高压大容量交流有源电力滤波器的研究
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摘要
本文针对10kV～35kV高压交流配电系统中日益严重的谐波与无功危害,在全面总结国内外有关高压大容量交流有源电力滤波器方案并分析其存在不足的基础上,将传统变压器理论与现代电力电子技术有机地结合起来,提出了三种新型的适用于高压交流配电系统的有源电力滤波技术新方案,通过理论推导、仿真分析和实验结果论证了这三种新方案的正确性、有效性和实用性,为高压大容量交流有源电力滤波器的工程应用奠定了一定的基础。全文研究的内容主要涉及六个方面:
1、为了解决有源电力滤波器的大容量问题,提出一种变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构。将此变压器应用于基于基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器中,成功地研制了一套100kVA的实验样机。实时检测串联变压器一次侧的基波电流,根据基波磁通补偿条件,得到基波补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生基波补偿电流注入到二次侧多个补偿绕组中,使得串联变压器对基波电流呈现很小的一次侧漏阻抗,对谐波电流呈现很大的一次侧自阻抗,从而迫使负载谐波电流流入无源滤波器支路。通过采用三个独立的单相变压器的结构,该有源电力滤波器在三相负载严重不平衡时,也能具有极好的谐波抑制能力。该有源电力滤波器中各变流器结构完全相同,通过模块化设计很容易实现。通过将此有源电力滤波器与TCR联合使用,可以实现谐波抑制与无功功率补偿相结合。
2、提出一种基于线性并联变压器谐波阻抗控制的并联型有源电力滤波器新方案。实时检测并联变压器一次侧的谐波电流,根据谐波补偿条件,得到谐波补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生谐波补偿电流注入到二次侧补偿绕组中,使得并联变压器对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,对基波电流呈现很大的一次侧自阻抗,从而输导系统中的谐波电流流入并联变压器支路。并联变压器铁心开有气隙,工作在较低的磁密状态,该工作点位于B-H曲线的线性段,以确保滤波效果。通过并联变压器降压隔离,该有源电力滤波器中的功率半导体开关器件始终工作在安全范围之内,确保了装置的安全性、可靠性。通过采用并联变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构,可以大大提高有源电力滤波器的容量。
3、提出一种基于线性并联变压器谐波阻抗控制与基波阻抗可调的并联混合型有源电力滤波器新方案。实时检测并联变压器一次侧的谐波电流与基波电流,根据恒定的谐波补偿系数与实时变化的基波补偿系数,计算出补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生补偿电流注入到二次侧补偿绕组中,使得并联变压器对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,对基波电流呈现连续无级可调的电抗。因而,该有源电力滤波器不仅能够有效地输导系统中的谐波电流流入并联变压器支路,与无源滤波器相结合,还能够实时补偿系统的无功功率。同样通过采用并联变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构来提高有源电力滤波器的容量。
4、提出三种单相有源电力滤波器指令电流的提取方法,即基于LC并联谐振的基波电流检测方法、基于开关电容滤波器的基波电流检测方法、基于单相d-q变换的谐波电流检测方法及其改进电路。针对基于谐波阻抗控制的并联型有源电力滤波器和基于谐波阻抗控制与基波阻抗可调的并联混合型有源电力滤波器独特的工作原理,提出一种指令电流离线检测方法,此检测方法由于不存在延时而具有理想的快速性。通过采用三相各自独立检测的策略,这些检测方法同样可以用于三相有源电力滤波器。
5、对本文提出的三种有源电力滤波器建立了精确的数学模型,推导出通用的传递函数,给出了系统稳定的充要条件。结合实验样机应用情况,对有源电力滤波器中应用最广泛的瞬时值比较电流非线性控制和三角波比较电流线性控制进行了研究。
6、对本文三种实验样机中涉及到的辅助电路与系统进行了研究。主要涵盖五个方面的内容:IGBT栅极驱动原理及样机中使用的三种驱动电路、电压型桥式变换器中典型的IGBT缓冲电路、IGBT过流过压与过热保护方法、样机中变压器与电感设计原则、控制系统的设计思想。
In this dissertation, three novel active power filters are proposed for 10kV~35kV power distribution systems application, which are the combination of traditional transformer theory and modern power electronic technology. The disadvantages of the conventional active power filters for high voltage gird are overcome in the proposed schemes, thus the security and reliability, the dynamic responses and the ability of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation are satisfactory. The correctness, the validity and the practicality of the three schemes are demonstrated by the theory deduction, the simulation analysis and the experimental results, which establishes definite base for the practical applications of high voltage large capacity alternate active power filters.
To manufacture a high-power active filtering device, a novel transformer structure that contains one primary and multiple secondary compensation windings is presented. The proposed linear transformer is applied to a series hybrid active power filter that is based on the fundamental magnetic flux compensation and thus a 100kVA prototype is successfully developed. Firstly, the series transformer’s primary fundamental current is detected. Then, the reference signals of fundamental compensation currents are obtained according to the fundamental magnetic flux compensation condition. Fundamental compensation currents that produced by power electronic converters are injected into the multiple compensation windings. In this condition, the series transformer can really exhibit very low primary leakage impedance to fundamental and very high primary self-impedance to harmonics and thus acts as a“harmonic isolator”. The topology consisting of three independent single- phase transformers and single-phase converters is adopted in three-phase active power filters in order to deal with unbalanced harmonic-producing loads. Since the converters are the same, modular design scheme can be adopted. The proposed active power filter together with the TCRs can be used to realize the combination of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation.
A novel shunt active power filter is proposed, which is based on the harmonic impedance control of a linear parallel transformer. Firstly, the primary harmonic current of the parallel transformer is detected. Then, the reference signal of harmonic compensation current can be obtained according to the harmonic compensation condition. Harmonic compensation current that is produced by power electronic converter is injected into the secondary compensation winding. In this condition, the parallel transformer can exhibit nearly zero impedance to harmonic current and very high primary self-impedance to fundamental current and thus lead harmonic current in power systems to flow into the transformer branch. With a step-down transformer, the power semiconductor switches of the active power filter are always worked in relatively low voltage, which ensure the security and reliability of the active filtering device. To greatly increase the capacity of the proposed active power filter, a novel parallel transformer structure with multiple secondary compensation windings should be adopted.
A novel shunt hybrid active power filter is proposed, which is based on the harmonic impedance control and fundamental impedance adjust of a linear parallel transformer. Firstly, the parallel transformer’s primary harmonic current and primary fundamental current are separated. Then, the reference signal of compensation current is calculated according to the fixed harmonic compensation coefficient and the variational fundamental compensation coefficient. Compensation current that is produced by power electronic converter is injected into the secondary compensation winding. In this condition, the parallel transformer can exhibit nearly zero impedance to harmonic current and continuous adjustable reactance to fundamental current. Thus, the proposed shunt hybrid active power filter can not only lead harmonic current in power systems to flow into the transformer branch but also compensate reactive power of power systems together with passive power filter. In the same way, a novel parallel transformer structure with multiple secondary compensation windings should be adopted to greatly increase the capacity of the proposed active power filter.
Three reference current detecting methods are presented for single-phase active power filter, i.e. fundamental current detecting method based on parallel resonance of passive LC filter, fundamental current detecting method based on switched-capacitor filter (SCF), harmonic current detecting method based on d-q transformation and its improved circuits. A reference current off-line detecting method is also presented for the two shunt active power filters proposed in the dissertation, which has ideal dynamic response since detecting delay does not exist. With strategy of each phase independent detecting, these methods can also be implemented in three-phase active power filter.
Unified accurate mathematic model of the three active power filters presented in the dissertation is established, transfer function is deduced, sufficient and necessary condition of system steady is also put forward. Two current control schemes are discussed, i.e. current nonlinear control method based on instantaneous compare and current linear control method based on triangle compare.
Finally, assistant circuits and control systems of the prototypes are discussed, which mainly contains five aspects, i.e. operation principle of IGBT grid driver and introduction of three drivers implemented in the prototypes, typical IGBT cushion circuits for voltage source converters, protection methods of over-current over-voltage and over-temperature, design principles of transformers, inductances and control systems.
1、为了解决有源电力滤波器的大容量问题,提出一种变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构。将此变压器应用于基于基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器中,成功地研制了一套100kVA的实验样机。实时检测串联变压器一次侧的基波电流,根据基波磁通补偿条件,得到基波补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生基波补偿电流注入到二次侧多个补偿绕组中,使得串联变压器对基波电流呈现很小的一次侧漏阻抗,对谐波电流呈现很大的一次侧自阻抗,从而迫使负载谐波电流流入无源滤波器支路。通过采用三个独立的单相变压器的结构,该有源电力滤波器在三相负载严重不平衡时,也能具有极好的谐波抑制能力。该有源电力滤波器中各变流器结构完全相同,通过模块化设计很容易实现。通过将此有源电力滤波器与TCR联合使用,可以实现谐波抑制与无功功率补偿相结合。
2、提出一种基于线性并联变压器谐波阻抗控制的并联型有源电力滤波器新方案。实时检测并联变压器一次侧的谐波电流,根据谐波补偿条件,得到谐波补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生谐波补偿电流注入到二次侧补偿绕组中,使得并联变压器对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,对基波电流呈现很大的一次侧自阻抗,从而输导系统中的谐波电流流入并联变压器支路。并联变压器铁心开有气隙,工作在较低的磁密状态,该工作点位于B-H曲线的线性段,以确保滤波效果。通过并联变压器降压隔离,该有源电力滤波器中的功率半导体开关器件始终工作在安全范围之内,确保了装置的安全性、可靠性。通过采用并联变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构,可以大大提高有源电力滤波器的容量。
3、提出一种基于线性并联变压器谐波阻抗控制与基波阻抗可调的并联混合型有源电力滤波器新方案。实时检测并联变压器一次侧的谐波电流与基波电流,根据恒定的谐波补偿系数与实时变化的基波补偿系数,计算出补偿电流的指令信号,通过电力电子变流器跟踪产生补偿电流注入到二次侧补偿绕组中,使得并联变压器对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,对基波电流呈现连续无级可调的电抗。因而,该有源电力滤波器不仅能够有效地输导系统中的谐波电流流入并联变压器支路,与无源滤波器相结合,还能够实时补偿系统的无功功率。同样通过采用并联变压器二次侧多补偿绕组的结构来提高有源电力滤波器的容量。
4、提出三种单相有源电力滤波器指令电流的提取方法,即基于LC并联谐振的基波电流检测方法、基于开关电容滤波器的基波电流检测方法、基于单相d-q变换的谐波电流检测方法及其改进电路。针对基于谐波阻抗控制的并联型有源电力滤波器和基于谐波阻抗控制与基波阻抗可调的并联混合型有源电力滤波器独特的工作原理,提出一种指令电流离线检测方法,此检测方法由于不存在延时而具有理想的快速性。通过采用三相各自独立检测的策略,这些检测方法同样可以用于三相有源电力滤波器。
5、对本文提出的三种有源电力滤波器建立了精确的数学模型,推导出通用的传递函数,给出了系统稳定的充要条件。结合实验样机应用情况,对有源电力滤波器中应用最广泛的瞬时值比较电流非线性控制和三角波比较电流线性控制进行了研究。
6、对本文三种实验样机中涉及到的辅助电路与系统进行了研究。主要涵盖五个方面的内容:IGBT栅极驱动原理及样机中使用的三种驱动电路、电压型桥式变换器中典型的IGBT缓冲电路、IGBT过流过压与过热保护方法、样机中变压器与电感设计原则、控制系统的设计思想。
In this dissertation, three novel active power filters are proposed for 10kV~35kV power distribution systems application, which are the combination of traditional transformer theory and modern power electronic technology. The disadvantages of the conventional active power filters for high voltage gird are overcome in the proposed schemes, thus the security and reliability, the dynamic responses and the ability of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation are satisfactory. The correctness, the validity and the practicality of the three schemes are demonstrated by the theory deduction, the simulation analysis and the experimental results, which establishes definite base for the practical applications of high voltage large capacity alternate active power filters.
To manufacture a high-power active filtering device, a novel transformer structure that contains one primary and multiple secondary compensation windings is presented. The proposed linear transformer is applied to a series hybrid active power filter that is based on the fundamental magnetic flux compensation and thus a 100kVA prototype is successfully developed. Firstly, the series transformer’s primary fundamental current is detected. Then, the reference signals of fundamental compensation currents are obtained according to the fundamental magnetic flux compensation condition. Fundamental compensation currents that produced by power electronic converters are injected into the multiple compensation windings. In this condition, the series transformer can really exhibit very low primary leakage impedance to fundamental and very high primary self-impedance to harmonics and thus acts as a“harmonic isolator”. The topology consisting of three independent single- phase transformers and single-phase converters is adopted in three-phase active power filters in order to deal with unbalanced harmonic-producing loads. Since the converters are the same, modular design scheme can be adopted. The proposed active power filter together with the TCRs can be used to realize the combination of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation.
A novel shunt active power filter is proposed, which is based on the harmonic impedance control of a linear parallel transformer. Firstly, the primary harmonic current of the parallel transformer is detected. Then, the reference signal of harmonic compensation current can be obtained according to the harmonic compensation condition. Harmonic compensation current that is produced by power electronic converter is injected into the secondary compensation winding. In this condition, the parallel transformer can exhibit nearly zero impedance to harmonic current and very high primary self-impedance to fundamental current and thus lead harmonic current in power systems to flow into the transformer branch. With a step-down transformer, the power semiconductor switches of the active power filter are always worked in relatively low voltage, which ensure the security and reliability of the active filtering device. To greatly increase the capacity of the proposed active power filter, a novel parallel transformer structure with multiple secondary compensation windings should be adopted.
A novel shunt hybrid active power filter is proposed, which is based on the harmonic impedance control and fundamental impedance adjust of a linear parallel transformer. Firstly, the parallel transformer’s primary harmonic current and primary fundamental current are separated. Then, the reference signal of compensation current is calculated according to the fixed harmonic compensation coefficient and the variational fundamental compensation coefficient. Compensation current that is produced by power electronic converter is injected into the secondary compensation winding. In this condition, the parallel transformer can exhibit nearly zero impedance to harmonic current and continuous adjustable reactance to fundamental current. Thus, the proposed shunt hybrid active power filter can not only lead harmonic current in power systems to flow into the transformer branch but also compensate reactive power of power systems together with passive power filter. In the same way, a novel parallel transformer structure with multiple secondary compensation windings should be adopted to greatly increase the capacity of the proposed active power filter.
Three reference current detecting methods are presented for single-phase active power filter, i.e. fundamental current detecting method based on parallel resonance of passive LC filter, fundamental current detecting method based on switched-capacitor filter (SCF), harmonic current detecting method based on d-q transformation and its improved circuits. A reference current off-line detecting method is also presented for the two shunt active power filters proposed in the dissertation, which has ideal dynamic response since detecting delay does not exist. With strategy of each phase independent detecting, these methods can also be implemented in three-phase active power filter.
Unified accurate mathematic model of the three active power filters presented in the dissertation is established, transfer function is deduced, sufficient and necessary condition of system steady is also put forward. Two current control schemes are discussed, i.e. current nonlinear control method based on instantaneous compare and current linear control method based on triangle compare.
Finally, assistant circuits and control systems of the prototypes are discussed, which mainly contains five aspects, i.e. operation principle of IGBT grid driver and introduction of three drivers implemented in the prototypes, typical IGBT cushion circuits for voltage source converters, protection methods of over-current over-voltage and over-temperature, design principles of transformers, inductances and control systems.
引文
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