土传黄瓜枯萎病致病生理机制及其与氮素营养关系研究
|
摘要
黄瓜枯萎病是一种真菌性土传病害,严重影响了黄瓜的产量和品质。其病原菌为半知菌亚门镰孢属的尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, FOC)。目前,黄瓜枯萎病致病机制的相关研究进展比较缓慢,争议最大的焦点是导管堵塞和毒素作用。导管堵塞学说认为病菌侵染后进入维管束,产生大量的菌丝和菌核,同时植物体会形成胼胝质、侵填体和胶质等,这些物质的形成会妨碍水分的运输,引起植株萎蔫。毒素作用理论认为病原菌毒素能够干扰植株的代谢活动,改变细胞膜透性,使水分直接从受伤害的细胞中扩散出去,破坏植株水分平衡,导致植株萎蔫。本研究通过探讨与黄瓜枯萎病发生相关的生理生化过程,以期从生理水平上阐述黄瓜枯萎病的致病机制,并为黄瓜枯萎病的防控提供理论基础。
本研究采用土壤培养方式,研究了病原菌侵染对黄瓜植株水分、光合特性、毒素产生及作用方式等的影响,探讨了黄瓜枯萎病的发病生理机制。在发病机制的理论基础上,采用营养液培养,研究了不同形态氮素营养(铵态氮和硝态氮)对黄瓜枯萎病防控的影响,通过分析病原菌侵染对不同氮素形态下黄瓜植株体内水分关系、物质代谢过程、毒素的响应能力、分泌物组成及转录水平的影响,探讨了氮素营养的抗病机制。主要研究结果如下：
1.病原菌侵染后黄瓜植株的蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(gs)、叶片含水量及叶片水势均显著降低;而E/gs显著上升,说明病原菌侵染促进了叶片非气孔水分散失。虽然病原菌侵染显著降低了导水率,但植株红墨水吸收结果表明,侵染植株叶片中红墨水的吸收量显著高于健康植株。此外,通过电镜观察侵染植株的叶片细胞膜,及分析叶片H+-ATPase酶活性及叶片电导率,发现侵染植株叶片细胞膜遭到严重破坏,说明尽管发病植株茎秆萎缩,但植株的水分吸收及运输仍能满足叶片的需求;病原菌的侵染导致叶片细胞膜受伤害,从而使水分直接以非气孔形式散失,叶片水分平衡遭到破坏,最终导致植株萎蔫。
2.在侵染前期,病原菌的侵染导致叶片ABA含量升高、气孔关闭、叶片温度升高。叶片温度与蒸腾速率之间呈显著负相关关系。然而,植株叶片在光下和暗处呈现不同的响应：在光下,发病植株的叶片温度显著高于健康植株;在暗处,发病植株的叶片温度却显著低于健康植株,说明发病植株中叶片的水分散失不是通过气孔,而是从伤害细胞中扩散出去的。在侵染后期,侵染植株叶片水分平衡遭到严重破坏,叶片组织脱水坏死,从而导致植株叶片温度持续上升。上述结果说明,FOC的侵染能够导致叶片细胞膜伤害,使水分直接从受伤害的细胞中扩散出去,破坏叶片水分平衡,最终导致植株萎蔫。通过监测叶片在光下和暗处的温度响应,红外热像仪不仅可以直接非损伤的监测土传病害的发生过程,同时还能揭示植株体内与水分状况相关的生理过程。
3.病原菌毒素(FA)处理后,叶片气孔关闭、叶片温度上升。在光暗交替环境中,FA处理植株在光下的叶片温度显著高于健康植株;在暗处,FA处理植株的叶片温度却显著低于健康植株。此外,FA处理后黄瓜植株叶片细胞膜遭到了严重的破坏。为验证FA处理后水分直接从受伤害的细胞中扩散出去,采用分根实验方法,对黄瓜植株的两侧根系分别供应0ppm和100ppm的FA。分根处理后,暗处叶片低温区域的FA含量及细胞伤害程度均显著高于高温区域。韧皮部烫伤对黄瓜植株FA的吸收以及分布无影响,FA主要通过木质部进行运输。由此可见,FA能够诱导植株叶片细胞膜伤害,使水分以非气孔途径散失,最终导致植株萎蔫。通过红外热像仪监测叶片在光下和暗处的温度变化,可以直接非损伤的监测病菌侵染时植株的萎蔫过程。
4.与铵态氮相比,硝态氮营养显著降低了黄瓜植株枯萎病的发病率,并显著促进了植株的生长以及植株生物量的增加。铵态氮植株的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、羧化效率及表观量子效率均显著高于硝态氮植株,然而铵态氮植株的叶片温度及水分吸收量均显著低于硝态氮植株。铵态氮植株中可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量均显著高于硝态氮植株,从而能够促进病原菌对铵态氮植株的侵染。FOC的侵染显著抑制了铵态氮植株的生长、叶片光合和水分吸收,干扰了植株体内的物质代谢,而病原菌的侵染却对硝态氮植株无显著影响。由此可见,硝态氮植株对黄瓜植株的生长更有益,能够更好的防控枯萎病的发生,因此在黄瓜的栽培中,应当适当增加硝态氮肥的施入而减少铵态氮肥的施用以抑制枯萎病的发生。
5.FOC侵染后,硝态氮植株体内病原菌的数量显著低于铵态氮植株。与硝态氮相比,铵态氮植株的根系分泌物显著促进了病原菌孢子的萌发。经HPLC鉴定,黄瓜植株的根系分泌物主要含有草酸和柠檬酸两种有机酸,且铵态氮植株根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量显著高于硝态氮植株。FOC侵染显著促进了铵态氮植株根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量,而对硝态氮植株无影响。在柠檬酸浓度为5μ-50μM时,尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发率随柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加。此外,外源添加柠檬酸能显著增加黄瓜植株的病情植株及病原菌数量。由此可见,根系分泌物在硝态氮抗枯萎病的过程中发挥着重要作用;黄瓜植株在铵态氮营养下根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量增加,从而促进病原菌孢子的萌发,导致枯萎病发病率增加。
6.FOC侵染后,在铵态氮植株和硝态氮植株体内均能监测到FA;铵态氮植株叶片和茎中的FA含量显著高于硝态氮植株,而根中的FA含量却与硝态氮植株无明显差异。FA处理后铵态氮植株迅速萎蔫,而硝态氮植株无明显萎蔫症状；FA对铵态氮植株叶片缅胞膜的伤害程度高于硝态氮植株。虽然铵态氮植株FA的吸收体积显著低于硝态氮植株,但铵态氮植株和硝态氮植株FA的吸收总量却无显著差异；硝态氮植株FA的平均吸收浓度显著低于铵态氮植株。FA处理后,硝态氮植株根系中FA的含量显著高于铵态氮植株,而叶片和茎中的FA含量却显著低于铵态氮植株。由此可见,FOC侵染后硝态氮植株中FA含量较少;硝态氮植株能够选择性的吸收FA,且吸收的FA主要积累在根中,限制FA向地上部的运输,减少对地上部的伤害；硝态氮植株对FA具有更强的耐毒性。
7.通过对FOC侵染后不同形态氮素营养下黄瓜植株根系进行转录组水平分析,表明差异基因生物学过程主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程、刺激响应和生物调控等中；细胞组分主要富集在细胞、细胞部分、细胞器和细胞膜等中；而分子功能主要富集在催化活性和结合中;差异基因所参与的KEGG通路主要富集在代谢途径、氮素代谢、植物-病原菌互作、次生代谢产物合成、苯丙素生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成、黄酮及黄酮醇生物合成这8种通路中。通过比较病原菌侵染后不同形态氮素营养下黄瓜植株根系中与抗病相关基因表达的差异,表明FOC侵染后,硝态氮植株根系中大部分调控CERK1、BAK1、FLS2、Rboh、RPM1、PBS1和LOX的相关基因的表达均显著上调,从而诱导硝态氮植株的防御反应,增强硝态氮植株抗病性。
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) is the causal agent of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fusarium wilt, a soil-borne disease that can cause severe losses in yield and quality of cucumber. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of Fusarium wilt is attributed to plugging of xylem or systemic toxicity. However, the question of why F. oxysporum-caused wilt occurs remains unanswered. The plugging theory suggests that the vessels of the infected plant are plugged by fungal hyphae, callose, tylose, and gel. These substances can impair water transport which results in water deficiency of the infected plant. However, the toxin theory suggests that toxins produced by fungal pathogens disturb the metabolism of the infected plant, altering membrane permeability, and disturbing the water balance by uncontrolled water loss from injured cells, ultimately inducing wilt in the whole plant. In this current study, the physiological and biochemical processes of Fusarium wilt were investigated in cucumber seedlings to explore candidate mechanisms of Fusarium wilt. The major goal of our research is to provide the theoretical basis for prevention and control of Fusarium wilt in cucumber.
As economic and living standards increase, more attention is paid to environmental sustainability and food security. These goals challenge the original model of agricultural production. Finding new agricultural techniques to meet the requirements of the sustainable agricultural development has become the focus in the research of agricultural production. The traditional chemical control measures which were harmful for environment and human health did not conform to sustainable agricultural development. With this background, adequate fertilizer has become the future for implementing sustainable plant protection. Appropriate fertilizer not only supplies the nutrition for plant growth, but also improves plant resistance to disease. As the nitrogen was largely used in commercial cucumber cultivation, increasing the resistance of cucumber to Fusarium wilt by adequate nitrogen supply plays an important role in cucumber cultivar development and production.
In this thesis, soil culture experiments were conducted in greenhouse to illustrate the physiological mechanism of cucumber Fusarium wilt. The effects of FOC infection on water status, photosynthesis, toxin production and action of cucumber seedlings were investigated. On this basis, hydroponic experiments supplied with different nitrogen forms were conducted to control cucumber Fusarium wilt. The effects of FOC infection on water relations, substance metabolism, toxin response, root exudates and transcriptome level of cucumber seedlings supplied with different nitrogen forms were investigated to illustrate the resistant mechanism of nitrogen nutrition. The major results are listed as follows.
1. The transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water content and water potential of cucumber seedlings were significantly reduced after FOC infection. However, E/gs ratio of infected plant was higher than that of healthy plants, indicating that non-stomatal water loss was occurring. In red ink absorption experiments, leaves of infected cucumber plants accumulated a higher amount of ink, although stem hydraulic conductance decreased markedly. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy, leaf H+-ATPase activity and electrolyte leakage determination revealed severe injury to leaf cell membranes of infected plants. In conclusion, although the stem of infected plant was wilted, leaf water supply was not restricted in infected plant. Leaf cell membrane injury caused by FOC infection induced uncontrolled water loss from damaged cells and destroyed the water balance in cucumber leaf, ultimately resulting in plant wilt.
2. During the early stages of FOC infection, stomata closure was induced by ABA in leaves, resulting in a decreased transpiration rate and increased leaf temperature. A negative correlation between transpiration rate and leaf temperature existed. But leaf temperature exhibited a special pattern due to the dependence of the pathological process on light-dark cycling. Lightly wilted leaves had a higher temperature in light and a lower temperature in dark than healthy leaves. We identified that the water loss from wilted leaves was regulated not by stomata but rather by cell damage caused by pathogen infection. During the late stages of FOC infection, water balance in infected plants became disturbed and dead tissue was dehydrated, so leaf temperature increased again. These data suggest that membrane injury caused by FOC infection induces uncontrolled water loss from damaged cells and an imbalance in leaf water status, and ultimately leads to plant wilting. Combining detection of the temperature response of leaves to light-dark conditions, digital infrared thermography not only permits non-invasive detection and indirect visualization of the development of the soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt, but also demonstrates certain internal metabolic processes correlative with water status.
3. During fusaric acid (FA) treatment, we found that the leaf temperature of cucumber plant was increased when stomata closure was induced by FA. Under the alternation of light and dark, FA-treated plant had a higher leaf temperature in the light and a lower temperature in the dark as compared with the untreated plant. Furthermore, leaf cell membrane of cucumber seedling was seriously damaged by FA. To confirm whether the uncontrolled water loss was from damaged leaf cells, as a result of FA treatment, and not from the stomata, an experiment was conducted using a split-root system in which spatially separated cucumber roots were each supplied by FA at0ppm or100ppm. In the split-root system, the low temperature areas of the leaves in the dark had higher FA concentration and more severe membrane injury than the high temperature areas. The FA uptake and distribution in cucumber seedlings were not affected by phloem scalding, demonstrating that FA is primarily transported through the xylem. We concluded that membrane injury caused by FA led to non-stomatal water loss and, ultimately, to wilting. Combining the response of the leaves under the light and dark conditions with the digital infrared thermography permitted noninvasive monitoring and direct visualization of wilting development.
4. Nitrate nutrition significantly suppressed disease index of cucumber Fusarium wilt as compared to ammonium nutrition. Plant growth and biomass production were markedly increased in nitrate nutrition. Ammonium grown plant had higher net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield as compared to nitrate grown plant. However, leaf temperature and water uptake of ammonium grown plant were significantly lower than nitrate grown plant. Furthermore, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents of ammonium grown plant, which was favored by the pathogen, were markedly higher than nitrate grown plant. FOC infection significantly inhibited the plant grown, leaf photosynthesis, water uptake and disturbed the substance metabolism of ammonium grown plant while had no significant effect on nitrate grown plant. In conclusion, nitrate nutrition is favored by cucumber seedling and profitable for cucumber plants to defense FOC infection. We should increase the nitrate fertilizer and decrease ammonium fertilizer input in cucumber seedlings in order to improve the resistance to Fusarium wilt.
5. The number of pathogen in nitrate grown plant was significantly lower than ammonium grown plant after FOC inoculation. Root exudates from ammonium grown plant significantly increased spore germination of FOC as compared to nitrate grown plant. Two organic acids, oxalic acid and citric acid, were identified from the root exudates of cucumber seedlings by HPLC. Citric acid in root exudates of ammonium grown plants was significantly higher than nitrate grown plants. FOC infection markedly increased the content of citric acid in ammonium grown plants, while had no effect on nitrate grown plants. Citric acid significantly stimulated the spore germination of FOC in concentrations ranging from5μM to50μM. Moreover, disease index and the number of pathogen were markedly increased in cucumber plants after exogenous application of citric acid. In conclusion, higher concentration of citric acid, which was preferable to FOC spore germination, was accumulated in the root exudates of ammonium grown plant resulted in the significant increase of disease incidence. Root exudate plays an important role in resistance of cucumber seedlings to Fusarium wilt under nitrate nutrition.
6. FA could be detected in both ammonium and nitrate grown plants after FOC infection. FA content in leaf and stem of FOC-inoculated ammonium grown plants were significantly higher than nitrate grown plants, while no significant difference was found in roots. Ammonium grown plants were seriously wilted after FA treatment, while no visible wilt symptoms were found in nitrate grown plants after FA treatment. The injury degree of leaf cell membrane in ammonium grown plant was significantly higher than nitrate grown plant after FA treatment. Although the FA uptake volume in ammonium grown plant was significantly lower than nitrate grown plant, there was no significant difference in total uptake amount of FA between ammonium and nitrate grown plant. Nitrate gown plant had lower average uptake concentration as compared to ammonium grown plant. FA concentrations in root of nitrate grown plant was markedly higher than ammonium grown plant, whereas the FA concentrations in both leaf and stem were significantly lower than ammonium grown plant. In conclusion, nitrate grown plant produced less fungal toxin of FA in cucumber plants after FOC infection. Nitrate grown plant not only selectively absorbed FA in root, but also decreased FA transportation to shoot, consequently alleviating the toxic effect of FA on shoot. Nitrate grown plant was more resistance to FA.
7. The effects of FOC infection on the transcriptome of cucumber roots under different nitrogen nutrition were investigated. The results showed that the biological process ontology was mainly enriched in the GO (Gene Ontology) terms of cellular process, metabolic process, response to stimulus and biological regulation. The cellular component was mainly enriched in the GO terms of cell, cell part, organelle and membrane. The molecular function was mainly enriched in the GO terms of catalytic activity and binding. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway was mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways, nitrogen metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The effects of FOC infection on the expression of pathogen resistant genes in cucumber plants under different nitrogen nutrient were analyzed. It showed that expression of the most of the pathogen resistant genes, such as CERK1, BAK1, FLS2, Rboh, RPM1, PBS1and LOX were significantly increased in nitrate grown plant after FOC infection, which resulted in induction of defense response and increase of disease resistant.
本研究采用土壤培养方式,研究了病原菌侵染对黄瓜植株水分、光合特性、毒素产生及作用方式等的影响,探讨了黄瓜枯萎病的发病生理机制。在发病机制的理论基础上,采用营养液培养,研究了不同形态氮素营养(铵态氮和硝态氮)对黄瓜枯萎病防控的影响,通过分析病原菌侵染对不同氮素形态下黄瓜植株体内水分关系、物质代谢过程、毒素的响应能力、分泌物组成及转录水平的影响,探讨了氮素营养的抗病机制。主要研究结果如下：
1.病原菌侵染后黄瓜植株的蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(gs)、叶片含水量及叶片水势均显著降低;而E/gs显著上升,说明病原菌侵染促进了叶片非气孔水分散失。虽然病原菌侵染显著降低了导水率,但植株红墨水吸收结果表明,侵染植株叶片中红墨水的吸收量显著高于健康植株。此外,通过电镜观察侵染植株的叶片细胞膜,及分析叶片H+-ATPase酶活性及叶片电导率,发现侵染植株叶片细胞膜遭到严重破坏,说明尽管发病植株茎秆萎缩,但植株的水分吸收及运输仍能满足叶片的需求;病原菌的侵染导致叶片细胞膜受伤害,从而使水分直接以非气孔形式散失,叶片水分平衡遭到破坏,最终导致植株萎蔫。
2.在侵染前期,病原菌的侵染导致叶片ABA含量升高、气孔关闭、叶片温度升高。叶片温度与蒸腾速率之间呈显著负相关关系。然而,植株叶片在光下和暗处呈现不同的响应：在光下,发病植株的叶片温度显著高于健康植株;在暗处,发病植株的叶片温度却显著低于健康植株,说明发病植株中叶片的水分散失不是通过气孔,而是从伤害细胞中扩散出去的。在侵染后期,侵染植株叶片水分平衡遭到严重破坏,叶片组织脱水坏死,从而导致植株叶片温度持续上升。上述结果说明,FOC的侵染能够导致叶片细胞膜伤害,使水分直接从受伤害的细胞中扩散出去,破坏叶片水分平衡,最终导致植株萎蔫。通过监测叶片在光下和暗处的温度响应,红外热像仪不仅可以直接非损伤的监测土传病害的发生过程,同时还能揭示植株体内与水分状况相关的生理过程。
3.病原菌毒素(FA)处理后,叶片气孔关闭、叶片温度上升。在光暗交替环境中,FA处理植株在光下的叶片温度显著高于健康植株;在暗处,FA处理植株的叶片温度却显著低于健康植株。此外,FA处理后黄瓜植株叶片细胞膜遭到了严重的破坏。为验证FA处理后水分直接从受伤害的细胞中扩散出去,采用分根实验方法,对黄瓜植株的两侧根系分别供应0ppm和100ppm的FA。分根处理后,暗处叶片低温区域的FA含量及细胞伤害程度均显著高于高温区域。韧皮部烫伤对黄瓜植株FA的吸收以及分布无影响,FA主要通过木质部进行运输。由此可见,FA能够诱导植株叶片细胞膜伤害,使水分以非气孔途径散失,最终导致植株萎蔫。通过红外热像仪监测叶片在光下和暗处的温度变化,可以直接非损伤的监测病菌侵染时植株的萎蔫过程。
4.与铵态氮相比,硝态氮营养显著降低了黄瓜植株枯萎病的发病率,并显著促进了植株的生长以及植株生物量的增加。铵态氮植株的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、羧化效率及表观量子效率均显著高于硝态氮植株,然而铵态氮植株的叶片温度及水分吸收量均显著低于硝态氮植株。铵态氮植株中可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量均显著高于硝态氮植株,从而能够促进病原菌对铵态氮植株的侵染。FOC的侵染显著抑制了铵态氮植株的生长、叶片光合和水分吸收,干扰了植株体内的物质代谢,而病原菌的侵染却对硝态氮植株无显著影响。由此可见,硝态氮植株对黄瓜植株的生长更有益,能够更好的防控枯萎病的发生,因此在黄瓜的栽培中,应当适当增加硝态氮肥的施入而减少铵态氮肥的施用以抑制枯萎病的发生。
5.FOC侵染后,硝态氮植株体内病原菌的数量显著低于铵态氮植株。与硝态氮相比,铵态氮植株的根系分泌物显著促进了病原菌孢子的萌发。经HPLC鉴定,黄瓜植株的根系分泌物主要含有草酸和柠檬酸两种有机酸,且铵态氮植株根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量显著高于硝态氮植株。FOC侵染显著促进了铵态氮植株根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量,而对硝态氮植株无影响。在柠檬酸浓度为5μ-50μM时,尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发率随柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加。此外,外源添加柠檬酸能显著增加黄瓜植株的病情植株及病原菌数量。由此可见,根系分泌物在硝态氮抗枯萎病的过程中发挥着重要作用;黄瓜植株在铵态氮营养下根系分泌物中柠檬酸含量增加,从而促进病原菌孢子的萌发,导致枯萎病发病率增加。
6.FOC侵染后,在铵态氮植株和硝态氮植株体内均能监测到FA;铵态氮植株叶片和茎中的FA含量显著高于硝态氮植株,而根中的FA含量却与硝态氮植株无明显差异。FA处理后铵态氮植株迅速萎蔫,而硝态氮植株无明显萎蔫症状；FA对铵态氮植株叶片缅胞膜的伤害程度高于硝态氮植株。虽然铵态氮植株FA的吸收体积显著低于硝态氮植株,但铵态氮植株和硝态氮植株FA的吸收总量却无显著差异；硝态氮植株FA的平均吸收浓度显著低于铵态氮植株。FA处理后,硝态氮植株根系中FA的含量显著高于铵态氮植株,而叶片和茎中的FA含量却显著低于铵态氮植株。由此可见,FOC侵染后硝态氮植株中FA含量较少;硝态氮植株能够选择性的吸收FA,且吸收的FA主要积累在根中,限制FA向地上部的运输,减少对地上部的伤害；硝态氮植株对FA具有更强的耐毒性。
7.通过对FOC侵染后不同形态氮素营养下黄瓜植株根系进行转录组水平分析,表明差异基因生物学过程主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程、刺激响应和生物调控等中；细胞组分主要富集在细胞、细胞部分、细胞器和细胞膜等中；而分子功能主要富集在催化活性和结合中;差异基因所参与的KEGG通路主要富集在代谢途径、氮素代谢、植物-病原菌互作、次生代谢产物合成、苯丙素生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成、黄酮及黄酮醇生物合成这8种通路中。通过比较病原菌侵染后不同形态氮素营养下黄瓜植株根系中与抗病相关基因表达的差异,表明FOC侵染后,硝态氮植株根系中大部分调控CERK1、BAK1、FLS2、Rboh、RPM1、PBS1和LOX的相关基因的表达均显著上调,从而诱导硝态氮植株的防御反应,增强硝态氮植株抗病性。
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) is the causal agent of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fusarium wilt, a soil-borne disease that can cause severe losses in yield and quality of cucumber. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of Fusarium wilt is attributed to plugging of xylem or systemic toxicity. However, the question of why F. oxysporum-caused wilt occurs remains unanswered. The plugging theory suggests that the vessels of the infected plant are plugged by fungal hyphae, callose, tylose, and gel. These substances can impair water transport which results in water deficiency of the infected plant. However, the toxin theory suggests that toxins produced by fungal pathogens disturb the metabolism of the infected plant, altering membrane permeability, and disturbing the water balance by uncontrolled water loss from injured cells, ultimately inducing wilt in the whole plant. In this current study, the physiological and biochemical processes of Fusarium wilt were investigated in cucumber seedlings to explore candidate mechanisms of Fusarium wilt. The major goal of our research is to provide the theoretical basis for prevention and control of Fusarium wilt in cucumber.
As economic and living standards increase, more attention is paid to environmental sustainability and food security. These goals challenge the original model of agricultural production. Finding new agricultural techniques to meet the requirements of the sustainable agricultural development has become the focus in the research of agricultural production. The traditional chemical control measures which were harmful for environment and human health did not conform to sustainable agricultural development. With this background, adequate fertilizer has become the future for implementing sustainable plant protection. Appropriate fertilizer not only supplies the nutrition for plant growth, but also improves plant resistance to disease. As the nitrogen was largely used in commercial cucumber cultivation, increasing the resistance of cucumber to Fusarium wilt by adequate nitrogen supply plays an important role in cucumber cultivar development and production.
In this thesis, soil culture experiments were conducted in greenhouse to illustrate the physiological mechanism of cucumber Fusarium wilt. The effects of FOC infection on water status, photosynthesis, toxin production and action of cucumber seedlings were investigated. On this basis, hydroponic experiments supplied with different nitrogen forms were conducted to control cucumber Fusarium wilt. The effects of FOC infection on water relations, substance metabolism, toxin response, root exudates and transcriptome level of cucumber seedlings supplied with different nitrogen forms were investigated to illustrate the resistant mechanism of nitrogen nutrition. The major results are listed as follows.
1. The transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water content and water potential of cucumber seedlings were significantly reduced after FOC infection. However, E/gs ratio of infected plant was higher than that of healthy plants, indicating that non-stomatal water loss was occurring. In red ink absorption experiments, leaves of infected cucumber plants accumulated a higher amount of ink, although stem hydraulic conductance decreased markedly. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy, leaf H+-ATPase activity and electrolyte leakage determination revealed severe injury to leaf cell membranes of infected plants. In conclusion, although the stem of infected plant was wilted, leaf water supply was not restricted in infected plant. Leaf cell membrane injury caused by FOC infection induced uncontrolled water loss from damaged cells and destroyed the water balance in cucumber leaf, ultimately resulting in plant wilt.
2. During the early stages of FOC infection, stomata closure was induced by ABA in leaves, resulting in a decreased transpiration rate and increased leaf temperature. A negative correlation between transpiration rate and leaf temperature existed. But leaf temperature exhibited a special pattern due to the dependence of the pathological process on light-dark cycling. Lightly wilted leaves had a higher temperature in light and a lower temperature in dark than healthy leaves. We identified that the water loss from wilted leaves was regulated not by stomata but rather by cell damage caused by pathogen infection. During the late stages of FOC infection, water balance in infected plants became disturbed and dead tissue was dehydrated, so leaf temperature increased again. These data suggest that membrane injury caused by FOC infection induces uncontrolled water loss from damaged cells and an imbalance in leaf water status, and ultimately leads to plant wilting. Combining detection of the temperature response of leaves to light-dark conditions, digital infrared thermography not only permits non-invasive detection and indirect visualization of the development of the soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt, but also demonstrates certain internal metabolic processes correlative with water status.
3. During fusaric acid (FA) treatment, we found that the leaf temperature of cucumber plant was increased when stomata closure was induced by FA. Under the alternation of light and dark, FA-treated plant had a higher leaf temperature in the light and a lower temperature in the dark as compared with the untreated plant. Furthermore, leaf cell membrane of cucumber seedling was seriously damaged by FA. To confirm whether the uncontrolled water loss was from damaged leaf cells, as a result of FA treatment, and not from the stomata, an experiment was conducted using a split-root system in which spatially separated cucumber roots were each supplied by FA at0ppm or100ppm. In the split-root system, the low temperature areas of the leaves in the dark had higher FA concentration and more severe membrane injury than the high temperature areas. The FA uptake and distribution in cucumber seedlings were not affected by phloem scalding, demonstrating that FA is primarily transported through the xylem. We concluded that membrane injury caused by FA led to non-stomatal water loss and, ultimately, to wilting. Combining the response of the leaves under the light and dark conditions with the digital infrared thermography permitted noninvasive monitoring and direct visualization of wilting development.
4. Nitrate nutrition significantly suppressed disease index of cucumber Fusarium wilt as compared to ammonium nutrition. Plant growth and biomass production were markedly increased in nitrate nutrition. Ammonium grown plant had higher net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield as compared to nitrate grown plant. However, leaf temperature and water uptake of ammonium grown plant were significantly lower than nitrate grown plant. Furthermore, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents of ammonium grown plant, which was favored by the pathogen, were markedly higher than nitrate grown plant. FOC infection significantly inhibited the plant grown, leaf photosynthesis, water uptake and disturbed the substance metabolism of ammonium grown plant while had no significant effect on nitrate grown plant. In conclusion, nitrate nutrition is favored by cucumber seedling and profitable for cucumber plants to defense FOC infection. We should increase the nitrate fertilizer and decrease ammonium fertilizer input in cucumber seedlings in order to improve the resistance to Fusarium wilt.
5. The number of pathogen in nitrate grown plant was significantly lower than ammonium grown plant after FOC inoculation. Root exudates from ammonium grown plant significantly increased spore germination of FOC as compared to nitrate grown plant. Two organic acids, oxalic acid and citric acid, were identified from the root exudates of cucumber seedlings by HPLC. Citric acid in root exudates of ammonium grown plants was significantly higher than nitrate grown plants. FOC infection markedly increased the content of citric acid in ammonium grown plants, while had no effect on nitrate grown plants. Citric acid significantly stimulated the spore germination of FOC in concentrations ranging from5μM to50μM. Moreover, disease index and the number of pathogen were markedly increased in cucumber plants after exogenous application of citric acid. In conclusion, higher concentration of citric acid, which was preferable to FOC spore germination, was accumulated in the root exudates of ammonium grown plant resulted in the significant increase of disease incidence. Root exudate plays an important role in resistance of cucumber seedlings to Fusarium wilt under nitrate nutrition.
6. FA could be detected in both ammonium and nitrate grown plants after FOC infection. FA content in leaf and stem of FOC-inoculated ammonium grown plants were significantly higher than nitrate grown plants, while no significant difference was found in roots. Ammonium grown plants were seriously wilted after FA treatment, while no visible wilt symptoms were found in nitrate grown plants after FA treatment. The injury degree of leaf cell membrane in ammonium grown plant was significantly higher than nitrate grown plant after FA treatment. Although the FA uptake volume in ammonium grown plant was significantly lower than nitrate grown plant, there was no significant difference in total uptake amount of FA between ammonium and nitrate grown plant. Nitrate gown plant had lower average uptake concentration as compared to ammonium grown plant. FA concentrations in root of nitrate grown plant was markedly higher than ammonium grown plant, whereas the FA concentrations in both leaf and stem were significantly lower than ammonium grown plant. In conclusion, nitrate grown plant produced less fungal toxin of FA in cucumber plants after FOC infection. Nitrate grown plant not only selectively absorbed FA in root, but also decreased FA transportation to shoot, consequently alleviating the toxic effect of FA on shoot. Nitrate grown plant was more resistance to FA.
7. The effects of FOC infection on the transcriptome of cucumber roots under different nitrogen nutrition were investigated. The results showed that the biological process ontology was mainly enriched in the GO (Gene Ontology) terms of cellular process, metabolic process, response to stimulus and biological regulation. The cellular component was mainly enriched in the GO terms of cell, cell part, organelle and membrane. The molecular function was mainly enriched in the GO terms of catalytic activity and binding. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway was mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways, nitrogen metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The effects of FOC infection on the expression of pathogen resistant genes in cucumber plants under different nitrogen nutrient were analyzed. It showed that expression of the most of the pathogen resistant genes, such as CERK1, BAK1, FLS2, Rboh, RPM1, PBS1and LOX were significantly increased in nitrate grown plant after FOC infection, which resulted in induction of defense response and increase of disease resistant.
引文
[1]Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Duke SO. Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium moniliforme and phytotoxicity of AAL-toxin and Fumonisin B1 on tomato cultivars. Journal of Phytopathology, 1995,143(6):329-334.
[2]Abouzeid MA, Abd-Elrahman DG, Hassan AA, Youssef KA, Hammad AA. Use of gamma irradiation to control Fusarium verticillioides producing two known mycotoxins in infected corn. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2003,5(4):397-404.
[3]Aguirreolea J, Irigoyen J, Sanchez-Diaz M, Salaverri J. Physiological alterations in pepper during wilt induced by Phytophthora capsici and soil water deficit. Plant Pathology,1995,44(3):587-596.
[4]Akhtar MS, Siddiqui ZA. Aarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential bioprotectants against plant pathogens, Mycorrhiza,2008,10(1):61-97.
[5]Amtmann A, Troufflard S, Armengaud P. The effect of potassium nutrition on pest and disease resistance in plants. Physiologia Plantarum,2008,133(4):682-691.
[6]Anderson DS, Teyker RH, Rayburn AL. Nitrogen form effects on early corn root morphological and anatomical development. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1991,14(11):1255-1266.
[7]Arias JA. Secretory organelle and mitochondrial alterations induced by fusaric acid in root cells of Zea mays. Physiologial Plant Pathology,1985,27(2):149-158.
[8]Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, Netzer D. Pathogenic races of the cucumber-wilt Fusarium. Plant Disease Reporter,1978,62(9):824-828.
[9]Ashley MK, Grant M, Grabov A. Plant responses to potassium deficiencies:a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(2):425-436.
[10]Ausubel FM. Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature immunology,2005,6(10):973-979.
[11]Bacon CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[12]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[13]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[14]Benhamou N, Garand C. Cytological analysis of defense-related mechanisms induced in pea root tissues in response to colonization by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47. Phytopathology, 2001,91(8):730-740.
[15]Blevins DG, Lukaszewski KM. Boron in plant structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49(1):481-500.
[16]Borrero C, Trillas MI, Delgado A, Aviles M. Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio in nutrient solution on control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34. Plant Pathology,2012, 61(1):132-139.
[17]Botta GL, Dimarco MP, Melegari AL, Huarte MA, Barassi CA. Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato. Euphytica,1994,80(1-2):63-69.
[18]Bouizgarne B, Brault M, Pennarun AM, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, Hadrami IE, Bouteau F. Electrophysiological responses to fusaric acid of root hairs from seedlings of date palm-susceptible and -resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Journal of Phytopathology,2004,152(6): 321-324.
[19]Bouizgarne B, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Madiona K, Biligui B, Monestiez M, Pennarun AM, Amiar Z, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, El Hadrami I, Bouteau F. A putative role for fusaric acid in biocontrol of the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche ramosa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(5): 550-556.
[20]Bourbos VA, Skoudridakis MT, Darakis GA, Koulizakis M. Calcium cyanamide and soil solarization for the control of Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae in greenhouse cucumber. Crop Protection,1997,16(4):383-386.
[21]Bowler JM, Press MC. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen form and concentration on growth and photosynthesis of a fast- and slow-growing grass. New Phytologist,1996,132(3):391-401.
[22]Brennan RF. The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia. Fertilizer Research,1992,31(1):35-41.
[23]Brown PH, Bellaloui N, Wimmer MA, Bassil ES, Ruiz J, Hu H, Pfeffer H, Dannel F, Romheld V. Boron in plant biology. Plant Biology,2002,4(2):205-223.
[24]Brown PH, Graham RD, Nicholas DJD. The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants. Plant and Soil,1984,81(3):437-440.
[25]Burnett HC, Nemec S, Patterson M. A review of Florida citrus blight and its association with soil edaphic factors, nutrition and Fusarium solani. Tropical Pest Management,1982,28(4):416-422.
[26]Cakmak I. Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytologist,2000,146:185-205.
[27]Calvo AM, Wilson RA, Bok JW, Keller NP. Relationship between secondary metabolism and fungal development. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,2002,66(3):447-459.
[28]Cao Y, Zhang ZH, Ling N, Yuan YJ, Zheng XY, Shen B, Shen QR. Bacillus subtilis SQR 9 can control Fusarium wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011, 47(5):495-506.
[29]Chen F, Wang M, Zheng Y, Luo JM, Yang XR, Wang XL. Quantitative changes of plant defense enzymes and phytohormone in biocontrol of cucumber Fusarium wilt by Bacillus subtilis B579. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2010,26(4):675-684.
[30]Claussen W, Lenz F. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant and Soil,1999,208(1):95-102.
[31]Curir P, Guglieri L, Dolci M, Capponi A, Aurino G. Fusaric acid production by Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp.lilii and its role in the lily basal rot disease. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2000,106(9):849-856.
[32]D'Alton A, Etherton B. Effects of fusaric acid on tomato root hair membrane potentials and ATP levels. Plant Physiology,1984,74(1):39-42.
[33]Damanti KE, Gardner JM, Scheffer RP. An assay for Helminthosporium victoriae toxin based on induced leakage of electrolytes from oat tissue. Phytopathology,1974,64:652-654.
[34]Datnoff LE, Elmer WH. Mineral nutrition and plant disease. St Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007,31-44.
[35]Divon HH, Ziv C, Davydov O, Yarden O, Fluhr R. The global nitrogen regulator, FNR1, regulates fungal nutrition-genes and fitness during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. Molecular Plant Pathology,2006,7(6):485-497.
[36]Dong C, Shen Q, Wang G. Tomato growth and organic acid changes in response to partial replacement of NO3--N by NH4+-N. Pedosphere,2004,14(2):159-164.
[37]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[38]Dordas C. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2008,28(1):33-46.
[39]Eulgem T, Somssich IE. Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2007,10(4):366-371.
[40]Eun SO, Lee Y. Stomatal opening by fusicoccin is accompanied by depolymerization of actin filaments in guard cells. Planta,2000,210(6):1014-1017.
[41]Fakhouri W, Walker F, Armbruster W, Buchenauer H. Detoxification of fusaric acid by a nonpathogenic Colletotrichum sp. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2003,63(5): 263-269.
[42]Farquhar GD, Caemmerer S. Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions. In: Lange, OL; Nobel,PS; Osmond, CB; Ziegler, H, editors. Physiological Plant Ecology Ⅱ:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1982,549-587.
[43]FAO.2011, http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD.
[44]Fravel D, Olivain C, Alabouvette C. Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol. New Phytologist, 2003,157(3):493-502.
[45]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[46]Gaumann E. Fusaric acid as a wilt toxin. Phytopathology,1957,47:342-357.
[47]Ghorbani R, Wilcockson S, Koocheki A, Leifert C. Soil management for sustainable crop disease control:a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2008,6(3):149-162.
[48]Graham RD, Webb MJ. Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plants. Madison:Soil Science Society of America Book Series,1991.
[49]Grewal HS, Graham RD, Rengel Z. Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease(Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat. Plant and Soil,1996,186(2): 219-226.
[50]Grosse-Brauckmann E. The influence of silicic acid on mildew infection of cereals with different nitrogen fertilizers. Phytopathol Z,1957,30:112-115.
[51]Guo SW, Bruck H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[52]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate- and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007a,170(1):73-80.
[53]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gao YX, Shen QR. Effects of different nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice(Oryza sativa). Annals of Applied Biology,2008,153(1):127-134.
[54]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Shen QR, Zhang FS. Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth, photosynthesis, photorespiration, and water relations. Plant Biology,2007b,9(1):21-29.
[55]Hao WY, Ren LX, Ran W, Shen QR. Allelopathic effects of root exudates from watermelon and rice plants on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2010,336(1-2):485-497.
[56]Hardter R. Potassium and biotic stress of plants. Basel, Switzerland:International Potash Institute, 2003.
[57]Heckman JR, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. Optimizing manganese fertilization for the suppression of take-all patch disease on creeping bentgrass. Crop Science,2003,43(4):1395-1398.
[58]Heidrich K, Wirthmueller L, Tasset C, Pouzet C, Deslandes L, Parker JE. Arabidopsis EDS1 connects pathogen effector recognition to cell compartment-specific immune responses. Science, 2011,334(6061):1401-1404.
[59]Hoffland E, Jeger MJ, Beusichem ML. Effect of nitrogen supply rate on disease resistance in tomato depends on the pathogen. Plant and Soil,2000,218(1-2):239-247.
[60]Hoffland E, van Beusichem M, Jeger M. Nitrogen availability and susceptibility of tomato leaves to Botrytis cinerea. Plant and Soil,1999,210(2):263-272.
[61]H(?)gh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK. Effects of drought and inorganic N form on nitrogen fixation and carbon isotope discrimination in Trifolium repens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1997,35: 55-62.
[62]Holzmueller EJ, Jose S, Jenkins MA. Influence of calcium, potassium, and magnesium on Cornus florida L. density and resistance to dogwood anthracnose. Plant and Soil,2007,290(1-2):189-199.
[63]Horsfall JG, Dimond AE. Interactions of tissue sugar, growth substances and disease susceptibility. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz,1957,27:415-421.
[64]Huber DM, Graham RD. The role of nutrition in crop resistance and tolerance to diseases. In: Rengel, Z, editor, Mineral nutrition of crops:fundamental mechanisms and implications. New York: Food Product Press,1999,205-226.
[65]Huber DM, Thompson IA. Nitrogen and plant disease. St. Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[66]Huber DM. The role of mineral nutrition in defense. New York:Academic Press,1980.
[67]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye (Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[68]Jensen B, Munk L. Nitrogen-induced changes in colony density and spore production of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei on seedlings of six spring barley cultivars. Plant Pathology,1997,46(2): 191-202.
[69]Jones JD, Dangl JL. The plant immune system. Nature,2006,444(7117):323-329.
[70]Kirkegaard JA, Munns R, James RA, Neate SM. Does water and phosphorus uptake limit leaf growth of Rhizoctonia-infected wheat seedlings? Plant and Soil,1999,209(2):157-166.
[71]Kuzniak E. Effects of fusaric acid on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in tomato cell cultures. Journal of Phytopathology,2001,149(10):575-582.
[72]Lakshminarayanan K, Subramanian D. Is fusaric acid a vivotoxin? Nature,1955,176(4484): 697-698.
[73]Lanoue A, Burlat V, Henkes GJ, Koch I, Schurr U, Rose USR. De novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to Fusarium attack in barley. New Phytologist,2010,185(2):577-588.
[74]Lasa B, Frechilla S, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Lamsfus C. Alternative pathway respiration is associated with ammonium ion sensitivity in spinach and pea plants. Plant Growth Regulation,2002,37(1): 49-55.
[75]Lemmens M, Buerstmayr H, Krska R, Schuhmacher R, Grausgruber H, Ruckenbauer P. The effect of inoculation treatment and long-term application of moisture on Fusarium head blight symptoms and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat grains. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2004, 110(3):299-308.
[76]Leser C, Treutter D. Effects of nitrogen supply on growth, contents of phenolic compounds and pathogen (scab) resistance of apple trees. Physiologia Plantarum,2005,123(1):49-56.
[77]Lewis OAM, Leidi EO, Lips SH. Effect of nitrogen source on growth response to salinity stress in maize and wheat. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):155-160.
[78]Li Y, Gao YX, Ding L, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to drought condition. Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1746-1750.
[79]Ling N, Huang QW, Guo SW, Shen QR. Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 systemically affects root exudates of watermelon to decrease the conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2011,341(1-2):485-493.
[80]Long DH. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on disease progress of rice blast on susceptible and resistant cultivars. Plant Disease,2000,84(4):403-409.
[81]Lopez-Berges MS, Rispail N, Prados-Rosales RC, Di Pietro A. A nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence functions in Fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase TOR and the bZIP protein MeaB. The Plant Cell,2010,22(7):2459-2475.
[82]Mandeel Q, Baker R. Mechanisms involved in biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with strains of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology,1991,81(4):462-469.
[83]Marschner P. Marschner's Mineral nutrition of higher plants.3rd ed. London; Waltham, MA: Academic Press,2012.
[84]Mengel K. Principles of plant nutrition.5th ed. Dordrecht; Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[85]Nam MH, Jeong SK, Lee YS, Choi JM, Kim HG. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose. Plant Pathology,2006,55(2):246-249.
[86]Olesen JE, J(?)rgensen LN, Petersen J, Mortensen JV. Effects of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on disease control by fungicides in winter wheat.1. Grain yield and foliar disease control. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2003a,140(1):1-13.
[87]Olesen JE, Jorgensen LN, Petersen J, Mortensen JV. Effects of rates and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on disease control by fungicides in winter wheat.2. Crop growth and disease development. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2003b,140(1):15-29.
[88]Ota K, Yamamoto Y. Effects of different nitrogen sources on glutamine synthetase and ferredoxin dependent glutamate synthase activities and on free amino acid composition in radish plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1990,36(4):645-652.
[89]Owen JH. Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Phytopathology,1955,45:435-439.
[90]Page OT. Fusaric acid in banana plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense. Phytopathology,1959,49:230.
[91]Pavlovkin J, Mistrik I, Prokop M. Some aspects of the phytotoxic action of fusaric acid on primary Ricinus roots. Plant Soil and Environment,2004,50(9):397-401.
[92]Perrenoud S. Potassium and plant health.2nd completely rev. ed. Bern, Switzerland:International Potash Institute,1990.
[93]Pervez H, Ashraf M, Makhdum MI, Mahmood T. Potassium nutrition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in relation to cotton leaf curl virus disease in aridisols. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2007,39(2):529-539.
[94]Potash and Phosphate Institute. Phosphorus nutrition improves plant disease resistance. Atlanta, Georgia, USA,1988,22-23.
[95]Prabhu AS, Fageria NK, Huber DM. Potassium nutrition and plant diseases. St. Paul, Minn.: American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[96]Prasad D, Singh R, Singh A. Management of sheath blight of rice with integrated nutrients. Indian Phytopathology,2010,63(1):11-15.
[97]Pshibytko NL, Zenevich LA, Kabashnikova LF. Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus during fusarium wilt of tomato. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,2006,53(1):25-31.
[98]Raab TK, Terry N. Carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as influenced by nitrogen source, NO3- versus NH4+. Plant Physiology,1995,107(2):575-585.
[99]Raab TK, Terry N. Nitrogen source regulation of growth and photosynthesis in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology,1994,105(4):1159-1166.
[100]Reuveni R, Dor G, Raviv M, Reuveni M, Tuzun S. Systemic resistance against Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber plants exposed to phosphate in hydroponics system, and its control by foliar spray of mono-potassium phosphate. Crop Protection,2000,19(5):355-361.
[101]Reuveni R, Reuveni M. Foliar-fertilizer therapy-a concept in integrated pest management. Crop Protection,1998,17(2):111-118.
[102]Robinson PW, Hodges CF. Nitrogen-induced changes in the sugars and amino acids of sequentially senescing leaves of Poa pratensis and pathogenesis by Drechslera sorokinian. Journal of Phytopathology,1981,101(4):348-361.
[103]Sage RF, Reid CD. Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants. In: Wilkinson, RE, editor, In Plant-Environment Interactions. New York:Marcel Dekker,1994, 413-499.
[104]Samadi L, Behboodi BS. Fusaric acid induces apoptosis in saffron root-tip cells:roles of caspase-like activity, cytochrome c, and H2O2. Planta,2006,255(1):223-234.
[105]Sharkey TD. O2-insensitive photosynthesis in C3 plants:Its occurrence and a possible explanation. Plant Physiology,1985,78(1):71-75.
[106]Simoglou KB, Dordas C. Effect of foliar applied boron, manganese and zinc on tan spot in winter durum wheat. Crop Protection,2006,25(7):657-663.
[107]Simon MR, Cordo CA, Perello AE, Struik PC. Influence of nitrogen supply on the susceptibility of wheat to Septoria tritici. Journal of Phytopathology,2003,151(5):283-289.
[108]Singh I, Agrawal P, Shah K. In search of function for hypothetical proteins encoded by genes of SA-JA pathways in Oryza sativa by in silico comparison and structural modeling. Bioinformation, 2012,8(1):1-5.
[109]Street PFS, Cooper RM. Quantitative measurement of vascular flow in petioles of healthy and Verticillium-infected tomato. Plant Pathology,1984,33(4):483-492.
[110]Tabatabaei SJ, Fatemi LS, Fallahi E. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(7): 1273-1285.
[111]Talukder ZI, McDonald AJS, Price AH. Loci controlling partial resistance to rice blast do not show marked QTL environment interaction when plant nitrogen status alters disease severity. New Phytologist,2005,168(2):455-464.
[112]Tamietti G, Valentino D. Soil solarization as an ecological method for the control of Fusarium wilt of melon in Italy. Crop Protection,2006,25(4):389-397.
[113]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[114]Tenuta M, Lazarovits G. Ammonia and nitrous acid from nitrogenous amendments kill the microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology,2002,92(3):255-264.
[115]Terce-Laforgue T, Mack G, Hirel B. New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes. Physiologia Plantarum,2004,120(2):220-228.
[116]Thomma BPHJ, Nurnberger T, Joosten MHAJ. Of PAMPs and effectors:the blurred PTI-ETI dichotomy. The Plant Cell,2011,23(1):4-15.
[117]Trillas MI, Cotxarrera L, Casanova E, Cortadellas N. Ultrastructural changes and localization of chitin and callose in compatible and incompatible interactions between carnation callus and Fusarium oxysporum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,56(3):107-116.
[118]Tsuda K, Katagiri F. Comparing signaling mechanisms engaged in pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2010,13(4):459-465.
[119]Turner NC, Graniti A. Fusicoccin:a fungal toxin that opens stomata. Nature,1969,223(5210): 1070-1071.
[120]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Changes in alfalfa stem conductance induced by Corynebacterium insidiosum toxin. Plant Physiology,1975a,55(3):559-561.
[121]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi toxin on water relations of Elm (Ulmus americana). Plant Physiology,1975b,55(2):312-316.
[122]Vandermolen GE, Beckman CH, Rodehorst E. The ultrastructure of tylose formation in resistant banana following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,1987,31(2):185-200.
[123]Venter S, Steyn P. Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa. Potato Research,1998,41(3): 289-294.
[124]Volk JR, Kahn RP, Weintraub RL. Silicon content of the rice plant as a factor in influencing its resistance to infection by the rice blast fungus, Piricularia oryzae. Phytopathology,1958,48: 179-184.
[125]Walch-Liu P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(343):227-237.
[126]Walla GS. Influence of nutrients on pathogenic behavior of Rhizoctonia solani on coepea. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology,1992,22(2):170-177.
[127]Walters DR, Bingham IJ. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens:implications for plant disease control. Annals of Applied Biology,2007,151(3): 307-324.
[128]Wang H, Lu Y, Liu P, Wen W, Zhang J, Ge X, Xia Y. The ammonium/nitrate ratio is an input signal in the temperature-modulated, SNC1-mediated and EDS 1-dependent autoimmunity of nudt6-2 nudt7. The Plant Journal,2013,73(2):262-275.
[129]Wang LY, Bau HJ, Chung KR, Liao HL. Factors affecting the production of elsinochrome phytotoxin by the citrus scab pathogen, Elsinoefawcettii. Open Mycology Journal,2009,3:1-8.
[130]Wang M, Zheng QS, Shen QR, Guo SW. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2013,14(4):7370-7390.
[131]Williams J, Smith SG. Correcting potassium deficiency can reduce rice stem diseases. Better Crops,2001,85(1):7-9.
[132]Wisniewski M, Droby S, Chalutz E, Eilam Y. Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in vitro and on the biocontrol activity of Candida oleophila. Plant Pathology,1995,44(6):1016-1024.
[133]Yang XP, Guo SW, Guo LL, Wei CZ. Ammonium enhances the uptake, bioaccumulation, and tolerance of phenanthrene in cucumber seedlings. Plant and Soil,2012b,354(1-2):185-195.
[134]Yang XX, Li Y, Ren BB, Ding L, Gao CM, Shen QR, Guo SW. Drought-induced root aerenchyma formation restricts water uptake in rice seedlings supplied with nitrate. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2012a,53(3):495-504.
[135]Ye SF, Yu JQ, Peng YH, Zheng JH, Zou LY. Incidence of Fusarium wilt in Cucumis sativus L. is promoted by cinnamic acid, an autotoxin in root exudates. Plant and Soil,2004,263(1-2): 143-150.
[136]You BJ, Lee MH, Chung KR. Production of cercosporin toxin by the phytopathogenic Cercospora fungi is affected by diverse environmental signals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2008,54(4): 259-269.
[137]Zeng WQ, Melotto M, He SY. Plant stomata:a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2010,21(5):599-603.
[138]Zhao R, Dielen V, Kinet J, Boutry M. Cosuppression of a plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform impairs sucrose translocation, stomatal opening, plant growth, and male fertility. The Plant Cell, 2000,12(4):535-546.
[139]方宪武.黄瓜枯萎病的发生与无公害防治[J].陕西农业科学,2008,(1)：123-124.
[140]冯洁,陈其煐,石磊岩.棉花幼苗根系分泌物与枯萎病关系的研究[J].棉花学报,1991,(1)：89-96.
[141]高军,高增贵,赵世波,庄敬华.瓜类枯萎病及其防治研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,2006,(1)：35-38.
[142]耿丽华,白庆荣,王建设,魏秋颖,张洪安,张万清.甜瓜镰孢根腐病菌生物学特性研究[J].中国农学通报,2010a,(7)：229-232.
[143]耿丽华,郭绍贵,张海英,宫国义,许勇.西瓜根腐病菌的生物学特性[J].中国蔬菜,2010b,(18)：60-63.
[144]郭晋云,胡晓峰,李勇,王敏,沈其荣,郭世伟.黄瓜枯萎病对黄瓜光合和水分生理特性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,(1)：79-83.
[145]郝文雅,沈其荣,冉炜,徐阳春,任丽轩.西瓜和水稻根系分泌物中糖和氨基酸对西瓜枯萎病病原菌生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,(3)：77-82.
[146]何润云.混合农药防治黄瓜枯萎病效果及稳定性试验[J].长江蔬菜,2012,(2)：69-70.
[147]侯晓峰.黄瓜枯萎病的发生及综合防治[J].现代农业科技,2012,(9)：180.
[148]胡明俊.黄瓜枯萎病的综合防治[J].农技服务,2011,(1)：38.
[149]姬华伟,郑青松,董鲜,周金燕,沈其荣,郭世伟.铜、锌元素对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果与机理[J].园艺学报,2012,(6)：1064-1072.
[150]靳会琴,谢发锁.黄瓜枯萎病的发生与综合防治[J].现代园艺,2009,(12)：36-37.
[151]李灿雯,王康才,吴健,唐晓清.氮素形态对半夏生长及生物碱和总有机酸累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,(1)：256-260.
[152]李敏,刘润进,李晓林.大田条件下丛枝菌根真菌对西瓜生长和枯萎病的影响[J].植物病理学报,2004,(5)：472-473.
[153]李新文,袁清.黄瓜枯萎病及其综合防治技术[J].现代园艺,2009,(3)：30-31.
[154]罗希成,石琳琪,李景茹,顾铁省.河北省黄瓜枯萎病生理小种鉴定及药剂防治[J].河北农业科学,1992,(4)：22-24.
[155]慕康国,赵秀琴,李健强,刘西莉.矿质营养与植物病害关系研究进展[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,(1)：84-90.
[156]潘凯,吴凤芝.氨基酸对黄瓜枯萎病病原菌生长发育的影响[J].北方园艺,2008,(2)：228-231.
[157]蒲金基,曾会才.绿色木霉LTR12-1对黄瓜枯萎病菌防治作用机制的初步研究[J].热带农业科学,2002,(4)：22-25.
[158]孙自玲.黄单胞菌L4毒素抑制杂草的作用机理研究[D].浙江大学,2003.
[159]汪建飞,董彩霞,沈其荣.氮素不同形态配比对菠菜体内游离氨基酸含量和相关酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,(4)：664-670.
[160]汪建飞,沈其荣.有机酸代谢在植物适应养分和铝毒胁迫中的作用[J].应用生态学报,2006,(11)：2210-2216.
[161]王灿华,祝新德,许煜泉,冯镇泰.假单胞菌株M18分泌羧基吩嗪抑制黄瓜枯萎病害[J].上海交通大学学报,2000,(11)：1574-1578.
[162]王汉荣,茹水江,王连平,冯忠民.黄瓜嫁接防治枯萎病和疫病技术的研究[J].浙江农业学报,2004,(5)：92-95.
[163]翁祖信,徐新波,冯东听.黄瓜枯萎病菌生理小种研究初报[J].中国蔬菜,1989,(1)：19-21.
[164]吴凤芝,王学征.设施黄瓜连作和轮作中土壤微生物群落多样性的变化及其与产量品质的关 系[J].中国农业科学,2007,(10)：2274-2280.
[165]吴凤芝,周新刚.不同作物间作对黄瓜病害及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,(5)：899-906.
[166]易齐.嫁接换根防治保护地黄瓜枯萎病[J].病虫测报,1992,(1)：38-39.
[167]尹立红,马志卿,陈安良,张兴.矿质元素与植物抗病虫草害关系研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(S1)：157-161.
[168]袁飞,张春兰,沈其荣.酚酸物质减轻黄瓜枯萎病的效果及其原因分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(4)：545-551.
[169]袁会珠,齐淑华.溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害[J].植物保护,1997,(5)：42-43.
[1]Aked BJ, Hall JL. Effect of powdery mildew infection on concentrations of apoplastic sugars in pea leaves. New Phytologist,1993,123(2):283-288.
[2]Ansorena MR, Gofni MG, Agugro MV, Roura SI, Di Scala KC. Application of the general stability index method to assess the quality of butter lettuce during postharvest storage using a multi-quality indices analysis. Journal of Food Engineering,2009,92(3):317-323.
[3]Baginski ES, Foa PP, Zak B. Determination of phosphate:Study of labile organic phosphate interference. Clinica Chimica Acta,1967,15(1):155-158.
[4]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[5]Blumwald E, Aharon GS, CH Lam B. Early signal transduction pathways in plant-pathogen interactions. Trends in Plant Science,1998,3(9):342-346.
[6]Bowden RL, Rouse DI, Sharkey TD. Mechanism of photosynthesis decrease by Verticillium dahliae in potato. Plant Physiology,1990,94(3):1048-1055.
[7]Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(1-2):248-254.
[8]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[9]Elmore JM, Coaker G. The role of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in plant-microbe interactions. Molecular Plant,2011,4(3):416-427.
[10]Gamliel A, Grinstein A, Peretz Y, Klein L, Nachmias A, Tsror L, Livescu L, Katan J. Reduced dosage of methyl bromide for controlling Verticillium wilt of potato in experimental and commercial plots. Plant Disease,1997,81(5):469-474.
[11]Lorenzini G, Guidi L, Nali C, Ciompi S, Soldatini GF. Photosynthetic response of tomato plants to vascular wilt diseases. Plant Science,1997,124(2):143-152.
[12]Mace ME, Bell AA, Beckman CH, editors. Fungal wilt diseases of plants. New York:Academic Press; 1981,255-298.
[13]Niederleitner S, Knoppik D. Effects of the cherry leaf spot pathogen Blumeriella jaapiion gas exchange before and after expression of symptoms on cherry leaves. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,1997,51(3):145-153.
[14]Nogues S, Cotxarrera L, Alegre L, Trillas MI. Limitations to photosynthesis in tomato leaves induced by Fusarium wilt. New Phytologist,2002,154(2):461-470.
[15]Oerke EC, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Lindenthal M. Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(9): 2121-2132.
[16]Owen JH. Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Phytopathology,1955,45:435-439.
[17]Saeed IAM, MacGuidwin AE, Rouse DI, Sharkey TD. Limitation to photosynthesis in Pratylenchus penetrans-and Verticillium dahliae-infected potato. Crop Science,1999,39(5):1340-1346.
[18]Santos L, Lucio J, Odair J, Carneiro ML, Alberto C. Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic efficiency. New Phytologist,2000,147(3):609-615.
[19]Serrano R. Structure and function of plasma membrane ATPase. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1989,40(1):61-94.
[20]Speer M, Kaiser WM. Ion relations of symplastic and apoplastic space in leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. and Pisum sativum L. under salinity. Plant Physiology,1991,97(3):990-997.
[21]Street PFS, Cooper RM. Quantitative measurement of vascular flow in petioles of healthy and Verticillium-infected tomato. Plant Pathology,1984,33(4):483-492.
[22]Sze H. H+-translocating ATPases:Advances using membrane vesicles. Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1985,36(1):175-208.
[23]Zhu YY, Di TJ, Xu GH, Chen XI, Zeng HQ, Yan F, Shen QR. Adaptation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase of rice roots to low pH as related to ammonium nutrition. Plant Cell and Environment, 2009,32(10):1428-1440.
[24]曹学仁,周益林,段霞瑜,程登发.白粉菌侵染后田间小麦叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率的关系[J].植物病理学报,2009,(3)：290-296.
[25]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[26]袁飞,张春兰,沈其荣.酚酸物质减轻黄瓜枯萎病的效果及其原因分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(4)：545-551.
[1]Abramoff MD, Magelhaes PJ, Ram SJ. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International, 2004,11(7):36-42.
[2]Allegre M, Daire X, Heloir MC, Trouvelot S, Mercier L, Adrian M, Pugin A. Stomatal deregulation in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves. New Phytologist,2007,173(4):832-840.
[3]Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Rouseff R, Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. Untargeted metabolite analysis of healthy and Huanglongbing-infected orange leaves by CE-DAD. Electrophoresis,2009,30(7):1240-1247.
[4]Chaerle L, De Boever F, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D. Thermographic visualization of cell death in tobacco and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell and Environment,2001,24(1):15-25.
[5]Chaerle L, Van Caeneghem W, Messens E, Lambers H, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D. Presymptomatic visualization of plant-virus interactions by thermography. Nature Biotechnology, 1999,17(8):813-816.
[6]Cohen Y, Alchanatis V, Meron M, Saranga Y, Tsipris J. Estimation of leaf water potential by thermal imagery and spatial analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany,2005,56(417):1843-1852.
[7]Cushman JC, Bohnert HJ. Genomic approaches to plant stress tolerance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2000,3(2):117-124.
[8]Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda D, Orlova I. Plant volatiles:Recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2006,25(5):417-440.
[9]Fang Y, Xu LH, Tian WX, Huai Y, Yu SH, Lou MM, Xie GL. Real-time fluorescence PCR method for detection of Burkholderia glumae from rice. Rice Science,2009,16(2):157-160.
[10]Fediuc E, Lips SH, Erdei L. O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activity in Phragmites and Typha plants under cadmium and NaCl stress conditions and the involvement of ABA in the stress response. Journal of Plant Physiology,2005,162(8):865-872.
[11]Grant OM, Chaves MM, Jones HG. Optimizing thermal imaging as a technique for detecting stomatal closure induced by drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Physiologia Plantarum, 2006,127(3):507-518.
[12]Grant OM, Tronina L, Jones HG, Chaves MM. Exploring thermal imaging variables for the detection of stress responses in grapevine under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Experimental Botany,2007,58(4):815-825.
[13]Jaschke WD, Peuke AD, Pate JS, Hartung W. Transport, synthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) in intact plants of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) under phosphate deficiency and moderate salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany,1997,48(9):1737-1747.
[14]Jones HG, Stoll M, Santos T, Sousa Cd, Chaves MM, Grant OM. Use of infrared thermography for monitoring stomatal closure in the field:application to grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002,53(378):2249-2260.
[15]Lindenthal M, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Oerke EC. Effect of downy mildew development on transpiration of cucumber leaves visualized by digital infrared thermography. Phytopathology,2005, 95(3):233-240.
[16]Luquet D, Begu6 A, Vidal A, Clouvel P, Dauzat J, Olioso A, Gu XF, Tao Y. Using multidirectional thermography to characterize water status of cotton. Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,84(3): 411-421.
[17]Oerke EC, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Lindenthal M. Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(9): 2121-2132.
[18]Prithiviraj B, Vikram A, Kushalappa AC, Yaylayan V. Volatile metabolite profiling for the discrimination of onion bulbs infected by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis allii. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2004,110(4):371-377.
[19]Prytz G, Futsaether CM, Johnsson A. Thermography studies of the spatial and temporal variability in stomatal conductance of Avena leaves during stable and oscillatory transpiration. New Phytologist,2003,158(2):249-258.
[20]Ruiz-Ruiz S, Ambros S, Vives MdC, Navarro L, Moreno P, Guerri J. Detection and quantitation of Citrus leaf blotch virus by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods,2009, 160(1-2):57-62.
[21]Ton J, Flors V, Mauch-Mani B. The multifaceted role of ABA in disease resistance. Trends in Plant Science,2009,14(6):310-317.
[22]Wang Y, Holroyd G, Hetherington AM, Ng CK. Seeing 'cool' and 'hot'-infrared thermography as a tool for non-invasive, high-throughput screening of Arabidopsis guard cell signalling mutants. Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(400):1187-1193.
[1]Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Duke SO. Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium moniliforme and phytotoxicity of AAL-toxin and Fumonisin B1 on tomato cultivars. Journal of Phytopathology, 1995,143(6):329-334.
[2]Abouzeid MA, Abd-Elrahman DG, Hassan AA, Youssef KA, Hammad AA. Use of gamma irradiation to control Fusarium verticillioides producing two known mycotoxins in infected corn. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2003,5(4):397-404.
[3]Arias JA. Secretory organelle and mitochondrial alterations induced by fusaric acid in root cells of Zea mays. Physiologial Plant Pathology,1985,27(2):149-158.
[4]Arntzen CJ, Haugh MF, Bobick S. Induction of stomatal closure by Helminthosporium maydis pathotoxin. Plant Physiology,1973,52(6):569-574.
[5]Bacon. CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[6]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum atrains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[7]Batoko H, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J, Gage RA, Maraite H, Boutry M. Modulation of plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase by phytotoxic lipodepsipeptides produced by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1998,1372(2):216-226.
[8]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[9]Botta GL, Dimarco MP, Melegari AL, Huarte MA, Barassi CA. Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato. Euphytica,1994,80:63-69.
[10]Bouizgarne B, Brault M, Pennarun AM, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, Hadrami IE, Bouteau F. Electrophysiological responses to fusaric acid of root hairs from seedlings of date palm-susceptible and -resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Journal of Phytopathology,2004,152(6): 321-324.
[11]Bouizgarne B, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Madiona K, Biligui B, Monestiez M, Pennarun AM, Amiar Z, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, El Hadrami I, Bouteau F. A putative role for fusaric acid in biocontrol of the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche ramosa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(5): 550-556.
[12]Curir P, Guglieri L, Dolci M, Capponi A, Aurino G. Fusaric acid production by Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. lilii and its role in the lily basal rot disease. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2000,106(9):849-856.
[13]D'Alton A, Etherton B. Effects of fusaric acid on tomato root hair membrane potentials and ATP levels. Plant Physiology,1984,74(1):39-42.
[14]Damanti KE, Gardner JM, Scheffer RP. An assay for Helminthosporium victoriae toxin based on induced leakage of electrolytes from oat tissue. Phytopathology,1974,64:652-654.
[15]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[16]Eun SO, Lee Y. Stomatal opening by fusicoccin is accompanied by depolymerization of actin filaments in guard cells. Planta,2000,210(6):1014-1017.
[17]Fakhouri W, Walker F, Armbruster W, Buchenauer H. Detoxification of fusaric acid by a nonpathogenic Colletotrichum sp. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2003,63(5): 263-269.
[18]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[19]Gaumann E. Fusaric acid as a wilt toxin. Phytopathology,1957,47:342-357.
[20]Gutierrez-Najera N, Munoz-Clares RA, Palacios-Bahena S, Ramirez J, Sanchez-Nieto S, Plasencia J, Gavilanes-Ruiz M. Fumonisin B1, a sphingoid toxin, is a potent inhibitor of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Planta,2005,221(4):589-596.
[21]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye(Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[22]Johansson F, Sommarin M, Larsson C. Fusicoccin activates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by a mechanism involving the C-terminal inhibitory domain. The Plant Cell,1993,5(3):321-327.
[23]Kuzniak E. Effects of fusaric acid on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in tomato cell cultures. Journal of Phytopathology,2001,149(10):575-582.
[24]Lakshminarayanan K, Subramanian D. Is fusaric acid a vivotoxin? Nature,1955,176(4484): 697-698.
[25]Lee HJ, Tucker EB, Crain RC, Lee Y. Stomatal opening is induced in epidermal peels of Commelina communis L. by GTP analogs or pertussis toxin. Plant Physiology,1993,102(1): 95-100.
[26]Lindenthal M, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Oerke EC. Effect of downy mildew development on transpiration of cucumber leaves visualized by digital infrared thermography. Phytopathology,2005, 95(3):233-240.
[27]Michelet B, Boutry M. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase:A highly regulated enzyme with multiple physiological functions. Plant Physiology,1995,108(1):1-6.
[28]Page OT. Fusaric acid in banana plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense. Phytopathology,1959,49:230.
[29]Pavlovkin J, Mistrik I, Prokop M. Some aspects of the phytotoxic action of fusaric acid on primary Ricinus roots. Plant Soil and Environment,2004,50(9):397-401.
[30]Samadi L, Behboodi BS. Fusaric acid induces apoptosis in saffron root-tip cells:roles of caspase-like activity, cytochrome c, and H2O2. Planta,2006,255(1):223-234.
[31]Simon-Plas F, Gomes E, Milat ML, Pugin A, Blein JP. Cercospora beticola toxins (X. Inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase by Beticolin-1). Plant Physiology,1996,111(3):773-779.
[32]Smith TK, Sousadias MG. Fusaric acid content of swine feedstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1993,41(12):2296-2298.
[33]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[34]Turner NC, Graniti A. Fusicoccin:a fungal toxin that opens stomata. Nature,1969,223(5210): 1070-1071.
[35]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Changes in alfalfa stem conductance induced by Corynebacterium insidiosum toxin. Plant Physiology,1975b,55(3):559-561.
[36]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi toxin on water relations of Elm (Ulmus americana). Plant Physiology,1975a,55(2):312-316.
[37]Venter S, Steyn P. Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa. Potato Research,1998,41(3): 289-294.
[38]Wendehenne D, Lamotte O, Frachisse JM, Barbier-Brygoo H, Pugin A. Nitrate efflux is an essential component of the cryptogein signaling pathway leading to defense responses and hypersensitive cell death in tobacco. The Plant Cell,2002,14(8):1937-1951.
[39]Yoo SD, Cho YH, Sheen J. Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts:a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis. Nature Protocols,2007,2(7):1565-1572.
[40]Zeng WQ, Melotto M, He SY. Plant stomata:a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2010,21(5):599-603.
[41]Zhao R, Dielen V, Kinet J, Boutry M. Cosuppression of a plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform impairs sucrose translocation, stomatal opening, plant growth, and male fertility. The Plant Cell, 2000,12:535-546.
[42]邹春琴,郭世伟,张福锁,杨志福.氮素形态和韧皮部烫伤对玉米韧皮部铁运输的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,04：419423.
[1]Adams MA, Attiwill PM. Nitrate reductase activity and growth response of forest species to ammonium and nitrate sources of nitrogen. Plant and Soil,1982,66(3):373-381.
[2]Bienert GP, Chaumont F. Plant aquaporins:roles in water homeostasis, nutrition, and signaling processes. In:Geisler, M; Venema, K, editors. Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2011,3-36.
[3]Borrero C, Trillas MI, Delgado A, Aviles M. Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio in nutrient solution on control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34. Plant Pathology,2012, 61(1):132-139.
[4]Bowler JM, Press MC. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen form and concentration on growth and photosynthesis of a fast- and slow-growing grass. New Phytologist,1996,132(3):391-401.
[5]Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(1-2):248-254.
[6]Cao Y, Zhang ZH, Ling N, Yuan YJ, Zheng XY, Shen B, Shen QR. Bacillus subtilis SQR 9 can control Fusarium wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011, 47(5):495-506.
[7]Chance WO, Somda ZC, Mills HA. Effect of nitrogen form during the flowering period on zucchini squash growth and nutrient element uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1999,22(3):597-607.
[8]Claussen W, Lenz F. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant and Soil,1999,208(1):95-102.
[9]Cotxarrera L, Trillas-Gay MI, Steinberg C, Alabouvette C. Use of sewage sludge compost and Trichoderma asperellum isolates to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(4):467-476.
[10]Engelsberger WR, Schulze WX. Nitrate and ammonium lead to distinct global dynamic phosphorylation patterns when resupplied to nitrogen-starved Arabidopsis seedlings. The Plant Journal,2012,69(6):978-995.
[11]Farquhar GD, Caemmerer S. Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions.In: Lange, OL; Nobel, PS; Osmond, CB; Ziegler, H, editors. Physiological Plant Ecology Ⅱ:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1982,549-587.
[12]Gao YX, Li Y, Yang XX, Li HJ, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium nutrition increases water absorption in rice seedlings (Oryza sattva L.) under water stress. Plant and Soil,2010,331(1-2): 193-201.
[13]Ghorbani R, Wilcockson S, Koocheki A, Leifert C. Soil management for sustainable crop disease control:a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2008,6(3):149-162.
[14]Guo SW, Briick H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[15]Guo SW, Chen G, Zhou Y, Shen QR. Ammonium nutrition increases photosynthesis rate under water stress at early development stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant and Soil,2007a,296(1-2): 115-124.
[16]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate-and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007c,170(1):73-80.
[17]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gao YX, Shen QR. Effects of different nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa). Annals of Applied Biology,2008,153(1):127-134.
[18]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Shen QR, Zhang FS. Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth, photosynthesis, photorespiration, and water relations. Plant Biology,2007b,9(1):21-29.
[19]Hassan MJ, Wang F, Ali S, Zhang G. Toxic effect of cadmium on rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer form. Plant and Soil,2005,277(1-2):359-365.
[20]H(?)gh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK. Effects of drought and inorganic N form on nitrogen fixation and carbon isotope discrimination in Trifolium repens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1997,35: 55-62.
[21]Horchani F, Hajri R, Aschi-Smiti S. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on photosynthesis, growth, and nitrogen assimilation in tomato plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2010,173(4):610-617.
[22]Huber DM, Thompson IA. Nitrogen and plant disease. St. Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[23]Ishii H, Tomita Y, Horio T, Narusaka Y, Nakazawa Y, Nishimura K, Iwamoto S. Induced resistance of acibenzolar-S-methyl (CGA 245704) to cucumber and Japanese pear diseases. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1999,105(1):77-85.
[24]Lewis OAM, Leidi EO, Lips SH. Effect of nitrogen source on growth response to salinity stress in maize and wheat. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):155-160.
[25]Li Y, Gao YX, Ding L, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to drought condition. Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1746-1750.
[26]Meyer S, Saccardy-Adji K, Rizza F, Genty B. Inhibition of photosynthesis by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean leaves determined by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Cell and Environment,2001,24(9):947-956.
[27]Morsy SM, Drgham EA, Mohamed GM. Effect of garlic and onion extracts or their intercropping on suppressing damping-off and powdery mildew diseases and growth characteristics of cucumber. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 2009,37(1):35-46.
[28]Patterson K, Cakmak T, Cooper A, Lager IDA, Rasmusson AG, Escobar MA. Distinct signalling pathways and transcriptome response signatures differentiate ammonium- and nitrate-supplied plants. Plant Cell and Environment,2010,33(9):1486-1501.
[29]Pavlou GC, Vakalounakis DJ, Ligoxigakis EK. Control of root and stem rot of cucumber, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radicis-cucumerinum, by grafting onto resistant rootstocks. Plant Disease, 2002,86(4):379-382.
[30]Qiu MH, Zhang RF, Xue C, Zhang SS, Li SQ, Zhang N, Shen QR. Application of bio-organic fertilizer can control Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants by regulating microbial community of rhizosphere soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48(7):807-816.
[31]Raab TK, Terry N. Carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as influenced by nitrogen source, NO3- versus NH4+. Plant Physiology,1995,107(2):575-585.
[32]Raab TK, Terry N. Nitrogen source regulation of growth and photosynthesis in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology,1994,105(4):1159-1166.
[33]Raupach GS, Kloepper JW. Biocontrol of cucumber diseases in the field by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with and without methyl bromide fumigation. Plant Disease,2000,84(10): 1073-1075.
[34]Sage RF, Reid CD. Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants. In: Wilkinson, RE, editor. In Plant-Environment Interactions. New York:Marcel Dekker,1994, 413-499.
[35]Setien I, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, Gonzalez A, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Gonzalez-Murua C, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. High irradiance improves ammonium tolerance in wheat plants by increasing N assimilation. Journal of Plant Physiology,2013,170(8):758-771.
[36]Sharkey TD. O2-insensitive photosynthesis in C3 plants:Its occurrence and a possible explanation. Plant Physiology,1985,78(1):71-75.
[37]Tabatabaei SJ, Fatemi LS, Fallahi E. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(7): 1273-1285.
[38]Tang X, Rolfe SA, Scholes JD. The effect of Albugo Candida (white blister rust) on the photosynthetic and carbohydrate metabolism of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell and Environment,1996,19(8):967-975.
[39]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[40]Terce-Laforgue T, Mack G, Hirel B. New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes. Physiologia Plantarum,2004,120(2):220-228.
[41]Vidhyasekaran P. Carbohydrate metabolism of ragi plants infected by Helminthosporium nodulosum. Journal of Phytopathology,1974,79(2):130-141.
[42]Walch-Liu P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(343):227-237.
[43]Wilcox GE, Mitchell CA, Hoff JE. Influence of nitrogen form on exudation rate, and ammonium, amide, and cation composition of xylem exudate in tomato. Journal-American Society for Horticultural Science,1977,102:192-196.
[44]Yang XP, Guo SW, Guo LL, Wei CZ. Ammonium enhances the uptake, bioaccumulation, and tolerance of phenanthrene in cucumber seedlings. Plant and Soil,2012b,354(1-2):185-195.
[45]Yang XX, Li Y, Ren BB, Ding L, Gao CM, Shen QR, Guo SW. Drought-induced root aerenchyma formation restricts water uptake in rice seedlings supplied with nitrate. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2012a,53(3):495-504.
[46]Yao HY, Wu FZ. Soil microbial community structure in cucumber rhizosphere of different resistance cultivars to fusarium wilt. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2010,72(3):456-463.
[47]Yin ZH, Raven JA. Influences of different nitrogen sources on nitrogen-and water-use efficiency, and carbon isotope discrimination, in C3 Triticum aestivum L. and C4 Zea mays L. plants. Planta, 1998,205(4):574-580.
[48]Zhao S, Du CM, Tian CY. Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum and induced resistance of plants involved in the biocontrol of cucumber Fusarium wilt by Streptomyces bikiniensis HD-087. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2012,28(9):2919-2927.
[49]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[50]于虹漫,樊连海,刘更森,唐咏.水稻秧苗抗立枯病性与主要生化指标的相关分析[J].湖南农业科学,2004,(1)：23-24+30.
[1]Badri DV, Vivanco JM. Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell and Environment, 2009,32(6):666-681.
[2]Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual review of plant biology,2006,57:233-266.
[3]Dakora F, Phillips D. Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant and Soil,2002,245(1):35-47.
[4]De la Fuente JM, Ramirez Rodriguez V, Cabrera Ponce JL, Herrera Estrella L. Aluminum tolerance in transgenic plants by alteration of citrate synthesis. Science,1997,276(5318):1566-1568.
[5]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[6]Fernandes MS, Rossiello ROP. Mineral nitrogen in plant physiology and plant nutrition. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1995,14(2):111-148.
[7]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[8]Hao WY, Ren LX, Ran W, Shen QR. Allelopathic effects of root exudates from watermelon and rice plants on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2010,336(1-2):485-497.
[9]Ji XM, Peng XX. Oxalate accumulation as regulated by nitrogen forms and its relationship to photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(7):831-838.
[10]Kamilova F, Kravchenko LV, Shaposhnikov AI, Azarova T, Makarova N, Lugtenberg B. Organic acids, sugars, and L-tryptophane in exudates of vegetables growing on stonewool and their effects on activities of rhizosphere bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(3):250-256.
[11]Lanoue A, Burlat V, Henkes GJ, Koch I, Schurr U, Rose USR. De novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to Fusarium attack in barley. New Phytologist,2010,185(2):577-588.
[12]Li XG, Liu B, Heia S, Liu DD, Han ZM, Zhou KX, Cui JJ, Luo JY, Zheng YP. The effect of root exudates from two transgenic insect-resistant cotton lines on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Transgenic Research,2009,18(5):757-767.
[13]Lievens B, Claes L, Vakalounakis DJ, Vanachter ACRC, Thomma BPHJ. A robust identification and detection assay to discriminate the cucumber pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. Environmental Microbiology,2007,9(9):2145-2161.
[14]Lin YH, Chang JY, Liu ET, Chao CP, Huang JW, Chang PFL. Development of a molecular marker for specific detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2009,123(3):353-365.
[15]Ling N, Huang QW, Guo SW, Shen QR. Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 systemically affects root exudates of watermelon to decrease the conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2011b,341(1-2):485-493.
[16]Ling N, Raza W, Ma JH, Huang QW, Shen QR. Identification and role of organic acids in watermelon root exudates for recruiting Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 in the rhizosphere. European Journal of Soil Biology,201 la,47(6):374-379.
[17]Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G, Valori F. Effects of root exudates in microbial diversity and activity in rhizosphere soils. In:Nautiyal, CS; Dion, P, editors. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008,339-365.
[18]Steinkellner S, Mammerler R, Vierheilig H. Germination of Fusarium oxysporum in root exudates from tomato plants challenged with different Fusarium oxysporum strains. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2008,122(3):395-401.
[19]Wang M, Ling N, Dong X, Zhu YY, Shen QR, Guo SW. Thermographic visualization of leaf response in cucumber plants infected with the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012,61:153-161.
[20]Wu FZ, Han X, Wang XZ. Allelopathic effect of root exudates of cucumber cultivars on Fusarium oxysporum. Allelopathy Journal,2006,18(1):163-172.
[21]Ye SF, Yu JQ, Peng YH, Zheng JH, Zou LY. Incidence of Fusarium wilt in Cucumis sativus L. is promoted by cinnamic acid, an autotoxin in root exudates. Plant and Soil,2004,263(1-2):143-150.
[22]Yoneyama K, Xie X, Kusumoto D, Sekimoto H, Sugimoto Y, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K. Nitrogen deficiency as well as phosphorus deficiency in sorghum promotes the production and exudation of 5-deoxystrigol, the host recognition signal for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasites. Planta,2007,227(1):125-132.
[23]何欢,王占武,胡栋,张翠绵,李洪涛,贾楠.根系分泌物与根际微生物互作的研究进展[J].河北农业科学,2011,(3)：69-73.
[24]涂书新,吴佳.植物根系分泌物研究方法评述[J].生态环境学报,2010,(10)：2493-2500.
[25]翟争光,黄松青,栗广增,张万良,刘重喜.植物根系分泌物研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2012,(12)：28-32+37.
[26]张俊英,王敬国,许永利,李海港.氮素对不同大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,(3)：398-403.
[1]Bacon CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[2]Banwart WL, Bremner JM. Formation of volatile sulfur compounds by microbial decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7(6):359-364.
[3]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum atrains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[4]Barna B, Sarhan ART, Kiraly Z. The influence of nitrogen nutrition on the sensitivity of tomato plants to culture filtrates of Fusarium and to fusaric acid. Physiological Plant Pathology,1983, 23(2):257-263.
[5]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[6]Burnett HC, Nemec S, Patterson M. A review of Florida citrus blight and its association with soil edaphic factors, nutrition and Fusarium solani. Tropical Pest Management,1982,28(4):416-422.
[7]Calvo AM, Wilson RA, Bok JW, Keller NP. Relationship between secondary metabolism and fungal development. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,2002,66(3):447-459.
[8]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[9]Duffy BK, Defago G. Zinc improves biocontrol of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens and represses the production of pathogen metabolites inhibitory to bacterial antibiotic biosynthesis. Phytopathology,1997,87(12):1250-1257.
[10]Guo SW, Briick H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[11]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate- and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007,170(1):73-80.
[12]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye (Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[13]Malini S. Heavy metal chelates of fusaric acid:In vitro spectrophotometry. Journal of Phytopathology,1966,57(3):221-231.
[14]Pan JH, Lin YC, Tan N, Gu YC. Cu(Ⅱ):a "signaling molecule" of the mangrove endophyte Fusarium oxysporum ZZF51? Biometals,2010,23(6):1053-1060.
[15]Walch-Liu. P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany 2000,51(343):227-237.
[16]Wang LY,. Bau HJ, Chung KR, Liao HL. Factors affecting the production of elsinochrome phytotoxin by the citrus scab pathogen, Elsinoe fawcettii. Open Mycology Journal,2009,3:1-8.
[17]You BJ, Lee MH, Chung KR. Production of cercosporin toxin by the phytopathogenic Cercospora fungi is affected by diverse environmental signals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2008,54(4): 259-269.
[1]Allwood EG, Davies DR, Gerrish C, Bolwell GP. Regulation of CDPKs, including identification of PAL kinase, in biotically stressed cells of French bean. Plant Molecular Biology,2002,49(5): 533-544.
[2]Audic S, Claverie JM. The significance of digital gene expression profiles. Genome Research,1997, 7(10):986-995.
[3]Bai TT, Xie WB, Zhou PP, Wu ZL, Xiao WC, Zhou L, Sun J, Ruan XL, Li HP. Transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. PloS one,2013,8(9):e73945.
[4]Bedini E, De Castro C, Erbs G, Mangoni L, Dow JM, Newman MA, Parrilli M, Unverzagt C. Structure-dependent modulation of a pathogen response in plants by synthetic O-antigen polysaccharides. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2005,127(8):2414-2416.
[5]Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D. The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of statistics,2001,29(4):1165-1188.
[6]Chico JM, Raices M, Tellez-Inon MT, Ulloa RM. A calcium-dependent protein kinase is systemically induced upon wounding in tomato plants. Plant Physiology,2002,128(1):256-270.
[7]Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nurnberger T, Jones JDG, Felix G, Boller T. A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence. Nature,2007, 448(7152):497-U412.
[8]Clough SJ, Fengler KA, Yu I-c, Lippok B, Smith RK, Bent AF. The Arabidopsis dndl "defense, no death" gene encodes a mutated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(16):9323-9328.
[9]Dangl JL, Jones JDG. Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature,2001, 411(6839):826-833.
[10]Degenhardt J, Al-Masri AN, Kurkcuoglu S, Szankowski I, Gau AE. Characterization by suppression subtractive hybridization of transcripts that are differentially expressed in leaves of apple scab-resistant and susceptible cultivars of Malus domestica. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2005,273(4):326-335.
[11]Doan AT, Ervin G, Felton G. Temporal effects on jasmonate induction of anti-herbivore defense in Physalis angulata:seasonal and ontogenetic gradients. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2004, 32(2):117-126.
[12]Eulgem T, Somssich IE. Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2007,10(4):366-371.
[13]Gomez-Gomez L, Boller T. FLS2:an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis. Molecular Cell,2000,5(6):1003-1011.
[14]Grant JJ, Loake GJ. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates and cognate redox signaling in disease resistance. Plant Physiology,2000,124(1):21-29.
[15]Grant SR, Fisher EJ, Chang JH, Mole BM, Dangl JL. Subterfuge and manipulation:Type Ⅲ effector proteins of phytopathogenic bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology,2006,60:425-449.
[16]Halim VA, Altmann S, Ellinger D, Eschen-Lippold L, Miersch O, Scheel D, Rosahl S. PAMP-induced defense responses in potato require both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The Plant Journal,2009,57(2):230-242.
[17]Heese A, Hann DR, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Jones AME, He K, Li J, Schroeder JI, Peck SC, Rathjen JP. The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is a central regulator of innate immunity in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(29):12217-12222.
[18]Klessig DF, Durner J, Noad R, Navarre DA, Wendehenne D, Kumar D, Zhou JM, Shah J, Zhang SQ, Kachroo P, Trifa Y, Pontier D, Lam E, Silva H. Nitric oxide and salicylic acid signaling in plant defense. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(16):8849-8855.
[19]Kottapalli KR, Rakwal R, Satoh K, Shibato J, Kottapalli P, Iwahashi H, Kikuchi S. Transcriptional profiling of indica rice cultivar IET8585 (Ajaya) infected with bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2007,45(10-11):834-850.
[20]Kunkel BN, Brooks DM. Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2002,5(4):325-331.
[21]Kunze G, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Niehaus K, Boller T, Felix G. The N terminus of bacterial elongation factor Tu elicits innate immunity in Arabidopsis plants. The Plant Cell,2004,16(12): 3496-3507.
[22]Kurusu T, Yagala T, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Kuchitsu K. Identification of a putative voltage-gated Ca2+ channel as a key regulator of elicitor-induced hypersensitive cell death and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rice. The Plant Journal,2005,42(6):798-809.
[23]Kwak JM, Mori IC, Pei ZM, Leonhardt N, Torres MA, Dangl JL, Bloom RE, Bodde S, Jones JDG, Schroeder JI. NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes function in ROS-dependent ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. The EMBO journal,2003,22(11):2623-2633.
[24]Lee J, Rudd JJ. Calcium-dependent protein kinases:versatile plant signalling components necessary for pathogen defence. Trends in Plant Science,2002,7(3):97-98.
[25]Li CY, Deng GM, Yang J, Viljoen A, Jin Y, Kuang RB, Zuo CW, Lv ZC, Yang QS, Sheng O, Wei YR, Hu CH, Dong T, Yi GJ. Transcriptome profiling of resistant and susceptible Cavendish banana roots following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense tropical race 4. BMC Genomics,2012,13(1):374
[26]Lu J, Du Z-X, Kong J, Chen L-N, Qiu Y-H, Li G-F, Meng X-H, Zhu S-F. Transcriptome analysis of Nicotiana tabacum infected by Cucumber mosaic virus during systemic symptom development. PloS one,2012,7(8):e43447.
[27]Mackey D, Belkhadir Y, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, Dangl JL. Arabidopsis RIN4 is a target of the type Ⅲ virulence effector AvrRpt2 and modulates RPS2-mediated resistance. Cell,2003,112(3): 379-389.
[28]Miya A, Albert P, Shinya T, Desaki Y, Ichimura K, Shirasu K, Narusaka Y, Kawakami N, Kaku H, Shibuya N. CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase, is essential for chitin elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(49):19613-19618.
[29]Moeder W, Urquhart W, Ung H, Yoshioka K. The role of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in plant immunity. Molecular Plant,2011,4(3):442-452.
[30]Pandey SP, Somssich IE. The role of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. Plant Physiology,2009,150(4):1648-1655.
[31]Penacortes H, Albrecht T, Prat S, Weiler EW, Willmitzer L. Aspirin prevents wound-induced gene expression in tomato leaves by blocking jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Planta,1993,191(1):123-128.
[32]Petutschnig EK, Jones AME, Serazetdinova L, Lipka U, Lipka V. The lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CERK1 is a major chitin-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and subject to chitin-induced phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2010,285(37):28902-28911.
[33]Robatzek S, Chinchilla D, Boller T. Ligand-induced endocytosis of the pattern recognition receptor FLS2 in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development,2006,20(5):537-542.
[34]Savory EA, Adhikari BN, Hamilton JP, Vaillancourt B, Buell CR, Day B. mRNA-Seq analysis of the Pseudoperonospora cubensis transcriptome during cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) infection. PloS one,2012,7(4):e35796.
[35]Shao F, Golstein C, Ade J, Stoutemyer M, Dixon JE, Innes RW. Cleavage of Arabidopsis PBS1 by a bacterial type III effector. Science,2003,301(5637):1230-1233.
[36]Sharma A, Komatsu S. Involvement of a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase component downstream to the gibberellin-binding phosphoprotein, RuBisCO activase, in rice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2002,290(2):690-695.
[37]Sheen J. Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and stress signal transduction in plants. Science,1996, 274(5294):1900-1902.
[38]Shimizu T, Nakano T, Takamizawa D, Desaki Y, Ishii-Minami N, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Okada K, Yamane H, Kaku H, Shibuya N. Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice. The Plant Journal,2010,64(2):204-214.
[39]Sun W, Dunning FM, Pfund C, Weingarten R, Bent AF. Within-species flagellin polymorphism in Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris and its impact on elicitation of Arabidopsis FLAGELLIN SENSING2-dependent defenses. The Plant Cell,2006,18(3):764-779.
[40]Sun Y, Li L, Macho AP, Han Z, Hu Z, Zipfel C, Zhou JM, Chai J. Structural basis for flg22-induced activation of the Arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. Science,2013,342(6158):624-628.
[41]Thines B, Katsir L, Melotto M, Niu Y, Mandaokar A, Liu G, Nomura K, He SY, Howe GA, Browse J. JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOll complex during jasmonate signalling. Nature, 2007,448(7154):661-665.
[42]Wang XF, Kota U, He K, Blackburn K, Li J, Goshe MB, Huber SC, Clouse SD. Sequential transphosphorylation of the BRI1/BAK1 receptor kinase complex impacts early events in brassinosteroid signaling. Developmental cell,2008,15(2):220-235.
[43]Wang Z, Zhang JB, Jia CH, Liu JH, Li YQ, Yin XM, Xu BY, Jin ZQ. De novo characterization of the banana root transcriptome and analysis of gene expression under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Cubense tropical race 4 infection. BMC Genomics,2012,13(1):650.
[44]Yu D, Chen C, Chen Z. Evidence for an important role of WRKY DNA binding proteins in the regulation of NPR1 gene expression. The Plant Cell, 2001,13(7):1527-1540.
[45]Zheng ZY, Abu Qamar S, Chen ZX, Mengiste T. Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. The Plant Journal,2006,48(4):592-605.
[46]石延霞,于洋,傅俊范,李宝聚.病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶活性与茉莉酸积累的关系[J].植物保护学报,2008,(6)：486-490.
[2]Abouzeid MA, Abd-Elrahman DG, Hassan AA, Youssef KA, Hammad AA. Use of gamma irradiation to control Fusarium verticillioides producing two known mycotoxins in infected corn. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2003,5(4):397-404.
[3]Aguirreolea J, Irigoyen J, Sanchez-Diaz M, Salaverri J. Physiological alterations in pepper during wilt induced by Phytophthora capsici and soil water deficit. Plant Pathology,1995,44(3):587-596.
[4]Akhtar MS, Siddiqui ZA. Aarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential bioprotectants against plant pathogens, Mycorrhiza,2008,10(1):61-97.
[5]Amtmann A, Troufflard S, Armengaud P. The effect of potassium nutrition on pest and disease resistance in plants. Physiologia Plantarum,2008,133(4):682-691.
[6]Anderson DS, Teyker RH, Rayburn AL. Nitrogen form effects on early corn root morphological and anatomical development. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1991,14(11):1255-1266.
[7]Arias JA. Secretory organelle and mitochondrial alterations induced by fusaric acid in root cells of Zea mays. Physiologial Plant Pathology,1985,27(2):149-158.
[8]Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, Netzer D. Pathogenic races of the cucumber-wilt Fusarium. Plant Disease Reporter,1978,62(9):824-828.
[9]Ashley MK, Grant M, Grabov A. Plant responses to potassium deficiencies:a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(2):425-436.
[10]Ausubel FM. Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature immunology,2005,6(10):973-979.
[11]Bacon CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[12]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[13]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[14]Benhamou N, Garand C. Cytological analysis of defense-related mechanisms induced in pea root tissues in response to colonization by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47. Phytopathology, 2001,91(8):730-740.
[15]Blevins DG, Lukaszewski KM. Boron in plant structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49(1):481-500.
[16]Borrero C, Trillas MI, Delgado A, Aviles M. Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio in nutrient solution on control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34. Plant Pathology,2012, 61(1):132-139.
[17]Botta GL, Dimarco MP, Melegari AL, Huarte MA, Barassi CA. Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato. Euphytica,1994,80(1-2):63-69.
[18]Bouizgarne B, Brault M, Pennarun AM, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, Hadrami IE, Bouteau F. Electrophysiological responses to fusaric acid of root hairs from seedlings of date palm-susceptible and -resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Journal of Phytopathology,2004,152(6): 321-324.
[19]Bouizgarne B, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Madiona K, Biligui B, Monestiez M, Pennarun AM, Amiar Z, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, El Hadrami I, Bouteau F. A putative role for fusaric acid in biocontrol of the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche ramosa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(5): 550-556.
[20]Bourbos VA, Skoudridakis MT, Darakis GA, Koulizakis M. Calcium cyanamide and soil solarization for the control of Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae in greenhouse cucumber. Crop Protection,1997,16(4):383-386.
[21]Bowler JM, Press MC. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen form and concentration on growth and photosynthesis of a fast- and slow-growing grass. New Phytologist,1996,132(3):391-401.
[22]Brennan RF. The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia. Fertilizer Research,1992,31(1):35-41.
[23]Brown PH, Bellaloui N, Wimmer MA, Bassil ES, Ruiz J, Hu H, Pfeffer H, Dannel F, Romheld V. Boron in plant biology. Plant Biology,2002,4(2):205-223.
[24]Brown PH, Graham RD, Nicholas DJD. The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants. Plant and Soil,1984,81(3):437-440.
[25]Burnett HC, Nemec S, Patterson M. A review of Florida citrus blight and its association with soil edaphic factors, nutrition and Fusarium solani. Tropical Pest Management,1982,28(4):416-422.
[26]Cakmak I. Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytologist,2000,146:185-205.
[27]Calvo AM, Wilson RA, Bok JW, Keller NP. Relationship between secondary metabolism and fungal development. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,2002,66(3):447-459.
[28]Cao Y, Zhang ZH, Ling N, Yuan YJ, Zheng XY, Shen B, Shen QR. Bacillus subtilis SQR 9 can control Fusarium wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011, 47(5):495-506.
[29]Chen F, Wang M, Zheng Y, Luo JM, Yang XR, Wang XL. Quantitative changes of plant defense enzymes and phytohormone in biocontrol of cucumber Fusarium wilt by Bacillus subtilis B579. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2010,26(4):675-684.
[30]Claussen W, Lenz F. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant and Soil,1999,208(1):95-102.
[31]Curir P, Guglieri L, Dolci M, Capponi A, Aurino G. Fusaric acid production by Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp.lilii and its role in the lily basal rot disease. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2000,106(9):849-856.
[32]D'Alton A, Etherton B. Effects of fusaric acid on tomato root hair membrane potentials and ATP levels. Plant Physiology,1984,74(1):39-42.
[33]Damanti KE, Gardner JM, Scheffer RP. An assay for Helminthosporium victoriae toxin based on induced leakage of electrolytes from oat tissue. Phytopathology,1974,64:652-654.
[34]Datnoff LE, Elmer WH. Mineral nutrition and plant disease. St Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007,31-44.
[35]Divon HH, Ziv C, Davydov O, Yarden O, Fluhr R. The global nitrogen regulator, FNR1, regulates fungal nutrition-genes and fitness during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. Molecular Plant Pathology,2006,7(6):485-497.
[36]Dong C, Shen Q, Wang G. Tomato growth and organic acid changes in response to partial replacement of NO3--N by NH4+-N. Pedosphere,2004,14(2):159-164.
[37]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[38]Dordas C. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2008,28(1):33-46.
[39]Eulgem T, Somssich IE. Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2007,10(4):366-371.
[40]Eun SO, Lee Y. Stomatal opening by fusicoccin is accompanied by depolymerization of actin filaments in guard cells. Planta,2000,210(6):1014-1017.
[41]Fakhouri W, Walker F, Armbruster W, Buchenauer H. Detoxification of fusaric acid by a nonpathogenic Colletotrichum sp. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2003,63(5): 263-269.
[42]Farquhar GD, Caemmerer S. Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions. In: Lange, OL; Nobel,PS; Osmond, CB; Ziegler, H, editors. Physiological Plant Ecology Ⅱ:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1982,549-587.
[43]FAO.2011, http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD.
[44]Fravel D, Olivain C, Alabouvette C. Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol. New Phytologist, 2003,157(3):493-502.
[45]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[46]Gaumann E. Fusaric acid as a wilt toxin. Phytopathology,1957,47:342-357.
[47]Ghorbani R, Wilcockson S, Koocheki A, Leifert C. Soil management for sustainable crop disease control:a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2008,6(3):149-162.
[48]Graham RD, Webb MJ. Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plants. Madison:Soil Science Society of America Book Series,1991.
[49]Grewal HS, Graham RD, Rengel Z. Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease(Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat. Plant and Soil,1996,186(2): 219-226.
[50]Grosse-Brauckmann E. The influence of silicic acid on mildew infection of cereals with different nitrogen fertilizers. Phytopathol Z,1957,30:112-115.
[51]Guo SW, Bruck H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[52]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate- and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007a,170(1):73-80.
[53]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gao YX, Shen QR. Effects of different nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice(Oryza sativa). Annals of Applied Biology,2008,153(1):127-134.
[54]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Shen QR, Zhang FS. Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth, photosynthesis, photorespiration, and water relations. Plant Biology,2007b,9(1):21-29.
[55]Hao WY, Ren LX, Ran W, Shen QR. Allelopathic effects of root exudates from watermelon and rice plants on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2010,336(1-2):485-497.
[56]Hardter R. Potassium and biotic stress of plants. Basel, Switzerland:International Potash Institute, 2003.
[57]Heckman JR, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. Optimizing manganese fertilization for the suppression of take-all patch disease on creeping bentgrass. Crop Science,2003,43(4):1395-1398.
[58]Heidrich K, Wirthmueller L, Tasset C, Pouzet C, Deslandes L, Parker JE. Arabidopsis EDS1 connects pathogen effector recognition to cell compartment-specific immune responses. Science, 2011,334(6061):1401-1404.
[59]Hoffland E, Jeger MJ, Beusichem ML. Effect of nitrogen supply rate on disease resistance in tomato depends on the pathogen. Plant and Soil,2000,218(1-2):239-247.
[60]Hoffland E, van Beusichem M, Jeger M. Nitrogen availability and susceptibility of tomato leaves to Botrytis cinerea. Plant and Soil,1999,210(2):263-272.
[61]H(?)gh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK. Effects of drought and inorganic N form on nitrogen fixation and carbon isotope discrimination in Trifolium repens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1997,35: 55-62.
[62]Holzmueller EJ, Jose S, Jenkins MA. Influence of calcium, potassium, and magnesium on Cornus florida L. density and resistance to dogwood anthracnose. Plant and Soil,2007,290(1-2):189-199.
[63]Horsfall JG, Dimond AE. Interactions of tissue sugar, growth substances and disease susceptibility. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz,1957,27:415-421.
[64]Huber DM, Graham RD. The role of nutrition in crop resistance and tolerance to diseases. In: Rengel, Z, editor, Mineral nutrition of crops:fundamental mechanisms and implications. New York: Food Product Press,1999,205-226.
[65]Huber DM, Thompson IA. Nitrogen and plant disease. St. Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[66]Huber DM. The role of mineral nutrition in defense. New York:Academic Press,1980.
[67]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye (Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[68]Jensen B, Munk L. Nitrogen-induced changes in colony density and spore production of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei on seedlings of six spring barley cultivars. Plant Pathology,1997,46(2): 191-202.
[69]Jones JD, Dangl JL. The plant immune system. Nature,2006,444(7117):323-329.
[70]Kirkegaard JA, Munns R, James RA, Neate SM. Does water and phosphorus uptake limit leaf growth of Rhizoctonia-infected wheat seedlings? Plant and Soil,1999,209(2):157-166.
[71]Kuzniak E. Effects of fusaric acid on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in tomato cell cultures. Journal of Phytopathology,2001,149(10):575-582.
[72]Lakshminarayanan K, Subramanian D. Is fusaric acid a vivotoxin? Nature,1955,176(4484): 697-698.
[73]Lanoue A, Burlat V, Henkes GJ, Koch I, Schurr U, Rose USR. De novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to Fusarium attack in barley. New Phytologist,2010,185(2):577-588.
[74]Lasa B, Frechilla S, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Lamsfus C. Alternative pathway respiration is associated with ammonium ion sensitivity in spinach and pea plants. Plant Growth Regulation,2002,37(1): 49-55.
[75]Lemmens M, Buerstmayr H, Krska R, Schuhmacher R, Grausgruber H, Ruckenbauer P. The effect of inoculation treatment and long-term application of moisture on Fusarium head blight symptoms and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat grains. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2004, 110(3):299-308.
[76]Leser C, Treutter D. Effects of nitrogen supply on growth, contents of phenolic compounds and pathogen (scab) resistance of apple trees. Physiologia Plantarum,2005,123(1):49-56.
[77]Lewis OAM, Leidi EO, Lips SH. Effect of nitrogen source on growth response to salinity stress in maize and wheat. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):155-160.
[78]Li Y, Gao YX, Ding L, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to drought condition. Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1746-1750.
[79]Ling N, Huang QW, Guo SW, Shen QR. Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 systemically affects root exudates of watermelon to decrease the conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2011,341(1-2):485-493.
[80]Long DH. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on disease progress of rice blast on susceptible and resistant cultivars. Plant Disease,2000,84(4):403-409.
[81]Lopez-Berges MS, Rispail N, Prados-Rosales RC, Di Pietro A. A nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence functions in Fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase TOR and the bZIP protein MeaB. The Plant Cell,2010,22(7):2459-2475.
[82]Mandeel Q, Baker R. Mechanisms involved in biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with strains of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology,1991,81(4):462-469.
[83]Marschner P. Marschner's Mineral nutrition of higher plants.3rd ed. London; Waltham, MA: Academic Press,2012.
[84]Mengel K. Principles of plant nutrition.5th ed. Dordrecht; Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[85]Nam MH, Jeong SK, Lee YS, Choi JM, Kim HG. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose. Plant Pathology,2006,55(2):246-249.
[86]Olesen JE, J(?)rgensen LN, Petersen J, Mortensen JV. Effects of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on disease control by fungicides in winter wheat.1. Grain yield and foliar disease control. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2003a,140(1):1-13.
[87]Olesen JE, Jorgensen LN, Petersen J, Mortensen JV. Effects of rates and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on disease control by fungicides in winter wheat.2. Crop growth and disease development. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2003b,140(1):15-29.
[88]Ota K, Yamamoto Y. Effects of different nitrogen sources on glutamine synthetase and ferredoxin dependent glutamate synthase activities and on free amino acid composition in radish plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1990,36(4):645-652.
[89]Owen JH. Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Phytopathology,1955,45:435-439.
[90]Page OT. Fusaric acid in banana plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense. Phytopathology,1959,49:230.
[91]Pavlovkin J, Mistrik I, Prokop M. Some aspects of the phytotoxic action of fusaric acid on primary Ricinus roots. Plant Soil and Environment,2004,50(9):397-401.
[92]Perrenoud S. Potassium and plant health.2nd completely rev. ed. Bern, Switzerland:International Potash Institute,1990.
[93]Pervez H, Ashraf M, Makhdum MI, Mahmood T. Potassium nutrition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in relation to cotton leaf curl virus disease in aridisols. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2007,39(2):529-539.
[94]Potash and Phosphate Institute. Phosphorus nutrition improves plant disease resistance. Atlanta, Georgia, USA,1988,22-23.
[95]Prabhu AS, Fageria NK, Huber DM. Potassium nutrition and plant diseases. St. Paul, Minn.: American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[96]Prasad D, Singh R, Singh A. Management of sheath blight of rice with integrated nutrients. Indian Phytopathology,2010,63(1):11-15.
[97]Pshibytko NL, Zenevich LA, Kabashnikova LF. Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus during fusarium wilt of tomato. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,2006,53(1):25-31.
[98]Raab TK, Terry N. Carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as influenced by nitrogen source, NO3- versus NH4+. Plant Physiology,1995,107(2):575-585.
[99]Raab TK, Terry N. Nitrogen source regulation of growth and photosynthesis in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology,1994,105(4):1159-1166.
[100]Reuveni R, Dor G, Raviv M, Reuveni M, Tuzun S. Systemic resistance against Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber plants exposed to phosphate in hydroponics system, and its control by foliar spray of mono-potassium phosphate. Crop Protection,2000,19(5):355-361.
[101]Reuveni R, Reuveni M. Foliar-fertilizer therapy-a concept in integrated pest management. Crop Protection,1998,17(2):111-118.
[102]Robinson PW, Hodges CF. Nitrogen-induced changes in the sugars and amino acids of sequentially senescing leaves of Poa pratensis and pathogenesis by Drechslera sorokinian. Journal of Phytopathology,1981,101(4):348-361.
[103]Sage RF, Reid CD. Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants. In: Wilkinson, RE, editor, In Plant-Environment Interactions. New York:Marcel Dekker,1994, 413-499.
[104]Samadi L, Behboodi BS. Fusaric acid induces apoptosis in saffron root-tip cells:roles of caspase-like activity, cytochrome c, and H2O2. Planta,2006,255(1):223-234.
[105]Sharkey TD. O2-insensitive photosynthesis in C3 plants:Its occurrence and a possible explanation. Plant Physiology,1985,78(1):71-75.
[106]Simoglou KB, Dordas C. Effect of foliar applied boron, manganese and zinc on tan spot in winter durum wheat. Crop Protection,2006,25(7):657-663.
[107]Simon MR, Cordo CA, Perello AE, Struik PC. Influence of nitrogen supply on the susceptibility of wheat to Septoria tritici. Journal of Phytopathology,2003,151(5):283-289.
[108]Singh I, Agrawal P, Shah K. In search of function for hypothetical proteins encoded by genes of SA-JA pathways in Oryza sativa by in silico comparison and structural modeling. Bioinformation, 2012,8(1):1-5.
[109]Street PFS, Cooper RM. Quantitative measurement of vascular flow in petioles of healthy and Verticillium-infected tomato. Plant Pathology,1984,33(4):483-492.
[110]Tabatabaei SJ, Fatemi LS, Fallahi E. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(7): 1273-1285.
[111]Talukder ZI, McDonald AJS, Price AH. Loci controlling partial resistance to rice blast do not show marked QTL environment interaction when plant nitrogen status alters disease severity. New Phytologist,2005,168(2):455-464.
[112]Tamietti G, Valentino D. Soil solarization as an ecological method for the control of Fusarium wilt of melon in Italy. Crop Protection,2006,25(4):389-397.
[113]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[114]Tenuta M, Lazarovits G. Ammonia and nitrous acid from nitrogenous amendments kill the microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology,2002,92(3):255-264.
[115]Terce-Laforgue T, Mack G, Hirel B. New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes. Physiologia Plantarum,2004,120(2):220-228.
[116]Thomma BPHJ, Nurnberger T, Joosten MHAJ. Of PAMPs and effectors:the blurred PTI-ETI dichotomy. The Plant Cell,2011,23(1):4-15.
[117]Trillas MI, Cotxarrera L, Casanova E, Cortadellas N. Ultrastructural changes and localization of chitin and callose in compatible and incompatible interactions between carnation callus and Fusarium oxysporum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,56(3):107-116.
[118]Tsuda K, Katagiri F. Comparing signaling mechanisms engaged in pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2010,13(4):459-465.
[119]Turner NC, Graniti A. Fusicoccin:a fungal toxin that opens stomata. Nature,1969,223(5210): 1070-1071.
[120]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Changes in alfalfa stem conductance induced by Corynebacterium insidiosum toxin. Plant Physiology,1975a,55(3):559-561.
[121]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi toxin on water relations of Elm (Ulmus americana). Plant Physiology,1975b,55(2):312-316.
[122]Vandermolen GE, Beckman CH, Rodehorst E. The ultrastructure of tylose formation in resistant banana following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,1987,31(2):185-200.
[123]Venter S, Steyn P. Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa. Potato Research,1998,41(3): 289-294.
[124]Volk JR, Kahn RP, Weintraub RL. Silicon content of the rice plant as a factor in influencing its resistance to infection by the rice blast fungus, Piricularia oryzae. Phytopathology,1958,48: 179-184.
[125]Walch-Liu P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(343):227-237.
[126]Walla GS. Influence of nutrients on pathogenic behavior of Rhizoctonia solani on coepea. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology,1992,22(2):170-177.
[127]Walters DR, Bingham IJ. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens:implications for plant disease control. Annals of Applied Biology,2007,151(3): 307-324.
[128]Wang H, Lu Y, Liu P, Wen W, Zhang J, Ge X, Xia Y. The ammonium/nitrate ratio is an input signal in the temperature-modulated, SNC1-mediated and EDS 1-dependent autoimmunity of nudt6-2 nudt7. The Plant Journal,2013,73(2):262-275.
[129]Wang LY, Bau HJ, Chung KR, Liao HL. Factors affecting the production of elsinochrome phytotoxin by the citrus scab pathogen, Elsinoefawcettii. Open Mycology Journal,2009,3:1-8.
[130]Wang M, Zheng QS, Shen QR, Guo SW. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2013,14(4):7370-7390.
[131]Williams J, Smith SG. Correcting potassium deficiency can reduce rice stem diseases. Better Crops,2001,85(1):7-9.
[132]Wisniewski M, Droby S, Chalutz E, Eilam Y. Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in vitro and on the biocontrol activity of Candida oleophila. Plant Pathology,1995,44(6):1016-1024.
[133]Yang XP, Guo SW, Guo LL, Wei CZ. Ammonium enhances the uptake, bioaccumulation, and tolerance of phenanthrene in cucumber seedlings. Plant and Soil,2012b,354(1-2):185-195.
[134]Yang XX, Li Y, Ren BB, Ding L, Gao CM, Shen QR, Guo SW. Drought-induced root aerenchyma formation restricts water uptake in rice seedlings supplied with nitrate. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2012a,53(3):495-504.
[135]Ye SF, Yu JQ, Peng YH, Zheng JH, Zou LY. Incidence of Fusarium wilt in Cucumis sativus L. is promoted by cinnamic acid, an autotoxin in root exudates. Plant and Soil,2004,263(1-2): 143-150.
[136]You BJ, Lee MH, Chung KR. Production of cercosporin toxin by the phytopathogenic Cercospora fungi is affected by diverse environmental signals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2008,54(4): 259-269.
[137]Zeng WQ, Melotto M, He SY. Plant stomata:a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2010,21(5):599-603.
[138]Zhao R, Dielen V, Kinet J, Boutry M. Cosuppression of a plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform impairs sucrose translocation, stomatal opening, plant growth, and male fertility. The Plant Cell, 2000,12(4):535-546.
[139]方宪武.黄瓜枯萎病的发生与无公害防治[J].陕西农业科学,2008,(1)：123-124.
[140]冯洁,陈其煐,石磊岩.棉花幼苗根系分泌物与枯萎病关系的研究[J].棉花学报,1991,(1)：89-96.
[141]高军,高增贵,赵世波,庄敬华.瓜类枯萎病及其防治研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,2006,(1)：35-38.
[142]耿丽华,白庆荣,王建设,魏秋颖,张洪安,张万清.甜瓜镰孢根腐病菌生物学特性研究[J].中国农学通报,2010a,(7)：229-232.
[143]耿丽华,郭绍贵,张海英,宫国义,许勇.西瓜根腐病菌的生物学特性[J].中国蔬菜,2010b,(18)：60-63.
[144]郭晋云,胡晓峰,李勇,王敏,沈其荣,郭世伟.黄瓜枯萎病对黄瓜光合和水分生理特性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,(1)：79-83.
[145]郝文雅,沈其荣,冉炜,徐阳春,任丽轩.西瓜和水稻根系分泌物中糖和氨基酸对西瓜枯萎病病原菌生长的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,(3)：77-82.
[146]何润云.混合农药防治黄瓜枯萎病效果及稳定性试验[J].长江蔬菜,2012,(2)：69-70.
[147]侯晓峰.黄瓜枯萎病的发生及综合防治[J].现代农业科技,2012,(9)：180.
[148]胡明俊.黄瓜枯萎病的综合防治[J].农技服务,2011,(1)：38.
[149]姬华伟,郑青松,董鲜,周金燕,沈其荣,郭世伟.铜、锌元素对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果与机理[J].园艺学报,2012,(6)：1064-1072.
[150]靳会琴,谢发锁.黄瓜枯萎病的发生与综合防治[J].现代园艺,2009,(12)：36-37.
[151]李灿雯,王康才,吴健,唐晓清.氮素形态对半夏生长及生物碱和总有机酸累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,(1)：256-260.
[152]李敏,刘润进,李晓林.大田条件下丛枝菌根真菌对西瓜生长和枯萎病的影响[J].植物病理学报,2004,(5)：472-473.
[153]李新文,袁清.黄瓜枯萎病及其综合防治技术[J].现代园艺,2009,(3)：30-31.
[154]罗希成,石琳琪,李景茹,顾铁省.河北省黄瓜枯萎病生理小种鉴定及药剂防治[J].河北农业科学,1992,(4)：22-24.
[155]慕康国,赵秀琴,李健强,刘西莉.矿质营养与植物病害关系研究进展[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,(1)：84-90.
[156]潘凯,吴凤芝.氨基酸对黄瓜枯萎病病原菌生长发育的影响[J].北方园艺,2008,(2)：228-231.
[157]蒲金基,曾会才.绿色木霉LTR12-1对黄瓜枯萎病菌防治作用机制的初步研究[J].热带农业科学,2002,(4)：22-25.
[158]孙自玲.黄单胞菌L4毒素抑制杂草的作用机理研究[D].浙江大学,2003.
[159]汪建飞,董彩霞,沈其荣.氮素不同形态配比对菠菜体内游离氨基酸含量和相关酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,(4)：664-670.
[160]汪建飞,沈其荣.有机酸代谢在植物适应养分和铝毒胁迫中的作用[J].应用生态学报,2006,(11)：2210-2216.
[161]王灿华,祝新德,许煜泉,冯镇泰.假单胞菌株M18分泌羧基吩嗪抑制黄瓜枯萎病害[J].上海交通大学学报,2000,(11)：1574-1578.
[162]王汉荣,茹水江,王连平,冯忠民.黄瓜嫁接防治枯萎病和疫病技术的研究[J].浙江农业学报,2004,(5)：92-95.
[163]翁祖信,徐新波,冯东听.黄瓜枯萎病菌生理小种研究初报[J].中国蔬菜,1989,(1)：19-21.
[164]吴凤芝,王学征.设施黄瓜连作和轮作中土壤微生物群落多样性的变化及其与产量品质的关 系[J].中国农业科学,2007,(10)：2274-2280.
[165]吴凤芝,周新刚.不同作物间作对黄瓜病害及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,(5)：899-906.
[166]易齐.嫁接换根防治保护地黄瓜枯萎病[J].病虫测报,1992,(1)：38-39.
[167]尹立红,马志卿,陈安良,张兴.矿质元素与植物抗病虫草害关系研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(S1)：157-161.
[168]袁飞,张春兰,沈其荣.酚酸物质减轻黄瓜枯萎病的效果及其原因分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(4)：545-551.
[169]袁会珠,齐淑华.溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害[J].植物保护,1997,(5)：42-43.
[1]Aked BJ, Hall JL. Effect of powdery mildew infection on concentrations of apoplastic sugars in pea leaves. New Phytologist,1993,123(2):283-288.
[2]Ansorena MR, Gofni MG, Agugro MV, Roura SI, Di Scala KC. Application of the general stability index method to assess the quality of butter lettuce during postharvest storage using a multi-quality indices analysis. Journal of Food Engineering,2009,92(3):317-323.
[3]Baginski ES, Foa PP, Zak B. Determination of phosphate:Study of labile organic phosphate interference. Clinica Chimica Acta,1967,15(1):155-158.
[4]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[5]Blumwald E, Aharon GS, CH Lam B. Early signal transduction pathways in plant-pathogen interactions. Trends in Plant Science,1998,3(9):342-346.
[6]Bowden RL, Rouse DI, Sharkey TD. Mechanism of photosynthesis decrease by Verticillium dahliae in potato. Plant Physiology,1990,94(3):1048-1055.
[7]Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(1-2):248-254.
[8]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[9]Elmore JM, Coaker G. The role of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in plant-microbe interactions. Molecular Plant,2011,4(3):416-427.
[10]Gamliel A, Grinstein A, Peretz Y, Klein L, Nachmias A, Tsror L, Livescu L, Katan J. Reduced dosage of methyl bromide for controlling Verticillium wilt of potato in experimental and commercial plots. Plant Disease,1997,81(5):469-474.
[11]Lorenzini G, Guidi L, Nali C, Ciompi S, Soldatini GF. Photosynthetic response of tomato plants to vascular wilt diseases. Plant Science,1997,124(2):143-152.
[12]Mace ME, Bell AA, Beckman CH, editors. Fungal wilt diseases of plants. New York:Academic Press; 1981,255-298.
[13]Niederleitner S, Knoppik D. Effects of the cherry leaf spot pathogen Blumeriella jaapiion gas exchange before and after expression of symptoms on cherry leaves. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,1997,51(3):145-153.
[14]Nogues S, Cotxarrera L, Alegre L, Trillas MI. Limitations to photosynthesis in tomato leaves induced by Fusarium wilt. New Phytologist,2002,154(2):461-470.
[15]Oerke EC, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Lindenthal M. Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(9): 2121-2132.
[16]Owen JH. Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Phytopathology,1955,45:435-439.
[17]Saeed IAM, MacGuidwin AE, Rouse DI, Sharkey TD. Limitation to photosynthesis in Pratylenchus penetrans-and Verticillium dahliae-infected potato. Crop Science,1999,39(5):1340-1346.
[18]Santos L, Lucio J, Odair J, Carneiro ML, Alberto C. Symptomless infection of banana and maize by endophytic fungi impairs photosynthetic efficiency. New Phytologist,2000,147(3):609-615.
[19]Serrano R. Structure and function of plasma membrane ATPase. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1989,40(1):61-94.
[20]Speer M, Kaiser WM. Ion relations of symplastic and apoplastic space in leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. and Pisum sativum L. under salinity. Plant Physiology,1991,97(3):990-997.
[21]Street PFS, Cooper RM. Quantitative measurement of vascular flow in petioles of healthy and Verticillium-infected tomato. Plant Pathology,1984,33(4):483-492.
[22]Sze H. H+-translocating ATPases:Advances using membrane vesicles. Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1985,36(1):175-208.
[23]Zhu YY, Di TJ, Xu GH, Chen XI, Zeng HQ, Yan F, Shen QR. Adaptation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase of rice roots to low pH as related to ammonium nutrition. Plant Cell and Environment, 2009,32(10):1428-1440.
[24]曹学仁,周益林,段霞瑜,程登发.白粉菌侵染后田间小麦叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率的关系[J].植物病理学报,2009,(3)：290-296.
[25]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[26]袁飞,张春兰,沈其荣.酚酸物质减轻黄瓜枯萎病的效果及其原因分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(4)：545-551.
[1]Abramoff MD, Magelhaes PJ, Ram SJ. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International, 2004,11(7):36-42.
[2]Allegre M, Daire X, Heloir MC, Trouvelot S, Mercier L, Adrian M, Pugin A. Stomatal deregulation in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves. New Phytologist,2007,173(4):832-840.
[3]Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Rouseff R, Reyes-De-Corcuera JI. Untargeted metabolite analysis of healthy and Huanglongbing-infected orange leaves by CE-DAD. Electrophoresis,2009,30(7):1240-1247.
[4]Chaerle L, De Boever F, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D. Thermographic visualization of cell death in tobacco and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell and Environment,2001,24(1):15-25.
[5]Chaerle L, Van Caeneghem W, Messens E, Lambers H, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D. Presymptomatic visualization of plant-virus interactions by thermography. Nature Biotechnology, 1999,17(8):813-816.
[6]Cohen Y, Alchanatis V, Meron M, Saranga Y, Tsipris J. Estimation of leaf water potential by thermal imagery and spatial analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany,2005,56(417):1843-1852.
[7]Cushman JC, Bohnert HJ. Genomic approaches to plant stress tolerance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2000,3(2):117-124.
[8]Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda D, Orlova I. Plant volatiles:Recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2006,25(5):417-440.
[9]Fang Y, Xu LH, Tian WX, Huai Y, Yu SH, Lou MM, Xie GL. Real-time fluorescence PCR method for detection of Burkholderia glumae from rice. Rice Science,2009,16(2):157-160.
[10]Fediuc E, Lips SH, Erdei L. O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activity in Phragmites and Typha plants under cadmium and NaCl stress conditions and the involvement of ABA in the stress response. Journal of Plant Physiology,2005,162(8):865-872.
[11]Grant OM, Chaves MM, Jones HG. Optimizing thermal imaging as a technique for detecting stomatal closure induced by drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Physiologia Plantarum, 2006,127(3):507-518.
[12]Grant OM, Tronina L, Jones HG, Chaves MM. Exploring thermal imaging variables for the detection of stress responses in grapevine under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Experimental Botany,2007,58(4):815-825.
[13]Jaschke WD, Peuke AD, Pate JS, Hartung W. Transport, synthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) in intact plants of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) under phosphate deficiency and moderate salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany,1997,48(9):1737-1747.
[14]Jones HG, Stoll M, Santos T, Sousa Cd, Chaves MM, Grant OM. Use of infrared thermography for monitoring stomatal closure in the field:application to grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002,53(378):2249-2260.
[15]Lindenthal M, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Oerke EC. Effect of downy mildew development on transpiration of cucumber leaves visualized by digital infrared thermography. Phytopathology,2005, 95(3):233-240.
[16]Luquet D, Begu6 A, Vidal A, Clouvel P, Dauzat J, Olioso A, Gu XF, Tao Y. Using multidirectional thermography to characterize water status of cotton. Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,84(3): 411-421.
[17]Oerke EC, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Lindenthal M. Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(9): 2121-2132.
[18]Prithiviraj B, Vikram A, Kushalappa AC, Yaylayan V. Volatile metabolite profiling for the discrimination of onion bulbs infected by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis allii. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2004,110(4):371-377.
[19]Prytz G, Futsaether CM, Johnsson A. Thermography studies of the spatial and temporal variability in stomatal conductance of Avena leaves during stable and oscillatory transpiration. New Phytologist,2003,158(2):249-258.
[20]Ruiz-Ruiz S, Ambros S, Vives MdC, Navarro L, Moreno P, Guerri J. Detection and quantitation of Citrus leaf blotch virus by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods,2009, 160(1-2):57-62.
[21]Ton J, Flors V, Mauch-Mani B. The multifaceted role of ABA in disease resistance. Trends in Plant Science,2009,14(6):310-317.
[22]Wang Y, Holroyd G, Hetherington AM, Ng CK. Seeing 'cool' and 'hot'-infrared thermography as a tool for non-invasive, high-throughput screening of Arabidopsis guard cell signalling mutants. Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(400):1187-1193.
[1]Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Duke SO. Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium moniliforme and phytotoxicity of AAL-toxin and Fumonisin B1 on tomato cultivars. Journal of Phytopathology, 1995,143(6):329-334.
[2]Abouzeid MA, Abd-Elrahman DG, Hassan AA, Youssef KA, Hammad AA. Use of gamma irradiation to control Fusarium verticillioides producing two known mycotoxins in infected corn. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2003,5(4):397-404.
[3]Arias JA. Secretory organelle and mitochondrial alterations induced by fusaric acid in root cells of Zea mays. Physiologial Plant Pathology,1985,27(2):149-158.
[4]Arntzen CJ, Haugh MF, Bobick S. Induction of stomatal closure by Helminthosporium maydis pathotoxin. Plant Physiology,1973,52(6):569-574.
[5]Bacon. CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[6]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum atrains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[7]Batoko H, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J, Gage RA, Maraite H, Boutry M. Modulation of plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase by phytotoxic lipodepsipeptides produced by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1998,1372(2):216-226.
[8]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[9]Botta GL, Dimarco MP, Melegari AL, Huarte MA, Barassi CA. Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato. Euphytica,1994,80:63-69.
[10]Bouizgarne B, Brault M, Pennarun AM, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, Hadrami IE, Bouteau F. Electrophysiological responses to fusaric acid of root hairs from seedlings of date palm-susceptible and -resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Journal of Phytopathology,2004,152(6): 321-324.
[11]Bouizgarne B, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Madiona K, Biligui B, Monestiez M, Pennarun AM, Amiar Z, Rona JP, Ouhdouch Y, El Hadrami I, Bouteau F. A putative role for fusaric acid in biocontrol of the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche ramosa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(5): 550-556.
[12]Curir P, Guglieri L, Dolci M, Capponi A, Aurino G. Fusaric acid production by Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. lilii and its role in the lily basal rot disease. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2000,106(9):849-856.
[13]D'Alton A, Etherton B. Effects of fusaric acid on tomato root hair membrane potentials and ATP levels. Plant Physiology,1984,74(1):39-42.
[14]Damanti KE, Gardner JM, Scheffer RP. An assay for Helminthosporium victoriae toxin based on induced leakage of electrolytes from oat tissue. Phytopathology,1974,64:652-654.
[15]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[16]Eun SO, Lee Y. Stomatal opening by fusicoccin is accompanied by depolymerization of actin filaments in guard cells. Planta,2000,210(6):1014-1017.
[17]Fakhouri W, Walker F, Armbruster W, Buchenauer H. Detoxification of fusaric acid by a nonpathogenic Colletotrichum sp. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2003,63(5): 263-269.
[18]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[19]Gaumann E. Fusaric acid as a wilt toxin. Phytopathology,1957,47:342-357.
[20]Gutierrez-Najera N, Munoz-Clares RA, Palacios-Bahena S, Ramirez J, Sanchez-Nieto S, Plasencia J, Gavilanes-Ruiz M. Fumonisin B1, a sphingoid toxin, is a potent inhibitor of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Planta,2005,221(4):589-596.
[21]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye(Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[22]Johansson F, Sommarin M, Larsson C. Fusicoccin activates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by a mechanism involving the C-terminal inhibitory domain. The Plant Cell,1993,5(3):321-327.
[23]Kuzniak E. Effects of fusaric acid on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in tomato cell cultures. Journal of Phytopathology,2001,149(10):575-582.
[24]Lakshminarayanan K, Subramanian D. Is fusaric acid a vivotoxin? Nature,1955,176(4484): 697-698.
[25]Lee HJ, Tucker EB, Crain RC, Lee Y. Stomatal opening is induced in epidermal peels of Commelina communis L. by GTP analogs or pertussis toxin. Plant Physiology,1993,102(1): 95-100.
[26]Lindenthal M, Steiner U, Dehne HW, Oerke EC. Effect of downy mildew development on transpiration of cucumber leaves visualized by digital infrared thermography. Phytopathology,2005, 95(3):233-240.
[27]Michelet B, Boutry M. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase:A highly regulated enzyme with multiple physiological functions. Plant Physiology,1995,108(1):1-6.
[28]Page OT. Fusaric acid in banana plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense. Phytopathology,1959,49:230.
[29]Pavlovkin J, Mistrik I, Prokop M. Some aspects of the phytotoxic action of fusaric acid on primary Ricinus roots. Plant Soil and Environment,2004,50(9):397-401.
[30]Samadi L, Behboodi BS. Fusaric acid induces apoptosis in saffron root-tip cells:roles of caspase-like activity, cytochrome c, and H2O2. Planta,2006,255(1):223-234.
[31]Simon-Plas F, Gomes E, Milat ML, Pugin A, Blein JP. Cercospora beticola toxins (X. Inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase by Beticolin-1). Plant Physiology,1996,111(3):773-779.
[32]Smith TK, Sousadias MG. Fusaric acid content of swine feedstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1993,41(12):2296-2298.
[33]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[34]Turner NC, Graniti A. Fusicoccin:a fungal toxin that opens stomata. Nature,1969,223(5210): 1070-1071.
[35]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Changes in alfalfa stem conductance induced by Corynebacterium insidiosum toxin. Plant Physiology,1975b,55(3):559-561.
[36]Van Alfen NK, Turner NC. Influence of a Ceratocystis ulmi toxin on water relations of Elm (Ulmus americana). Plant Physiology,1975a,55(2):312-316.
[37]Venter S, Steyn P. Correlation between fusaric acid production and virulence of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum that causes potato dry rot in South Africa. Potato Research,1998,41(3): 289-294.
[38]Wendehenne D, Lamotte O, Frachisse JM, Barbier-Brygoo H, Pugin A. Nitrate efflux is an essential component of the cryptogein signaling pathway leading to defense responses and hypersensitive cell death in tobacco. The Plant Cell,2002,14(8):1937-1951.
[39]Yoo SD, Cho YH, Sheen J. Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts:a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis. Nature Protocols,2007,2(7):1565-1572.
[40]Zeng WQ, Melotto M, He SY. Plant stomata:a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2010,21(5):599-603.
[41]Zhao R, Dielen V, Kinet J, Boutry M. Cosuppression of a plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform impairs sucrose translocation, stomatal opening, plant growth, and male fertility. The Plant Cell, 2000,12:535-546.
[42]邹春琴,郭世伟,张福锁,杨志福.氮素形态和韧皮部烫伤对玉米韧皮部铁运输的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,04：419423.
[1]Adams MA, Attiwill PM. Nitrate reductase activity and growth response of forest species to ammonium and nitrate sources of nitrogen. Plant and Soil,1982,66(3):373-381.
[2]Bienert GP, Chaumont F. Plant aquaporins:roles in water homeostasis, nutrition, and signaling processes. In:Geisler, M; Venema, K, editors. Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2011,3-36.
[3]Borrero C, Trillas MI, Delgado A, Aviles M. Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio in nutrient solution on control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34. Plant Pathology,2012, 61(1):132-139.
[4]Bowler JM, Press MC. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen form and concentration on growth and photosynthesis of a fast- and slow-growing grass. New Phytologist,1996,132(3):391-401.
[5]Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(1-2):248-254.
[6]Cao Y, Zhang ZH, Ling N, Yuan YJ, Zheng XY, Shen B, Shen QR. Bacillus subtilis SQR 9 can control Fusarium wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011, 47(5):495-506.
[7]Chance WO, Somda ZC, Mills HA. Effect of nitrogen form during the flowering period on zucchini squash growth and nutrient element uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1999,22(3):597-607.
[8]Claussen W, Lenz F. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant and Soil,1999,208(1):95-102.
[9]Cotxarrera L, Trillas-Gay MI, Steinberg C, Alabouvette C. Use of sewage sludge compost and Trichoderma asperellum isolates to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(4):467-476.
[10]Engelsberger WR, Schulze WX. Nitrate and ammonium lead to distinct global dynamic phosphorylation patterns when resupplied to nitrogen-starved Arabidopsis seedlings. The Plant Journal,2012,69(6):978-995.
[11]Farquhar GD, Caemmerer S. Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions.In: Lange, OL; Nobel, PS; Osmond, CB; Ziegler, H, editors. Physiological Plant Ecology Ⅱ:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1982,549-587.
[12]Gao YX, Li Y, Yang XX, Li HJ, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium nutrition increases water absorption in rice seedlings (Oryza sattva L.) under water stress. Plant and Soil,2010,331(1-2): 193-201.
[13]Ghorbani R, Wilcockson S, Koocheki A, Leifert C. Soil management for sustainable crop disease control:a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2008,6(3):149-162.
[14]Guo SW, Briick H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[15]Guo SW, Chen G, Zhou Y, Shen QR. Ammonium nutrition increases photosynthesis rate under water stress at early development stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant and Soil,2007a,296(1-2): 115-124.
[16]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate-and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007c,170(1):73-80.
[17]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gao YX, Shen QR. Effects of different nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa). Annals of Applied Biology,2008,153(1):127-134.
[18]Guo SW, Zhou Y, Shen QR, Zhang FS. Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth, photosynthesis, photorespiration, and water relations. Plant Biology,2007b,9(1):21-29.
[19]Hassan MJ, Wang F, Ali S, Zhang G. Toxic effect of cadmium on rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer form. Plant and Soil,2005,277(1-2):359-365.
[20]H(?)gh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK. Effects of drought and inorganic N form on nitrogen fixation and carbon isotope discrimination in Trifolium repens. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1997,35: 55-62.
[21]Horchani F, Hajri R, Aschi-Smiti S. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on photosynthesis, growth, and nitrogen assimilation in tomato plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2010,173(4):610-617.
[22]Huber DM, Thompson IA. Nitrogen and plant disease. St. Paul, MN:American Phytopathological Society,2007.
[23]Ishii H, Tomita Y, Horio T, Narusaka Y, Nakazawa Y, Nishimura K, Iwamoto S. Induced resistance of acibenzolar-S-methyl (CGA 245704) to cucumber and Japanese pear diseases. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1999,105(1):77-85.
[24]Lewis OAM, Leidi EO, Lips SH. Effect of nitrogen source on growth response to salinity stress in maize and wheat. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):155-160.
[25]Li Y, Gao YX, Ding L, Shen QR, Guo SW. Ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to drought condition. Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1746-1750.
[26]Meyer S, Saccardy-Adji K, Rizza F, Genty B. Inhibition of photosynthesis by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean leaves determined by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Cell and Environment,2001,24(9):947-956.
[27]Morsy SM, Drgham EA, Mohamed GM. Effect of garlic and onion extracts or their intercropping on suppressing damping-off and powdery mildew diseases and growth characteristics of cucumber. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 2009,37(1):35-46.
[28]Patterson K, Cakmak T, Cooper A, Lager IDA, Rasmusson AG, Escobar MA. Distinct signalling pathways and transcriptome response signatures differentiate ammonium- and nitrate-supplied plants. Plant Cell and Environment,2010,33(9):1486-1501.
[29]Pavlou GC, Vakalounakis DJ, Ligoxigakis EK. Control of root and stem rot of cucumber, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radicis-cucumerinum, by grafting onto resistant rootstocks. Plant Disease, 2002,86(4):379-382.
[30]Qiu MH, Zhang RF, Xue C, Zhang SS, Li SQ, Zhang N, Shen QR. Application of bio-organic fertilizer can control Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants by regulating microbial community of rhizosphere soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48(7):807-816.
[31]Raab TK, Terry N. Carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as influenced by nitrogen source, NO3- versus NH4+. Plant Physiology,1995,107(2):575-585.
[32]Raab TK, Terry N. Nitrogen source regulation of growth and photosynthesis in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiology,1994,105(4):1159-1166.
[33]Raupach GS, Kloepper JW. Biocontrol of cucumber diseases in the field by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with and without methyl bromide fumigation. Plant Disease,2000,84(10): 1073-1075.
[34]Sage RF, Reid CD. Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants. In: Wilkinson, RE, editor. In Plant-Environment Interactions. New York:Marcel Dekker,1994, 413-499.
[35]Setien I, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, Gonzalez A, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Gonzalez-Murua C, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. High irradiance improves ammonium tolerance in wheat plants by increasing N assimilation. Journal of Plant Physiology,2013,170(8):758-771.
[36]Sharkey TD. O2-insensitive photosynthesis in C3 plants:Its occurrence and a possible explanation. Plant Physiology,1985,78(1):71-75.
[37]Tabatabaei SJ, Fatemi LS, Fallahi E. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(7): 1273-1285.
[38]Tang X, Rolfe SA, Scholes JD. The effect of Albugo Candida (white blister rust) on the photosynthetic and carbohydrate metabolism of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell and Environment,1996,19(8):967-975.
[39]Telles-Pupulin AR, Diniz S, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Effects of fusaric acid on respiration in maize root mitochondria. Biologia Plantarum,1996,38(3):421-429.
[40]Terce-Laforgue T, Mack G, Hirel B. New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes. Physiologia Plantarum,2004,120(2):220-228.
[41]Vidhyasekaran P. Carbohydrate metabolism of ragi plants infected by Helminthosporium nodulosum. Journal of Phytopathology,1974,79(2):130-141.
[42]Walch-Liu P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(343):227-237.
[43]Wilcox GE, Mitchell CA, Hoff JE. Influence of nitrogen form on exudation rate, and ammonium, amide, and cation composition of xylem exudate in tomato. Journal-American Society for Horticultural Science,1977,102:192-196.
[44]Yang XP, Guo SW, Guo LL, Wei CZ. Ammonium enhances the uptake, bioaccumulation, and tolerance of phenanthrene in cucumber seedlings. Plant and Soil,2012b,354(1-2):185-195.
[45]Yang XX, Li Y, Ren BB, Ding L, Gao CM, Shen QR, Guo SW. Drought-induced root aerenchyma formation restricts water uptake in rice seedlings supplied with nitrate. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2012a,53(3):495-504.
[46]Yao HY, Wu FZ. Soil microbial community structure in cucumber rhizosphere of different resistance cultivars to fusarium wilt. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2010,72(3):456-463.
[47]Yin ZH, Raven JA. Influences of different nitrogen sources on nitrogen-and water-use efficiency, and carbon isotope discrimination, in C3 Triticum aestivum L. and C4 Zea mays L. plants. Planta, 1998,205(4):574-580.
[48]Zhao S, Du CM, Tian CY. Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum and induced resistance of plants involved in the biocontrol of cucumber Fusarium wilt by Streptomyces bikiniensis HD-087. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2012,28(9):2919-2927.
[49]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[50]于虹漫,樊连海,刘更森,唐咏.水稻秧苗抗立枯病性与主要生化指标的相关分析[J].湖南农业科学,2004,(1)：23-24+30.
[1]Badri DV, Vivanco JM. Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell and Environment, 2009,32(6):666-681.
[2]Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual review of plant biology,2006,57:233-266.
[3]Dakora F, Phillips D. Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant and Soil,2002,245(1):35-47.
[4]De la Fuente JM, Ramirez Rodriguez V, Cabrera Ponce JL, Herrera Estrella L. Aluminum tolerance in transgenic plants by alteration of citrate synthesis. Science,1997,276(5318):1566-1568.
[5]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[6]Fernandes MS, Rossiello ROP. Mineral nitrogen in plant physiology and plant nutrition. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1995,14(2):111-148.
[7]Gapillout I, Milat ML, Blein JP. Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. European Journal of Plant Pathology,1996, 102(2):127-132.
[8]Hao WY, Ren LX, Ran W, Shen QR. Allelopathic effects of root exudates from watermelon and rice plants on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2010,336(1-2):485-497.
[9]Ji XM, Peng XX. Oxalate accumulation as regulated by nitrogen forms and its relationship to photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(7):831-838.
[10]Kamilova F, Kravchenko LV, Shaposhnikov AI, Azarova T, Makarova N, Lugtenberg B. Organic acids, sugars, and L-tryptophane in exudates of vegetables growing on stonewool and their effects on activities of rhizosphere bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2006,19(3):250-256.
[11]Lanoue A, Burlat V, Henkes GJ, Koch I, Schurr U, Rose USR. De novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to Fusarium attack in barley. New Phytologist,2010,185(2):577-588.
[12]Li XG, Liu B, Heia S, Liu DD, Han ZM, Zhou KX, Cui JJ, Luo JY, Zheng YP. The effect of root exudates from two transgenic insect-resistant cotton lines on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Transgenic Research,2009,18(5):757-767.
[13]Lievens B, Claes L, Vakalounakis DJ, Vanachter ACRC, Thomma BPHJ. A robust identification and detection assay to discriminate the cucumber pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. Environmental Microbiology,2007,9(9):2145-2161.
[14]Lin YH, Chang JY, Liu ET, Chao CP, Huang JW, Chang PFL. Development of a molecular marker for specific detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2009,123(3):353-365.
[15]Ling N, Huang QW, Guo SW, Shen QR. Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 systemically affects root exudates of watermelon to decrease the conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Plant and Soil,2011b,341(1-2):485-493.
[16]Ling N, Raza W, Ma JH, Huang QW, Shen QR. Identification and role of organic acids in watermelon root exudates for recruiting Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 in the rhizosphere. European Journal of Soil Biology,201 la,47(6):374-379.
[17]Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G, Valori F. Effects of root exudates in microbial diversity and activity in rhizosphere soils. In:Nautiyal, CS; Dion, P, editors. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008,339-365.
[18]Steinkellner S, Mammerler R, Vierheilig H. Germination of Fusarium oxysporum in root exudates from tomato plants challenged with different Fusarium oxysporum strains. European Journal of Plant Pathology,2008,122(3):395-401.
[19]Wang M, Ling N, Dong X, Zhu YY, Shen QR, Guo SW. Thermographic visualization of leaf response in cucumber plants infected with the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012,61:153-161.
[20]Wu FZ, Han X, Wang XZ. Allelopathic effect of root exudates of cucumber cultivars on Fusarium oxysporum. Allelopathy Journal,2006,18(1):163-172.
[21]Ye SF, Yu JQ, Peng YH, Zheng JH, Zou LY. Incidence of Fusarium wilt in Cucumis sativus L. is promoted by cinnamic acid, an autotoxin in root exudates. Plant and Soil,2004,263(1-2):143-150.
[22]Yoneyama K, Xie X, Kusumoto D, Sekimoto H, Sugimoto Y, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K. Nitrogen deficiency as well as phosphorus deficiency in sorghum promotes the production and exudation of 5-deoxystrigol, the host recognition signal for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasites. Planta,2007,227(1):125-132.
[23]何欢,王占武,胡栋,张翠绵,李洪涛,贾楠.根系分泌物与根际微生物互作的研究进展[J].河北农业科学,2011,(3)：69-73.
[24]涂书新,吴佳.植物根系分泌物研究方法评述[J].生态环境学报,2010,(10)：2493-2500.
[25]翟争光,黄松青,栗广增,张万良,刘重喜.植物根系分泌物研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2012,(12)：28-32+37.
[26]张俊英,王敬国,许永利,李海港.氮素对不同大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,(3)：398-403.
[1]Bacon CW, Porter JK, Norred WP, Leslie JF. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(11):4039-4043.
[2]Banwart WL, Bremner JM. Formation of volatile sulfur compounds by microbial decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7(6):359-364.
[3]Bao JR, Lazarovits G. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum atrains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology,2001,91(5): 449-456.
[4]Barna B, Sarhan ART, Kiraly Z. The influence of nitrogen nutrition on the sensitivity of tomato plants to culture filtrates of Fusarium and to fusaric acid. Physiological Plant Pathology,1983, 23(2):257-263.
[5]Beckman CH. Phenolic-storing cells:keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2000,57(3):101-110.
[6]Burnett HC, Nemec S, Patterson M. A review of Florida citrus blight and its association with soil edaphic factors, nutrition and Fusarium solani. Tropical Pest Management,1982,28(4):416-422.
[7]Calvo AM, Wilson RA, Bok JW, Keller NP. Relationship between secondary metabolism and fungal development. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,2002,66(3):447-459.
[8]Dong X, Ling N, Wang M, Shen QR, Guo SW. Fusaric acid is a crucial factor in the disturbance of leaf water imbalance in Fusarium-infected banana plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2012, 60(0):171-179.
[9]Duffy BK, Defago G. Zinc improves biocontrol of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens and represses the production of pathogen metabolites inhibitory to bacterial antibiotic biosynthesis. Phytopathology,1997,87(12):1250-1257.
[10]Guo SW, Briick H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant and Soil,2002,239(2):267-275.
[11]Guo SW, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Sattelmacher B, Brueck H. Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate- and ammonium-supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007,170(1):73-80.
[12]Jaroszuk-Scisel J, Kurek E, Winiarczyk K, Baturo A, Lukanowski A. Colonization of root tissues and protection against Fusarium wilt of rye (Secale cereale) by nonpathogenic rhizosphere strains of Fusarium culmorum. Biological Control,2008,45(3):297-307.
[13]Malini S. Heavy metal chelates of fusaric acid:In vitro spectrophotometry. Journal of Phytopathology,1966,57(3):221-231.
[14]Pan JH, Lin YC, Tan N, Gu YC. Cu(Ⅱ):a "signaling molecule" of the mangrove endophyte Fusarium oxysporum ZZF51? Biometals,2010,23(6):1053-1060.
[15]Walch-Liu. P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C. Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. Journal of Experimental Botany 2000,51(343):227-237.
[16]Wang LY,. Bau HJ, Chung KR, Liao HL. Factors affecting the production of elsinochrome phytotoxin by the citrus scab pathogen, Elsinoe fawcettii. Open Mycology Journal,2009,3:1-8.
[17]You BJ, Lee MH, Chung KR. Production of cercosporin toxin by the phytopathogenic Cercospora fungi is affected by diverse environmental signals. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2008,54(4): 259-269.
[1]Allwood EG, Davies DR, Gerrish C, Bolwell GP. Regulation of CDPKs, including identification of PAL kinase, in biotically stressed cells of French bean. Plant Molecular Biology,2002,49(5): 533-544.
[2]Audic S, Claverie JM. The significance of digital gene expression profiles. Genome Research,1997, 7(10):986-995.
[3]Bai TT, Xie WB, Zhou PP, Wu ZL, Xiao WC, Zhou L, Sun J, Ruan XL, Li HP. Transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. PloS one,2013,8(9):e73945.
[4]Bedini E, De Castro C, Erbs G, Mangoni L, Dow JM, Newman MA, Parrilli M, Unverzagt C. Structure-dependent modulation of a pathogen response in plants by synthetic O-antigen polysaccharides. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2005,127(8):2414-2416.
[5]Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D. The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of statistics,2001,29(4):1165-1188.
[6]Chico JM, Raices M, Tellez-Inon MT, Ulloa RM. A calcium-dependent protein kinase is systemically induced upon wounding in tomato plants. Plant Physiology,2002,128(1):256-270.
[7]Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nurnberger T, Jones JDG, Felix G, Boller T. A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence. Nature,2007, 448(7152):497-U412.
[8]Clough SJ, Fengler KA, Yu I-c, Lippok B, Smith RK, Bent AF. The Arabidopsis dndl "defense, no death" gene encodes a mutated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(16):9323-9328.
[9]Dangl JL, Jones JDG. Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature,2001, 411(6839):826-833.
[10]Degenhardt J, Al-Masri AN, Kurkcuoglu S, Szankowski I, Gau AE. Characterization by suppression subtractive hybridization of transcripts that are differentially expressed in leaves of apple scab-resistant and susceptible cultivars of Malus domestica. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2005,273(4):326-335.
[11]Doan AT, Ervin G, Felton G. Temporal effects on jasmonate induction of anti-herbivore defense in Physalis angulata:seasonal and ontogenetic gradients. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2004, 32(2):117-126.
[12]Eulgem T, Somssich IE. Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2007,10(4):366-371.
[13]Gomez-Gomez L, Boller T. FLS2:an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis. Molecular Cell,2000,5(6):1003-1011.
[14]Grant JJ, Loake GJ. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates and cognate redox signaling in disease resistance. Plant Physiology,2000,124(1):21-29.
[15]Grant SR, Fisher EJ, Chang JH, Mole BM, Dangl JL. Subterfuge and manipulation:Type Ⅲ effector proteins of phytopathogenic bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology,2006,60:425-449.
[16]Halim VA, Altmann S, Ellinger D, Eschen-Lippold L, Miersch O, Scheel D, Rosahl S. PAMP-induced defense responses in potato require both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The Plant Journal,2009,57(2):230-242.
[17]Heese A, Hann DR, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Jones AME, He K, Li J, Schroeder JI, Peck SC, Rathjen JP. The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is a central regulator of innate immunity in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(29):12217-12222.
[18]Klessig DF, Durner J, Noad R, Navarre DA, Wendehenne D, Kumar D, Zhou JM, Shah J, Zhang SQ, Kachroo P, Trifa Y, Pontier D, Lam E, Silva H. Nitric oxide and salicylic acid signaling in plant defense. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(16):8849-8855.
[19]Kottapalli KR, Rakwal R, Satoh K, Shibato J, Kottapalli P, Iwahashi H, Kikuchi S. Transcriptional profiling of indica rice cultivar IET8585 (Ajaya) infected with bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2007,45(10-11):834-850.
[20]Kunkel BN, Brooks DM. Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2002,5(4):325-331.
[21]Kunze G, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Niehaus K, Boller T, Felix G. The N terminus of bacterial elongation factor Tu elicits innate immunity in Arabidopsis plants. The Plant Cell,2004,16(12): 3496-3507.
[22]Kurusu T, Yagala T, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Kuchitsu K. Identification of a putative voltage-gated Ca2+ channel as a key regulator of elicitor-induced hypersensitive cell death and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rice. The Plant Journal,2005,42(6):798-809.
[23]Kwak JM, Mori IC, Pei ZM, Leonhardt N, Torres MA, Dangl JL, Bloom RE, Bodde S, Jones JDG, Schroeder JI. NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes function in ROS-dependent ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. The EMBO journal,2003,22(11):2623-2633.
[24]Lee J, Rudd JJ. Calcium-dependent protein kinases:versatile plant signalling components necessary for pathogen defence. Trends in Plant Science,2002,7(3):97-98.
[25]Li CY, Deng GM, Yang J, Viljoen A, Jin Y, Kuang RB, Zuo CW, Lv ZC, Yang QS, Sheng O, Wei YR, Hu CH, Dong T, Yi GJ. Transcriptome profiling of resistant and susceptible Cavendish banana roots following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense tropical race 4. BMC Genomics,2012,13(1):374
[26]Lu J, Du Z-X, Kong J, Chen L-N, Qiu Y-H, Li G-F, Meng X-H, Zhu S-F. Transcriptome analysis of Nicotiana tabacum infected by Cucumber mosaic virus during systemic symptom development. PloS one,2012,7(8):e43447.
[27]Mackey D, Belkhadir Y, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, Dangl JL. Arabidopsis RIN4 is a target of the type Ⅲ virulence effector AvrRpt2 and modulates RPS2-mediated resistance. Cell,2003,112(3): 379-389.
[28]Miya A, Albert P, Shinya T, Desaki Y, Ichimura K, Shirasu K, Narusaka Y, Kawakami N, Kaku H, Shibuya N. CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase, is essential for chitin elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(49):19613-19618.
[29]Moeder W, Urquhart W, Ung H, Yoshioka K. The role of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in plant immunity. Molecular Plant,2011,4(3):442-452.
[30]Pandey SP, Somssich IE. The role of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. Plant Physiology,2009,150(4):1648-1655.
[31]Penacortes H, Albrecht T, Prat S, Weiler EW, Willmitzer L. Aspirin prevents wound-induced gene expression in tomato leaves by blocking jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Planta,1993,191(1):123-128.
[32]Petutschnig EK, Jones AME, Serazetdinova L, Lipka U, Lipka V. The lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CERK1 is a major chitin-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and subject to chitin-induced phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2010,285(37):28902-28911.
[33]Robatzek S, Chinchilla D, Boller T. Ligand-induced endocytosis of the pattern recognition receptor FLS2 in Arabidopsis. Genes and Development,2006,20(5):537-542.
[34]Savory EA, Adhikari BN, Hamilton JP, Vaillancourt B, Buell CR, Day B. mRNA-Seq analysis of the Pseudoperonospora cubensis transcriptome during cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) infection. PloS one,2012,7(4):e35796.
[35]Shao F, Golstein C, Ade J, Stoutemyer M, Dixon JE, Innes RW. Cleavage of Arabidopsis PBS1 by a bacterial type III effector. Science,2003,301(5637):1230-1233.
[36]Sharma A, Komatsu S. Involvement of a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase component downstream to the gibberellin-binding phosphoprotein, RuBisCO activase, in rice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2002,290(2):690-695.
[37]Sheen J. Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and stress signal transduction in plants. Science,1996, 274(5294):1900-1902.
[38]Shimizu T, Nakano T, Takamizawa D, Desaki Y, Ishii-Minami N, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Okada K, Yamane H, Kaku H, Shibuya N. Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice. The Plant Journal,2010,64(2):204-214.
[39]Sun W, Dunning FM, Pfund C, Weingarten R, Bent AF. Within-species flagellin polymorphism in Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris and its impact on elicitation of Arabidopsis FLAGELLIN SENSING2-dependent defenses. The Plant Cell,2006,18(3):764-779.
[40]Sun Y, Li L, Macho AP, Han Z, Hu Z, Zipfel C, Zhou JM, Chai J. Structural basis for flg22-induced activation of the Arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. Science,2013,342(6158):624-628.
[41]Thines B, Katsir L, Melotto M, Niu Y, Mandaokar A, Liu G, Nomura K, He SY, Howe GA, Browse J. JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOll complex during jasmonate signalling. Nature, 2007,448(7154):661-665.
[42]Wang XF, Kota U, He K, Blackburn K, Li J, Goshe MB, Huber SC, Clouse SD. Sequential transphosphorylation of the BRI1/BAK1 receptor kinase complex impacts early events in brassinosteroid signaling. Developmental cell,2008,15(2):220-235.
[43]Wang Z, Zhang JB, Jia CH, Liu JH, Li YQ, Yin XM, Xu BY, Jin ZQ. De novo characterization of the banana root transcriptome and analysis of gene expression under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Cubense tropical race 4 infection. BMC Genomics,2012,13(1):650.
[44]Yu D, Chen C, Chen Z. Evidence for an important role of WRKY DNA binding proteins in the regulation of NPR1 gene expression. The Plant Cell, 2001,13(7):1527-1540.
[45]Zheng ZY, Abu Qamar S, Chen ZX, Mengiste T. Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. The Plant Journal,2006,48(4):592-605.
[46]石延霞,于洋,傅俊范,李宝聚.病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶活性与茉莉酸积累的关系[J].植物保护学报,2008,(6)：486-490.