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汽车制造企业RFID采纳过程模型及应用问题研究
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摘要
在经济全球化、知识经济和可持续发展的影响下,汽车制造企业需要对不断变化的市场做出快速响应,所生产的产品不以增加成本、降低质量、推迟上市时间为代价就能满足顾客的个性化需求并能实现价值增值。当前汽车制造企业依然面临着无法对供应链中与制造过程相关的内外资源进行实时综合协调控制,也无法实现企业内部的精细化管理等问题。射频识别(RFID)技术的出现,为解决以上问题提出了可行方案。目前RFID技术已在国内外一些大型汽车制造企业进行了初步应用并形成了一批成功案例,然而国内大部分汽车制造企业对于是否应该采用RFID技术、如何采用RFID技术还处于观望态势。为给企业提供一套具有参考价值的模型和方法论保障RFID系统的成功实施,本文在文献分析、理论研究、案例研究等方法的基础上对汽车制造企业RFID采纳过程模型及应用问题进行了研究。
     论文首先从汽车制造业制造环境的变化、新环境下汽车制造企业面临的问题两个方面对论文的研究背景进行了介绍,对国内外RFID研究特别是RFID在制造业的应用研究进行文献综述与分析,指出当前研究的不足之处,进而提出本文的研究思路和研究的主要内容。
     针对RFID技术在汽车制造企业的应用现状和应用难点,以信息技术采纳过程为主线、信息技术采纳行为理论为指导,提出了完整的RFID采纳过程模型,该过程模型包括采纳前和采纳后两大阶段并划分为九大环节。
     通过对国外RFID采纳影响因素研究成果的总结,结合汽车生产线的特点以及对RFID技术的特殊要求,从组织和个体两个层面初步提出了汽车生产线RFID采纳影响因素集;利用模糊delphi法筛选出了影响RFID采纳的17个影响因素并对各因素对RFID采纳的影响进行了分析;利用模糊层次分析法识别出了影响汽车生产线RFID采纳的五个最关键因素,分别是一次性投入、产品性能、组织信息技术能力、集成性和领导支持。
     通过对汽车制造业制造模式的演化过程、规律及其发展趋势的分析,以制造商、供应链和产品生命周期为研究视角分析了汽车制造企业的RFID应用需求。提出了汽车制造企业RFID系统的总体架构,并对RFID系统的功能结构、信息流模型和技术体系进行了重点研究。提出了汽车制造企业RFID系统运行的目标并对RFID系统运作方式的时空维度进行了详细描述,包括产品生命周期维下闭环产品生命周期管理的内涵、运行机制和信息流,应用领域维下RFID系统的单元级、战术级、战略级和供应链级四个应用层次。
     以RFID系统的基本框架结构和RFID应用过程为出发点分析了汽车生产线RFID应用标准体系的需求及其编制原则。结合汽车生产线的生产特性,参考制造业其他信息化标准体系,以简化的RFID系统四层体系结构为主线提出了面向汽车生产线的RFID应用标准体系框架,并对基础标准、通用标准、物理层标准、采集层标准、集成层标准、应用层标准、编码标准、应用规范等八类标准进行了详细描述。
     最后将本文提出的RFID采纳过程模型在S工厂进行了示范性应用。RFID系统的成功实施提高了汽车整车生产的自动化水平和管理水平,提高了产品质量和生产效率,通过项目实施验证了研究成果的可行性。
Under the influence of economic globalization, knowledge economy and sustainable development, automobile manufacturing enterprises should fast response to the constantly changeable market, the products produced must meet customer’s individualized demand and provide additional value without driving up costs, sacrificing quality, or delaying product delivery. Nowadays, automobile manufacturing enterprises are still face some challenges such as control the internal and external resources related to manufacturing process in supply chain in a real-time combination coordinated way and realize enterprise internal fine management. The emergence of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) provide feasible scheme to solve the problems above. Although RFID has been preliminary applied to large-scale automobile manufacturing enterprises home and abroad and has formed some successful cases, most domestic automobile manufacturing enterprises are doubt if they should adopt RFID technology or how to use it? The process model of RFID adoption and its application issues for automotive manufacturing enterprises have been studied based on literature analysis, theoretical research and case study to promote the successful implementation of RFID system and provide valuable model and methodology to automotive manufacturing enterprises.
     The research background has been introduced in two aspects: changes of manufacturing environment for automotive manufacturers and problems automotive manufacturers have to face in the new environment. The research content and ways have been put forward based on the investigation the research history of RFID application in the world, especially the application in manufacturing industry.
     According to the RFID application status and difficulties in automotive manufacturing enterprises, the whole process model of RFID adoption has been put forward based on the review of information technology adoption theories. The process model which contains two phases: pre-adoption phase, post- adoption phase taking information technology adoption process as main line and information technology adoption behavior as guidance, and can be divided into 9 steps.
     Based on the research findings on influencing factors of RFID adoption abroad, features of automobile production line and its special demands on RFID, the influencing factors set of RFID adoption was presented from organizational level and individual level. 17 Influencing factors have been screened based on fuzzy delphi method; fuzzy AHP method was adopted to identify critical influencing factors. Results indicate initial cost, product performance, information technology capability, integration and leadership as five most critical influencing factors.
     Based on the analysis on evolution process, evolution law and development trend of manufacturing modes for automotive manufacturers, the application requirement in automotive manufacturing enterprises were discussed in three study angles: manufacturer, supply chain and product lifecycle. The structure of RFID system in automotive manufacturing enterprises has been put forward, the function structure, information flow model and technology architecture of RFID system have been studied. The operation target of RFID system operation has been proposed and the Space-time dimensions of RFID system’s operation have been described, the connotation, operation mechanism and information flows in closed-loop product lifecycle management were described from product lifecycle dimension, the four application levels—unit-level application, tactic-level application, Strategy-level application and supply chain-level application of RFID system were described from application field dimension.
     The requirements and compilation principles of RFID application standard architecture for automobile production line have been discussed in terms of RFID system framework and its application process. The application standard architecture takes simplified four-layer system structure of RFID system as its mainline, composed of basic standard, general standard, physical layer standard, collection layer standard, integration layer standard, application layer standard, coding standard and application profile have been constructed combining the production characteristics of automobile production line and referencing other information standard architecture. At last, the process model of RFID adoption for automotive manufacturing enterprises is applied to S factory and its feasibility has been proved. The automation level, management level, product quality and production efficiency have been promoted by the successful implementation of RFID system.
引文
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