汤姆·沃尔夫小说世界中权力格局变迁下的个人地位追求
摘要
汤姆·沃尔夫是美国新新闻运动的发起者,他倡导在新闻报道中加入小说创作的元素,开创了十分新颖的散文风格,极大地丰富了新闻媒体的表达范式,消解了无趣刻板的报道文风。之后他转向小说创作,于1989年发表了影响深远的文学宣言《追猎千足兽》,以“千足兽”来类比当今美国社会光怪陆离的文化现象,批判了在20世纪后半页盛行的大量文本中,表征与现实的断层,呼吁年轻一代作家重拾辛克莱·刘易斯、左拉、萨克雷和巴尔扎克等人缔造的社会现实主义小说传统,做一名美国文化生活的忠实记录员。总得来讲,沃尔夫的创作综合了两种文学表达模式的优势,在客观报道和艺术表达之间建立起了关联。
为了践行他的文学宣言,沃尔夫先后发表了三部长篇社会小说《虚妄的篝火》(1988)、《完整的人》(1998)和《我叫夏洛特·西蒙斯》(2005),分别以80年代纽约的种族政治和90年代以亚特兰大为代表的南方迪克西文化传统的殁落和21世纪盛行于美国校园的勾搭文化为研究对象,描述了三个十年里美国政治面貌和文化精神的变迁。本论文以这三部长篇小说为研究对象,通过分析每位主人公在各自大环境变迁中的沉浮来阐释,对地位的渴求在其人生轨迹中扮演的作用,及不同时期和场域下美国社会权力地位的依附元素和促其改变的动因。
论文第一部分概述了20世纪80年代纽约的经济发展、政治环境等社会图景,并结合社会学家皮埃尔·布迪厄有关社会资本、象征资本、象征暴力以及阶级惯习和品位等理论阐释了为什么在小说《虚妄的篝火》中,黑人宗教领袖能借助“政治正确性”这面旗帜以及和媒体的结盟掌控权力的实质,让来自上层社会、一贯享有传统优势的美国白人成为种族冲突和种族仇恨的牺牲品。论文第二部分以20世纪末发生在亚特兰大的一起涉及房地产业、银行业、体育界以及政府选举等各方势力的冲突为研究对象,结合凡勃伦的“炫耀性消费观”、福柯的圆形监狱概念以及詹明信的晚期资本主义文化逻辑阐释了消费社会下亚特兰大文化传统的变迁以及背后整个美国南方迪克西文化传统的遗失。小说《完整的人》里主人公也因这场变迁开始反思何为“完整的人”,并希望从古希腊哲学家埃皮克提图的思想中获得启迪。论文第三部分着眼于21世纪由美国性文化转变带来的大学校园勾搭文化盛行这一社会现象,探讨了不同社会阶级、性别和认知倾向在校园这个微型社会里的碰撞,并分析了生物学和神经科学等学科的新发现对人类认知和文化思潮的负面影响,强调环境对自我的塑造作用。小说《我叫夏洛特·西蒙斯》的女主人公在这样的环境下为了在校园里谋求一席之位而逐渐远离清教主义传统,并最终对无所不在的性放纵文化妥协。
论文援引社会学理论、社会学研究成果以及文化批评的理论来阐释文本,因为沃尔夫作品本身就是美国社会80年代、90年代及新千年的一些具有代表性的经济、文化和政治现象的再现。同时在分析中,作者试图从同主题的经典文学作品中寻找参照,通过不同历史时期的对比,总结出新时期美国文化图景和政治气候的变迁。沃尔夫毕生所提倡的是一种平民的文学策略,强调文学必须同现实生活、鲜活的文化元素相联系。他的每一部小说都尽力地展现出了那个年代、那个十年美国文化生活中最大的变化,把握了其文化精神的核心。
As the founding father of the New Journalism Movement, Tom Wolfe incorporatesthe widest range of possible literary techniques to represent the world, greatly enriches the aesthetic expression of media report, and pioneers an original prosaic style marked by a far cry from the previous dispassionate mode. The year 1989 witnessed Wolfe’s plunge into novel writing and publication of his far-reaching literary manifesto“Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast”. In the manifesto, Wolfe compares the imperceptible and fragmented reality of contemporary American life to a deformed“beast”beyond instant recognition and calls for writers of the younger generation to inherit the legacy by social realist writers like Sinclair Lewis, Emile Zola, Thackeray and Balzac and to return to a more sociological approach of writing. Meanwhile, he bombardspostmodernistobsession in making literature strange and condemns the“innovative”technique as the cowards’refuges, where novelists could avert their eyes from the roaring challenge of American reality. In all his work, Wolfe present a highly detailed realism based on reporting and successfully rejoins elements of literature that have become separated from each other in American culture.
Wolfe practices what he has preached in the manifesto with all his novels, conducting extensive research on his topic, and functions as a stimulating commentator with both a historical and sociological perspective. This dissertation is going to examine how Wolfe respectivelytackles the zeitgeist and captures the cultural moment in his three novels, with the first one Bonfire of Vanities(1988) dealing with racial politics and criminal justice of New York City in the 1980s, the second A Man in Full(1998) tackling decay of the Southern Dixie tradition as epitomized by the 1990s Atlanta, and the most recent I am Charlotte Simmons(2005) exposing how hooking up culture on college campus corrupts the American youth and denouncesthe possibility of American“Ubermensch”. Key for Wolfe to fathom the seemingly imperceptible cultural life is his focus on the role quest for status plays in individual experience. As Wolfe claims, status is fundamental in explaining human action.
In terms of theoretical support, thisdissertation resorts tomany sociological and cultural theories and sociological discoveries to analyze Wolfe’s texts because Wolfe’s fiction itself represents the turbulent sociology that captures the breadth of the time and defines the age. Chapter Irelies mainly on the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, whose analysis of social habitus, disposition, social capital and symbolic capital fits perfectly into interpretation of a text heavily relying on the delineation of status details, like clothing, manners, and the nuances of the way characters walk, what they drive, which street of which part they reside in in Bonfire of Vanities. Chapter IIapplies Thorstein Veblen’s concepts of“pecuniary emulation”and“conspicuous consumption”, Fredric Jameson’s postmodern cultural logic and Michelle Foucault’s Panopticon to elucidate A Man in Full’s interrogation of a rising Atlanta society within a capitalist world-system and the resultant consumer’s culture. Chapter III revolves around examination of biological and neuroscientific discoveries by Edward O. Wilson and his followers to launch a critique of how intellectual influence corrupt the youth in I am Charlotte Simmons, in which sex, not educational goals, defines social status and the Nietzschean Ubermensch is nowhere to find.
Besides, the dissertation also uses many classical texts with similar themes as a comparison to map out the difference occurring to American society in varied historical periods. All his life Wolfe has remained steadfast in his commitment to a wider and more populist view of literature with a more interactive cultural relationship. So this dissertation also provides an explanation of how Tom Wolfe’s thematic concerns interact with his stylistic expression and thus lays the foundation for a greater understanding of his writings.
为了践行他的文学宣言,沃尔夫先后发表了三部长篇社会小说《虚妄的篝火》(1988)、《完整的人》(1998)和《我叫夏洛特·西蒙斯》(2005),分别以80年代纽约的种族政治和90年代以亚特兰大为代表的南方迪克西文化传统的殁落和21世纪盛行于美国校园的勾搭文化为研究对象,描述了三个十年里美国政治面貌和文化精神的变迁。本论文以这三部长篇小说为研究对象,通过分析每位主人公在各自大环境变迁中的沉浮来阐释,对地位的渴求在其人生轨迹中扮演的作用,及不同时期和场域下美国社会权力地位的依附元素和促其改变的动因。
论文第一部分概述了20世纪80年代纽约的经济发展、政治环境等社会图景,并结合社会学家皮埃尔·布迪厄有关社会资本、象征资本、象征暴力以及阶级惯习和品位等理论阐释了为什么在小说《虚妄的篝火》中,黑人宗教领袖能借助“政治正确性”这面旗帜以及和媒体的结盟掌控权力的实质,让来自上层社会、一贯享有传统优势的美国白人成为种族冲突和种族仇恨的牺牲品。论文第二部分以20世纪末发生在亚特兰大的一起涉及房地产业、银行业、体育界以及政府选举等各方势力的冲突为研究对象,结合凡勃伦的“炫耀性消费观”、福柯的圆形监狱概念以及詹明信的晚期资本主义文化逻辑阐释了消费社会下亚特兰大文化传统的变迁以及背后整个美国南方迪克西文化传统的遗失。小说《完整的人》里主人公也因这场变迁开始反思何为“完整的人”,并希望从古希腊哲学家埃皮克提图的思想中获得启迪。论文第三部分着眼于21世纪由美国性文化转变带来的大学校园勾搭文化盛行这一社会现象,探讨了不同社会阶级、性别和认知倾向在校园这个微型社会里的碰撞,并分析了生物学和神经科学等学科的新发现对人类认知和文化思潮的负面影响,强调环境对自我的塑造作用。小说《我叫夏洛特·西蒙斯》的女主人公在这样的环境下为了在校园里谋求一席之位而逐渐远离清教主义传统,并最终对无所不在的性放纵文化妥协。
论文援引社会学理论、社会学研究成果以及文化批评的理论来阐释文本,因为沃尔夫作品本身就是美国社会80年代、90年代及新千年的一些具有代表性的经济、文化和政治现象的再现。同时在分析中,作者试图从同主题的经典文学作品中寻找参照,通过不同历史时期的对比,总结出新时期美国文化图景和政治气候的变迁。沃尔夫毕生所提倡的是一种平民的文学策略,强调文学必须同现实生活、鲜活的文化元素相联系。他的每一部小说都尽力地展现出了那个年代、那个十年美国文化生活中最大的变化,把握了其文化精神的核心。
As the founding father of the New Journalism Movement, Tom Wolfe incorporatesthe widest range of possible literary techniques to represent the world, greatly enriches the aesthetic expression of media report, and pioneers an original prosaic style marked by a far cry from the previous dispassionate mode. The year 1989 witnessed Wolfe’s plunge into novel writing and publication of his far-reaching literary manifesto“Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast”. In the manifesto, Wolfe compares the imperceptible and fragmented reality of contemporary American life to a deformed“beast”beyond instant recognition and calls for writers of the younger generation to inherit the legacy by social realist writers like Sinclair Lewis, Emile Zola, Thackeray and Balzac and to return to a more sociological approach of writing. Meanwhile, he bombardspostmodernistobsession in making literature strange and condemns the“innovative”technique as the cowards’refuges, where novelists could avert their eyes from the roaring challenge of American reality. In all his work, Wolfe present a highly detailed realism based on reporting and successfully rejoins elements of literature that have become separated from each other in American culture.
Wolfe practices what he has preached in the manifesto with all his novels, conducting extensive research on his topic, and functions as a stimulating commentator with both a historical and sociological perspective. This dissertation is going to examine how Wolfe respectivelytackles the zeitgeist and captures the cultural moment in his three novels, with the first one Bonfire of Vanities(1988) dealing with racial politics and criminal justice of New York City in the 1980s, the second A Man in Full(1998) tackling decay of the Southern Dixie tradition as epitomized by the 1990s Atlanta, and the most recent I am Charlotte Simmons(2005) exposing how hooking up culture on college campus corrupts the American youth and denouncesthe possibility of American“Ubermensch”. Key for Wolfe to fathom the seemingly imperceptible cultural life is his focus on the role quest for status plays in individual experience. As Wolfe claims, status is fundamental in explaining human action.
In terms of theoretical support, thisdissertation resorts tomany sociological and cultural theories and sociological discoveries to analyze Wolfe’s texts because Wolfe’s fiction itself represents the turbulent sociology that captures the breadth of the time and defines the age. Chapter Irelies mainly on the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, whose analysis of social habitus, disposition, social capital and symbolic capital fits perfectly into interpretation of a text heavily relying on the delineation of status details, like clothing, manners, and the nuances of the way characters walk, what they drive, which street of which part they reside in in Bonfire of Vanities. Chapter IIapplies Thorstein Veblen’s concepts of“pecuniary emulation”and“conspicuous consumption”, Fredric Jameson’s postmodern cultural logic and Michelle Foucault’s Panopticon to elucidate A Man in Full’s interrogation of a rising Atlanta society within a capitalist world-system and the resultant consumer’s culture. Chapter III revolves around examination of biological and neuroscientific discoveries by Edward O. Wilson and his followers to launch a critique of how intellectual influence corrupt the youth in I am Charlotte Simmons, in which sex, not educational goals, defines social status and the Nietzschean Ubermensch is nowhere to find.
Besides, the dissertation also uses many classical texts with similar themes as a comparison to map out the difference occurring to American society in varied historical periods. All his life Wolfe has remained steadfast in his commitment to a wider and more populist view of literature with a more interactive cultural relationship. So this dissertation also provides an explanation of how Tom Wolfe’s thematic concerns interact with his stylistic expression and thus lays the foundation for a greater understanding of his writings.
引文
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Wolfe, Tom.“Crime and Punishment.”Illinois Humanities Council, 1994, C-Span transcript.
--.“In the Land of the Rococo Marxists.”Hooking Up. New York: Picador, 2000. 113-130.
--.“Sorry, but Your Soul Just Died.”Hooking Up. New York: Picador, 2000. 89-109.
--.“Stalking the Billion-footed Beast: A Literary Manifesto for the New Social Novel.”Harper’s 279. (1989): 45-56.
--.“The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening”, New York 23 Aug 1976:26-40.
--. A Man in Full. 1998. Rpt. New York: Bantam, 2001.
--. I Am Charlotte Simmons. New York: Picador, 2005.
--. Hooking Up. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2000.
--. The Bonfire of the Vanities. 1987. Rpt. New York: Bantam, 1988.
--. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. New York: Bantam, 1999.
--. The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. New York: Bantam, 1999.
--. The New Journalism. New York: Harpercollins College Div, 1973.
--. The Purple Decades. New York: Berkley Books, 1983.
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