太阳能光伏并网发电系统的优化设计与控制策略研究
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摘要
世界能源危机和环境问题使得开发利用可再生能源和各种绿色能源以实现可持续发展成为人类必须采取的措施。而随着太阳能电池和电力电子技术的不断进步，太阳能光伏发电得到了长足的发展并已成为新能源利用的主流之一。当前，光伏发电不断向低成本、高效率和高功率密度方向发展，太阳能光伏利用的主要形式将是并网发电系统。高性能的数字信号处理器芯片DSP的出现，使得一些先进的控制策略应用于光伏并网的控制成为可能。
本论文研究太阳能光伏并网发电系统，从成本、可靠性和效率的角度出发，主要对系统的结构和控制算法进行了深入地探究。
论文首先确定了光伏并网发电系统的电网接口标准和所需设计的逆变器规格，然后对现阶段最具代表性的光伏并网逆变系统结构进行了分析对比，通过归纳总结，提出了一种双全桥光伏并网逆变器结构。在此基础上对逆变器每一细节进行了深入研究：提出了基于虚拟电阻法的输出滤波器性能优化，得到低成本、高可靠性和高效率的逆变器结构。
论文研究了光伏阵列模块，根据入射太阳光光照强度与所产生电流之间的关系，对光伏阵列模块的相关特性，如部分遮挡、光伏模块终端的电压／电流纹波，进行了理论研究，通过仿真软件对光伏阵列模块的各种特性进行了仿真模拟。根据光伏阵列模块的数学模型，本文提出了一种新的最大功率点跟踪MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking)算法——基于开关面零均值动态准滑模MPPT控制算法，以滑模面周期积分为零代替滑模面为零，解决了滑模控制开关频率不固定，滑模MPPT控制会在最大功率点附近抖动的问题；结合局部扫描法，使得MPPT控制简单易行，响应迅速，鲁棒性较强，开关频率固定，适用于部分遮挡和光照强度变化剧烈的场合，使得光伏并网发电系统能够尽可能大地从光伏阵列模块中获得太阳能能量，通过仿真和实验分析验证了所提方法的具有高精度和高效性。
为了使直流端电压尽可能的小，论文对直流端电压参考值的选取进行了研究，提供了直流端电压的计算方法，减小了MOSFET管的开关损耗，保护了直流端的电解电容。在此基础上，提出了基于单周期离散比例积分PI(Proportion Integral)的直流端电压控制，使得交流跟踪电流参考值基于光伏模块产生的电流值，这样可以方便地调节光伏模块的工作点。
论文提出了基于Walsh的特定消谐脉宽调制的电网电流控制器，减小了光伏并网逆变器的开关次数和系统损耗，并可控制输出电网电流谐波。为了减小注入电网的电流谐波，论文还简要地对死区时间效应进行了比较分析，研究了不同的死区时间对电网电能质量的影响，为死区时间补偿提供了理论依据。从用电安全与电能质量考虑，研究了快速安全的孤岛效应检测控制方法，分析了太阳能光伏发电系统直接并网时的安全保护问题，保证了整个系统的高效安全运行。
在理论研究的基础上，本论文研制出光伏并网发电系统实验样机，同时比较了实际实现与设计之间的差别。对光伏并网发电系统的整个系统性能，包括电网与逆变器接口性能以及光伏模块与逆变器接口性能进行了多项实验研究。实验结果验证了太阳能光伏并网发电系统拓扑结构及控制算法的正确性、可行性和高效性。
最后对论文进行了总结，并提出了一些有待于进一步研究的问题。
The problem of conventional energy crisis and environment in the world makes it necessary to exploit the renewable and green energy sources, in order to cover the future demands. Meanwhile, solar "photovoltaic" power has made great progress and become one of the most effective clean and renewable energy with the advance of solar cell and power electronics. Recently, the photovoltaic system constantly develops with the tendency of lower cost, higher efficiency and higher power density techniques, following the higher and higher performance requirement of key equalizer equipments. The main application of solar energy will be the grid-connected photovoltaic system. With coming into using of the high-performance Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip, it is possible that some advanced control strategies can be applied on the grid-connected PV system.
The thesis addresses the solar grid-connected photovoltaic system. With considering the cost, reliability and efficiency, it mainly focuses on the optimal design and control strategies of grid-connected photovoltaic system. Therefore, it develops new and cheap concepts for converting electrical energy, from the PV module to the grid.
One method, among many, to make PV power more competitive is achieved by developing inexpensive and reliable inverters. According to the standards of grid interface and PV module interface determined by the project, research has been conducted on thirteen kinds of popular inverter topologies. By generalizations and comparisons, a dual full bridge inverter topology is presented. On such basis, the inverter, with belonging auxiliary circuits, is designed. And an optimization method of LCL output filter is proposed. As a whole, the inverter is developed with low cost, high reliability and high efficient structure.
The research contains an analysis of the PV module, a specification based on the analysis and inner P-N junction principle. A mathematical model for the PV module is built, and therefore the relationship between sunlight irradiation and generated current is determined. Theory research is also carried on other characteristics of PV module such as partial shadow and ripple at the PV module terminal. The module is established in simulation software and all kinds of associated properties are simulated. Based on the developed model, a novel maximal power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, fixed-frequency quasi-sliding control algorithm based on switching surfacezero averaged dynamics, is developed, which guarantees the grid-connected photovoltaic system get most amount of energy from PV module. The precision and efficiency are verified by simulation and experiment.
The selection of the DC-link voltage reference is carefully analyzed, in order to keep it as low as possible. It is desirable for lowering the switching losses of the MOSFETs, and protecting DC-link electrolytic capacitor. Based on this result, one cycle discrete PI controller is proposed to control the DC-link voltage, for which the current reference is the one achieved from PV's current. Therefore, the working point of PV system can be adjusted easily.
The grid current controller is designed, in order to inject a sinusoidal current, with low harmonics into the grid. This controller is designed by using selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) base on Walsh transform, because the switching frequency is lower compared with other controllers under the same current harmonic distortion. Some additional parts to enhance the quality of the grid current are also discussed, such as blanking time compensation and detection of islanding operation by means of voltage and frequency monitoring presented, which guarantees the grid-connected PV system operates in safety.
On the basis of theoretical research, a prototype of grid-connected PV system is realized, and the difference between the designed goal and actual system is shown. The evaluation includes measurements on the interfaces between the grid and inverter, and between the PV module and the inverter. The test results show that the system is close to keep all the demands, and with correction, feasibility and efficiency.
Finally, this paper makes some conclusions, and presents some issues for future research.
本论文研究太阳能光伏并网发电系统，从成本、可靠性和效率的角度出发，主要对系统的结构和控制算法进行了深入地探究。
论文首先确定了光伏并网发电系统的电网接口标准和所需设计的逆变器规格，然后对现阶段最具代表性的光伏并网逆变系统结构进行了分析对比，通过归纳总结，提出了一种双全桥光伏并网逆变器结构。在此基础上对逆变器每一细节进行了深入研究：提出了基于虚拟电阻法的输出滤波器性能优化，得到低成本、高可靠性和高效率的逆变器结构。
论文研究了光伏阵列模块，根据入射太阳光光照强度与所产生电流之间的关系，对光伏阵列模块的相关特性，如部分遮挡、光伏模块终端的电压／电流纹波，进行了理论研究，通过仿真软件对光伏阵列模块的各种特性进行了仿真模拟。根据光伏阵列模块的数学模型，本文提出了一种新的最大功率点跟踪MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking)算法——基于开关面零均值动态准滑模MPPT控制算法，以滑模面周期积分为零代替滑模面为零，解决了滑模控制开关频率不固定，滑模MPPT控制会在最大功率点附近抖动的问题；结合局部扫描法，使得MPPT控制简单易行，响应迅速，鲁棒性较强，开关频率固定，适用于部分遮挡和光照强度变化剧烈的场合，使得光伏并网发电系统能够尽可能大地从光伏阵列模块中获得太阳能能量，通过仿真和实验分析验证了所提方法的具有高精度和高效性。
为了使直流端电压尽可能的小，论文对直流端电压参考值的选取进行了研究，提供了直流端电压的计算方法，减小了MOSFET管的开关损耗，保护了直流端的电解电容。在此基础上，提出了基于单周期离散比例积分PI(Proportion Integral)的直流端电压控制，使得交流跟踪电流参考值基于光伏模块产生的电流值，这样可以方便地调节光伏模块的工作点。
论文提出了基于Walsh的特定消谐脉宽调制的电网电流控制器，减小了光伏并网逆变器的开关次数和系统损耗，并可控制输出电网电流谐波。为了减小注入电网的电流谐波，论文还简要地对死区时间效应进行了比较分析，研究了不同的死区时间对电网电能质量的影响，为死区时间补偿提供了理论依据。从用电安全与电能质量考虑，研究了快速安全的孤岛效应检测控制方法，分析了太阳能光伏发电系统直接并网时的安全保护问题，保证了整个系统的高效安全运行。
在理论研究的基础上，本论文研制出光伏并网发电系统实验样机，同时比较了实际实现与设计之间的差别。对光伏并网发电系统的整个系统性能，包括电网与逆变器接口性能以及光伏模块与逆变器接口性能进行了多项实验研究。实验结果验证了太阳能光伏并网发电系统拓扑结构及控制算法的正确性、可行性和高效性。
最后对论文进行了总结，并提出了一些有待于进一步研究的问题。
The problem of conventional energy crisis and environment in the world makes it necessary to exploit the renewable and green energy sources, in order to cover the future demands. Meanwhile, solar "photovoltaic" power has made great progress and become one of the most effective clean and renewable energy with the advance of solar cell and power electronics. Recently, the photovoltaic system constantly develops with the tendency of lower cost, higher efficiency and higher power density techniques, following the higher and higher performance requirement of key equalizer equipments. The main application of solar energy will be the grid-connected photovoltaic system. With coming into using of the high-performance Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip, it is possible that some advanced control strategies can be applied on the grid-connected PV system.
The thesis addresses the solar grid-connected photovoltaic system. With considering the cost, reliability and efficiency, it mainly focuses on the optimal design and control strategies of grid-connected photovoltaic system. Therefore, it develops new and cheap concepts for converting electrical energy, from the PV module to the grid.
One method, among many, to make PV power more competitive is achieved by developing inexpensive and reliable inverters. According to the standards of grid interface and PV module interface determined by the project, research has been conducted on thirteen kinds of popular inverter topologies. By generalizations and comparisons, a dual full bridge inverter topology is presented. On such basis, the inverter, with belonging auxiliary circuits, is designed. And an optimization method of LCL output filter is proposed. As a whole, the inverter is developed with low cost, high reliability and high efficient structure.
The research contains an analysis of the PV module, a specification based on the analysis and inner P-N junction principle. A mathematical model for the PV module is built, and therefore the relationship between sunlight irradiation and generated current is determined. Theory research is also carried on other characteristics of PV module such as partial shadow and ripple at the PV module terminal. The module is established in simulation software and all kinds of associated properties are simulated. Based on the developed model, a novel maximal power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, fixed-frequency quasi-sliding control algorithm based on switching surfacezero averaged dynamics, is developed, which guarantees the grid-connected photovoltaic system get most amount of energy from PV module. The precision and efficiency are verified by simulation and experiment.
The selection of the DC-link voltage reference is carefully analyzed, in order to keep it as low as possible. It is desirable for lowering the switching losses of the MOSFETs, and protecting DC-link electrolytic capacitor. Based on this result, one cycle discrete PI controller is proposed to control the DC-link voltage, for which the current reference is the one achieved from PV's current. Therefore, the working point of PV system can be adjusted easily.
The grid current controller is designed, in order to inject a sinusoidal current, with low harmonics into the grid. This controller is designed by using selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) base on Walsh transform, because the switching frequency is lower compared with other controllers under the same current harmonic distortion. Some additional parts to enhance the quality of the grid current are also discussed, such as blanking time compensation and detection of islanding operation by means of voltage and frequency monitoring presented, which guarantees the grid-connected PV system operates in safety.
On the basis of theoretical research, a prototype of grid-connected PV system is realized, and the difference between the designed goal and actual system is shown. The evaluation includes measurements on the interfaces between the grid and inverter, and between the PV module and the inverter. The test results show that the system is close to keep all the demands, and with correction, feasibility and efficiency.
Finally, this paper makes some conclusions, and presents some issues for future research.
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