应用.无损检测, 2002, 24(2):69~71.
[4]张光义.相控阵雷达的技术特点及关键技术.电子科技导报, 1996, 7:2~4.
[5] Von Ramm OT, Smith SW.Beam steering with linear arrays.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[6] Andre Lamarre.Dynamic focusing of phased array for nondestructive testing characterization and application.www.ndt.net, 1999, 4 (9).
[7] Ofaf T, Von Ramm, Stephen W Smith.Beam steering with linear array.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[8] Ritter J.Universal phased array UT probe for nondestructive examinations using composite crystal technology.www.ndt.net, 2006, 1(12).
[9] Wustenberg H, Erhard A, Schenk G.Some characteristic parameters of ultrasonic phased array probes and equipments.www.ndt.net, 1999, 4(4).
[10] Poguet Jerome, Petru Ciorau.Special linear phased array probes used for ultrasonic examination of complex turbine components.www.ndt.net, 2002, 7(10).
[11] Agthoven R van, Raad JA, et al.Reliability of mechanized UT systems to inspect girth welds during pipeline construction.www.ndt.net, 1998, 3(11).
[12] Erhard A, Bertus N,et al . Ultrasonic phased array system for railroad axle examination.www.ndt.net, 2003, 8(3).
[13] Blanquet P, et al.Application of array transducers to health monitoring of aeronautic structures.14th WCNDT, New Delhi, 1996, 2057~2060.
[14] Erhard A, Schenk G.Ultrasonic phased array technique for austenitic weld inspection.15th WCNDT, Rome, 2000.
[15]单宝华,喻言.超声相控阵检测技术及其应用.无损检测, 2004,26(5):235~238.
[16] A Garcia and A Tanarro.Ultrasonic inspection using array transducers.Insight, 1998, 40(12):841~844.
[17] D Line.Rapid inspection using integrated ultrasonic arrays.Insight, 1998, 40(8):53~57.
[18]薛振奎,白世武,詹华.国内长输管道对接环焊缝相控阵全自动超声检测装置的研制.焊管, 2006, 29(4):44~49.
[19]沈功田,张万岭.特种设备无损检测技术综述.无损检测, 2006, 28(1):34~38.
[20]韩烨,刘觉非.全自动超声波检测应用.石油化工设备, 2007, 36(4):70~73.
[21]周育宇,袁孝梅.相控阵全自动超声检测在西气东输工程中的应用.石油机械, 2004, 32 (8):35~39.
[22]徐西刚,施克仁,陈以方.相控阵超声无损检测系统的研制.无损检测, 2004, 30(3):116~119.
[23] Wu Nansong, et al.The investigation of phased array ultrasonic testing method and equipment system.Seventh Asian-pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing thesis, 1993:366~368.
[24] Guo Zhongxiong, et al.Synthetic aperture imaging technique with ultrasonic linear-array probe.Seventh Asian-pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing thesis, 1993:189~192.
[25]施克仁.无损检测新技术.北京,清华大学出版社, 2007.135~138,223~228.
[26]张晓黎,陈冰.大口径管道环焊缝相控阵超声波自动检测系统.电气自动化, 2004, 10(1):49~51.
[27]刘晨,魏伟.超声数字式相控阵列换能器动态聚焦系统研制.应用声学, 2000, 19(6):15~16.
[28] R Bisiaux.Ultrasonic inspection technique using multi-element probes (phased array):application to tube inspection.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[29] No Diihe, et al.Mechanized inspection of girth welds using ultrasonic phased arrays.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[30] A Frhard, et al.Ultrasonic phased array technique for austenitic weld inspection.Roma, 2000, 15th WCNDT.
[31]李衍.管道环焊缝相控阵超声探伤技术的应用.无损检测, 2002, 24(9):386~390.
[32]孙亚杰,袁慎芳,蔡建.基于超声相控阵的材料结构健康监测实验研究.宇航学报, 2007, 29(4):38~42.
[33]伍于添.超声诊断方法和设备的前沿技术.中国超声医学杂志, 2004, 6:470~475.
[34]宫剑.相控阵超声波检测及其图象重建.上海,上海师范大学硕士学位论文, 2002.
[35] Lafontaine Guy.Potential of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays for Faster, Better and Cheaper Inspections.The E-Journal of Nondestructive Testing, www.ndt.net, 2000, 5(10).
[36]中国机械工程学会无损检测分会.超声波检测.北京,机械工业出版社, 2000.58~65.
[37]郭成彬,蒋危平.认识数字超声探伤仪.无损检测, 2004, 25(3):149~154.
[38] Lang Lois Jocelyn . Use of flexible ultrasonic arrays in inspection . The Journal ofNondestructive Testing, 1999, 4(3).
[39]陈琦,朱晓荣.基于DDS的电子相控聚焦系统设计,电子器件, 2002, (3):241~244.
[40] Paul A Meyer, J W Anderson.Ultrasonic Testing Using Phased Arrays.15th WCNDT, Rome, Italy, 2000.
[41]赵霞,王召巴.超声相控阵声束时空控制仿真研究.科技情报开发与经济, 2006, 16(6):156~157.
[42]冯若.超声诊断设备原理与设计.北京,中国医药科技出版社, 1993.99~127.
[43]李衍.超声相控阵技术.无损探伤, 2008, 32(2):45~54.
[44]李锦,林玉书.平面相控阵的尺寸对声波聚焦效果的影响.应用声学, 2004, 23(3):23~28.
[45]李衍,李明东.超声波阵列探头的结构和特性.无损探伤, 2005, 29(6):1~5.
[46] Von Ram OT, Smith SW.Beam steering with linear arrays.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1983, 30(8):438~452.
[47] P Crombie, P Bascom, R Cobbold . Calculating the pulsed response of linear arrays.Ultrasonic, 1997, 44:109~113.
[48]《美国无损检测手册》译审委员会.《美国无损检测手册》(超声卷,上册)1996,世界图书出版公司,上海, 455~463.
[49] Jerome Poguet, Andres Garcia, et al . Phased array technology concepts, probes and applications.www.ndt.net, 2002, 7(5).
[50]美国无损检测学会编.美国无损检测手册译审委员会译,美国无损检测手册·超声卷,上海,世界图书出版公司, 1996, 438~463.
[51]黄晶,阙沛文,金建华.线形超声相控阵换能器的阵列设计.传感器技术, 2004, 23(1):9~11.
[52] Arthur C Clay, Shi-Chang Wooh, Lawrence Azar.Experimental Study of Phased Array Beam Steering Characteristics.Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol, 18, No, 2, 1999.
[53]栾桂冬,张金铎.压电换能器和换能器阵.北京,北京大学出版社, 1990.125~132.
[54] Shi-Chang Wooh, Yi-Jun Shi.Influence of phased array element size on beam steering behavior.Ultrasonic, 1999, 36:737~749.
[55]孙传友,孙晓斌,汉泽西等.测控系统原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2002.
[56] Peterson D K, Kino G S.Real-time digital image reconstruction, A descriptive of imgaing hardware nadna analysis of quantitative errors.Ultrasonic, 1984, 31:337.
[57] Didier Caesarean, Mathias Fink . The Phased Array application to Time-reversal in Acoustics.Ultrasonic, 2000, 461~464.
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