掺杂对钨铜合金组织性能和电弧特性的影响
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摘要
钨铜合金具有良好的耐电弧烧蚀性、抗熔焊性和高强度等优点,被广泛地用作各种高压断路器中的触头材料。随着高压输变电网络负荷日益增加、控制系统不断发展,对钨铜电触头材料的要求也更加苛刻。本文旨在通过掺杂的方法来提高钨铜合金的综合性能,并深入探讨不同掺杂物对合金电弧特性的影响。
研究中采用熔渗法制备了分别添加硼、铌和铈的钨铜合金,通过电子扫描、X射线衍射、高速摄影和电弧烧蚀等手段分别研究了各种掺杂物对钨铜合金显微组织、物理性能和电弧特性的影响。结果表明：
1.钨铜合金中B的掺杂量在0～0.9(wt%)范围时,相对密度和硬度呈先升后降的趋势,均在掺杂量为0.3%时达到极值。当B的掺杂量不超过0.7%时,电导率呈略微下降趋势,当掺杂量为0.9%时,电导率值下降至很低。组织中的铜相较商用样品变的十分细小,随着掺杂量的增多,孔隙和团聚现象有所增加。
2.钨铜合金中Nb的掺杂量在0～4.0(wt%)范围时,相对密度和硬度均呈上升趋势,但当掺杂量大于2.0%时,上升趋势减缓。电导率呈下降趋势,但变化不大。组织中的铜相变的细小均匀,随着掺杂量的越多,偏聚现象增加的并不明显。
3.钨铜合金中Ce的掺杂量在0～2.5(wt%)范围时,相对密度变化不大,无明显上升或下降趋势；硬度值随着掺杂量的增加略有上升；电导率在掺杂量为1.5%时达到最大值。组织中铜相大小无明显变化,分布更为均匀。
4.通过综合比较,掺杂0.3%的硼、2.0%的铌、1.5%的铈的WCu合金综合性能最佳。其中硼对合金的影响方式主要为弥散强化；铌对合金的影响方式主要为固溶强化和增大了钨与铜之间的润湿性；铈对合金的影响方式主要为铈的细化晶粒作用及净化效果。
5.通过高速摄影实验,发现掺杂硼、铌、铈的钨铜合金与商用钨铜电触头材料的电击穿过程均有起弧阶段、电弧稳定燃烧阶段和灭弧阶段。只是掺杂不同元素的合金三个阶段的持续时间和等离子云的体积、温度不同。形弧时间从长到短依次为WCu-Nb,WCu-B,WCu-Ce,商用WCu合金；电弧稳定燃烧时间从长到短依次为商用WCu合金,WCu-Ce,WCu-B,WCu-Nb。掺杂后的合金电弧寿命长,截流值小；等离子云体积大,颜色浅,在试样表面燃烧区域大,电弧分散,燃弧能量分散；电弧燃烧稳定,无放射状光芒。
6.含有掺杂物的钨铜合金较传统的钨铜电触头材料,其抗电弧烧蚀性能均有明显改善,按商用WCu合金,WCu-Nb,WCu-Ce,WCu-B顺序逐渐提高,其中最明显的为WCu-B,从烧蚀损失量来看,抗烧蚀性能提高了近30%。
W-Cu alloys have been widely used as contact material in various high voltage interrupters due to its advantages of high strength, excellent resistance to arc erosion and to welding. The requirement of W-Cu electrical contact materials is rigorous because the development on network load and control system of high voltage transmission and power transfer. In this paper, the comprehensive properties were improved by doping element into W-Cu alloys, and the influence of doping element on arc characteristic were discussed deeply.
By means of powder metallurgy-infiltration, a series of W-Cu alloys added respectively with boron, niobium and cerium were prepared in this paper. The effects of different doping elements with different content on microstructures and properties including the physical properties and the arc characteristic property of W-Cu alloys were investigated respectively by SEM, XRD, high speed photography and arc erosion experiment. The results showed:
1. In the range of 0～0.9(wt%) B doping, the relative density and hardness of alloys showed increased first and decreased afterwards. While the weight fraction of B reached 0.3%, W-Cu alloy achieved the best on relative density and hardness. The electric conductivity decreased slightly when the doping contents were less than 0.7%. But the electric conductivity numerical was poor when the doping content was 0.9%. The size of the copper phases was smaller than commercial WCu alloy. The holes and agglomeration were increased as the doping content.
2. For WCu alloys with 0～4.0(wt%) Nb doping, the relative density and hardness of alloys showed increase with increasing percentage of Nb. The increscent trend was slow down when the addition was more than 2.0%. The electric conductivity decreased slightly. The size of the copper phases was small and the agglomeration was unconspicuous.
3. In the range of 0～2.5(wt%) Ce doping, the relative density changed slightly. The hardness of alloys showed increased slowly with increasing percentage of Ce. When the weight fraction reached 1.5, the electric conductivity achieved the best. The copper phase was well distributed and the size was not change.
4. The comprehensive properties of WCu alloys with doping 0.3%B,2.0%Nb,1.5%Ce achieved the best by comparing. The mainly influence mode of B on alloys was dispersion strengthening. The mainly influence mode of Nb on alloys was solution strengthening. And Nb increased the wettability between W and Cu. The alloys were influenced by grain refinement and purification of Ce.
5. The high speed photography experiment showed that the evolution of arc discharge can be divided into three stages:arc formation, steady burning of arc and attenuation. The duration of the three stages and the volume, temperature of the plasma cloud were different from each other. The WCu alloys with doping elements had the characters such as longer time for arc formation, shorter time for arc stable burning, larger volume and lighter color of plasmas plumes. The arc was dispersed and stable, and the burning area on the sample surface was bigger.
6. The anti-welding ability of the W-Cu alloys with doping elements was greatly improved. The increased order was commercial WCu alloy, WCu-Nb, WCu-Ce, WCu-B. The best one was WCu-B, which up to 30% approximately.
研究中采用熔渗法制备了分别添加硼、铌和铈的钨铜合金,通过电子扫描、X射线衍射、高速摄影和电弧烧蚀等手段分别研究了各种掺杂物对钨铜合金显微组织、物理性能和电弧特性的影响。结果表明：
1.钨铜合金中B的掺杂量在0～0.9(wt%)范围时,相对密度和硬度呈先升后降的趋势,均在掺杂量为0.3%时达到极值。当B的掺杂量不超过0.7%时,电导率呈略微下降趋势,当掺杂量为0.9%时,电导率值下降至很低。组织中的铜相较商用样品变的十分细小,随着掺杂量的增多,孔隙和团聚现象有所增加。
2.钨铜合金中Nb的掺杂量在0～4.0(wt%)范围时,相对密度和硬度均呈上升趋势,但当掺杂量大于2.0%时,上升趋势减缓。电导率呈下降趋势,但变化不大。组织中的铜相变的细小均匀,随着掺杂量的越多,偏聚现象增加的并不明显。
3.钨铜合金中Ce的掺杂量在0～2.5(wt%)范围时,相对密度变化不大,无明显上升或下降趋势；硬度值随着掺杂量的增加略有上升；电导率在掺杂量为1.5%时达到最大值。组织中铜相大小无明显变化,分布更为均匀。
4.通过综合比较,掺杂0.3%的硼、2.0%的铌、1.5%的铈的WCu合金综合性能最佳。其中硼对合金的影响方式主要为弥散强化；铌对合金的影响方式主要为固溶强化和增大了钨与铜之间的润湿性；铈对合金的影响方式主要为铈的细化晶粒作用及净化效果。
5.通过高速摄影实验,发现掺杂硼、铌、铈的钨铜合金与商用钨铜电触头材料的电击穿过程均有起弧阶段、电弧稳定燃烧阶段和灭弧阶段。只是掺杂不同元素的合金三个阶段的持续时间和等离子云的体积、温度不同。形弧时间从长到短依次为WCu-Nb,WCu-B,WCu-Ce,商用WCu合金；电弧稳定燃烧时间从长到短依次为商用WCu合金,WCu-Ce,WCu-B,WCu-Nb。掺杂后的合金电弧寿命长,截流值小；等离子云体积大,颜色浅,在试样表面燃烧区域大,电弧分散,燃弧能量分散；电弧燃烧稳定,无放射状光芒。
6.含有掺杂物的钨铜合金较传统的钨铜电触头材料,其抗电弧烧蚀性能均有明显改善,按商用WCu合金,WCu-Nb,WCu-Ce,WCu-B顺序逐渐提高,其中最明显的为WCu-B,从烧蚀损失量来看,抗烧蚀性能提高了近30%。
W-Cu alloys have been widely used as contact material in various high voltage interrupters due to its advantages of high strength, excellent resistance to arc erosion and to welding. The requirement of W-Cu electrical contact materials is rigorous because the development on network load and control system of high voltage transmission and power transfer. In this paper, the comprehensive properties were improved by doping element into W-Cu alloys, and the influence of doping element on arc characteristic were discussed deeply.
By means of powder metallurgy-infiltration, a series of W-Cu alloys added respectively with boron, niobium and cerium were prepared in this paper. The effects of different doping elements with different content on microstructures and properties including the physical properties and the arc characteristic property of W-Cu alloys were investigated respectively by SEM, XRD, high speed photography and arc erosion experiment. The results showed:
1. In the range of 0～0.9(wt%) B doping, the relative density and hardness of alloys showed increased first and decreased afterwards. While the weight fraction of B reached 0.3%, W-Cu alloy achieved the best on relative density and hardness. The electric conductivity decreased slightly when the doping contents were less than 0.7%. But the electric conductivity numerical was poor when the doping content was 0.9%. The size of the copper phases was smaller than commercial WCu alloy. The holes and agglomeration were increased as the doping content.
2. For WCu alloys with 0～4.0(wt%) Nb doping, the relative density and hardness of alloys showed increase with increasing percentage of Nb. The increscent trend was slow down when the addition was more than 2.0%. The electric conductivity decreased slightly. The size of the copper phases was small and the agglomeration was unconspicuous.
3. In the range of 0～2.5(wt%) Ce doping, the relative density changed slightly. The hardness of alloys showed increased slowly with increasing percentage of Ce. When the weight fraction reached 1.5, the electric conductivity achieved the best. The copper phase was well distributed and the size was not change.
4. The comprehensive properties of WCu alloys with doping 0.3%B,2.0%Nb,1.5%Ce achieved the best by comparing. The mainly influence mode of B on alloys was dispersion strengthening. The mainly influence mode of Nb on alloys was solution strengthening. And Nb increased the wettability between W and Cu. The alloys were influenced by grain refinement and purification of Ce.
5. The high speed photography experiment showed that the evolution of arc discharge can be divided into three stages:arc formation, steady burning of arc and attenuation. The duration of the three stages and the volume, temperature of the plasma cloud were different from each other. The WCu alloys with doping elements had the characters such as longer time for arc formation, shorter time for arc stable burning, larger volume and lighter color of plasmas plumes. The arc was dispersed and stable, and the burning area on the sample surface was bigger.
6. The anti-welding ability of the W-Cu alloys with doping elements was greatly improved. The increased order was commercial WCu alloy, WCu-Nb, WCu-Ce, WCu-B. The best one was WCu-B, which up to 30% approximately.
引文
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